Merge branch 'main' into bpo_44133

* main: (21 commits)
  bpo-45876:  Have stdev() also use decimal specific square root. (pythonGH-29869)
  bpo-45876:  Correctly rounded stdev() and pstdev() for the Decimal case (pythonGH-29828)
  bpo-45711: Change exc_info related APIs to derive type and traceback from the exception instance (pythonGH-29780)
  bpo-30533:Add function inspect.getmembers_static that does not call properties or dynamic properties. (python#20911)
  bpo-45476: Disallow using asdl_seq_GET() as l-value (pythonGH-29866)
  bpo-45476: Add _Py_RVALUE() macro (pythonGH-29860)
  bpo-33381: [doc] strftime's %f option may pad zeros on the left or the right (pythonGH-29801)
  Fix EncodingWarning in Tools/freeze/test/freeze.py (pythonGH-29742)
  no-issue: remove unused import from test_graphlib.py (pythonGH-29853)
  bpo-45931: Prevent Directory.Build.props/targets from leaking from directories above the repo when building on Windows (pythonGH-29854)
  bpo-45653: fix test_embed on windows (pythonGH-29814)
  bpo-45917: Add math.exp2() method - return 2 raised to the power of x (pythonGH-29829)
  bpo-43905: Expand dataclasses.astuple() and asdict() docs (pythonGH-26154)
  bpo-44391: Remove unused argument from a varargs call. (pythonGH-29843)
  bpo-45881: configure --with-freeze-module --with-build-python (pythonGH-29835)
  bpo-45847: PY_STDLIB_MOD_SIMPLE now checks py_stdlib_not_available (pythonGH-29844)
  bpo-45828: Use unraisable exceptions within sqlite3 callbacks (FH-29591)
  bpo-40280: Emscripten systems use .wasm suffix by default (pythonGH-29842)
  bpo-45723: Sort the grand AC_CHECK_HEADERS check (pythonGH-29846)
  bpo-45847: Make socket module conditional (pythonGH-29769)
  ...

Doc/c-api/exceptions.rst

@@ -482,7 +482,6 @@ Querying the error indicator
    to an exception that was *already caught*, not to an exception that was
    freshly raised.  This function steals the references of the arguments.
    To clear the exception state, pass ``NULL`` for all three arguments.
-   For general rules about the three arguments, see :c:func:`PyErr_Restore`.
 
    .. note::
 
@@ -493,6 +492,12 @@ Querying the error indicator
 
    .. versionadded:: 3.3
 
+   .. versionchanged:: 3.11
+      The ``type`` and ``traceback`` arguments are no longer used and
+      can be NULL. The interpreter now derives them from the exception
+      instance (the ``value`` argument). The function still steals
+      references of all three arguments.
+
 
 Signal Handling
 ===============

Doc/howto/logging-cookbook.rst

@@ -541,6 +541,17 @@ alternative there, as well as adapting the above script to use your alternative
 serialization.
 
 
+Running a logging socket listener in production
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+To run a logging listener in production, you may need to use a process-management tool
+such as `Supervisor <http://supervisord.org/>`_. `Here
+<https://gist.github.com/vsajip/4b227eeec43817465ca835ca66f75e2b>`_ is a Gist which
+provides the bare-bones files to run the above functionality using Supervisor: you
+will need to change the `/path/to/` parts in the Gist to reflect the actual paths you
+want to use.
+
+
 .. _context-info:
 
 Adding contextual information to your logging output
@@ -982,6 +993,17 @@ to this (remembering to first import :mod:`concurrent.futures`)::
         for i in range(10):
             executor.submit(worker_process, queue, worker_configurer)
 
+Deploying Web applications using Gunicorn and uWSGI
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+When deploying Web applications using `Gunicorn <https://gunicorn.org/>`_ or `uWSGI
+<https://uwsgi-docs.readthedocs.io/en/latest/>`_ (or similar), multiple worker
+processes are created to handle client requests. In such environments, avoid creating
+file-based handlers directly in your web application. Instead, use a
+:class:`SocketHandler` to log from the web application to a listener in a separate
+process. This can be set up using a process management tool such as Supervisor - see
+`Running a logging socket listener in production`_ for more details.
+
 
 Using file rotation
 -------------------

Doc/library/dataclasses.rst

@@ -324,7 +324,10 @@ Module contents
    Converts the dataclass ``instance`` to a dict (by using the
    factory function ``dict_factory``).  Each dataclass is converted
    to a dict of its fields, as ``name: value`` pairs.  dataclasses, dicts,
-   lists, and tuples are recursed into.  For example::
+   lists, and tuples are recursed into.  Other objects are copied with
+   :func:`copy.deepcopy`.
+
+   Example of using :func:`asdict` on nested dataclasses::
 
      @dataclass
      class Point:
@@ -341,21 +344,32 @@ Module contents
      c = C([Point(0, 0), Point(10, 4)])
      assert asdict(c) == {'mylist': [{'x': 0, 'y': 0}, {'x': 10, 'y': 4}]}
 
-   Raises :exc:`TypeError` if ``instance`` is not a dataclass instance.
+   To create a shallow copy, the following workaround may be used::
+
+     dict((field.name, getattr(instance, field.name)) for field in fields(instance))
+
+   :func:`asdict` raises :exc:`TypeError` if ``instance`` is not a dataclass
+   instance.
 
 .. function:: astuple(instance, *, tuple_factory=tuple)
 
    Converts the dataclass ``instance`` to a tuple (by using the
    factory function ``tuple_factory``).  Each dataclass is converted
    to a tuple of its field values.  dataclasses, dicts, lists, and
-   tuples are recursed into.
+   tuples are recursed into. Other objects are copied with
+   :func:`copy.deepcopy`.
 
    Continuing from the previous example::
 
      assert astuple(p) == (10, 20)
      assert astuple(c) == ([(0, 0), (10, 4)],)
 
-   Raises :exc:`TypeError` if ``instance`` is not a dataclass instance.
+   To create a shallow copy, the following workaround may be used::
+
+     tuple(getattr(instance, field.name) for field in dataclasses.fields(instance))
+
+   :func:`astuple` raises :exc:`TypeError` if ``instance`` is not a dataclass
+   instance.
 
 .. function:: make_dataclass(cls_name, fields, *, bases=(), namespace=None, init=True, repr=True, eq=True, order=False, unsafe_hash=False, frozen=False, match_args=True, kw_only=False, slots=False)
 

Doc/library/datetime.rst

@@ -2359,8 +2359,8 @@ requires, and these work on all platforms with a standard C implementation.
 |           | decimal number.                |                        | \(9)  |
 +-----------+--------------------------------+------------------------+-------+
 | ``%f``    | Microsecond as a decimal       | 000000, 000001, ...,   | \(5)  |
-|           | number, zero-padded on the     | 999999                 |       |
-|           | left.                          |                        |       |
+|           | number, zero-padded to 6       | 999999                 |       |
+|           | digits.                        |                        |       |
 +-----------+--------------------------------+------------------------+-------+
 | ``%z``    | UTC offset in the form         | (empty), +0000,        | \(6)  |
 |           | ``±HHMM[SS[.ffffff]]`` (empty  | -0400, +1030,          |       |

Doc/library/math.rst

@@ -356,6 +356,13 @@ Power and logarithmic functions
    or ``pow(math.e, x)``.
 
 
+.. function:: exp2(x)
+
+   Return *2* raised to the power *x*.
+
+   .. versionadded:: 3.11
+
+
 .. function:: expm1(x)
 
    Return *e* raised to the power *x*, minus 1.  Here *e* is the base of natural

Doc/library/sqlite3.rst

@@ -329,9 +329,27 @@ Module functions and constants
 
    By default you will not get any tracebacks in user-defined functions,
    aggregates, converters, authorizer callbacks etc. If you want to debug them,
-   you can call this function with *flag* set to ``True``. Afterwards, you will
-   get tracebacks from callbacks on ``sys.stderr``. Use :const:`False` to
-   disable the feature again.
+   you can call this function with *flag* set to :const:`True`. Afterwards, you
+   will get tracebacks from callbacks on :data:`sys.stderr`. Use :const:`False`
+   to disable the feature again.
+
+   Register an :func:`unraisable hook handler <sys.unraisablehook>` for an
+   improved debug experience::
+
+      >>> import sqlite3
+      >>> sqlite3.enable_callback_tracebacks(True)
+      >>> cx = sqlite3.connect(":memory:")
+      >>> cx.set_trace_callback(lambda stmt: 5/0)
+      >>> cx.execute("select 1")
+      Exception ignored in: <function <lambda> at 0x10b4e3ee0>
+      Traceback (most recent call last):
+        File "<stdin>", line 1, in <lambda>
+      ZeroDivisionError: division by zero
+      >>> import sys
+      >>> sys.unraisablehook = lambda unraisable: print(unraisable)
+      >>> cx.execute("select 1")
+      UnraisableHookArgs(exc_type=<class 'ZeroDivisionError'>, exc_value=ZeroDivisionError('division by zero'), exc_traceback=<traceback object at 0x10b559900>, err_msg=None, object=<function <lambda> at 0x10b4e3ee0>)
+      <sqlite3.Cursor object at 0x10b1fe840>
 
 
 .. _sqlite3-connection-objects:

Doc/library/sys.rst

@@ -396,9 +396,14 @@ always available.
    ``(type, value, traceback)``.  Their meaning is: *type* gets the type of the
    exception being handled (a subclass of :exc:`BaseException`); *value* gets
    the exception instance (an instance of the exception type); *traceback* gets
-   a :ref:`traceback object <traceback-objects>` which encapsulates the call
-   stack at the point where the exception originally occurred.
-
+   a :ref:`traceback object <traceback-objects>` which typically encapsulates
+   the call stack at the point where the exception last occurred.
+
+   .. versionchanged:: 3.11
+      The ``type`` and ``traceback`` fields are now derived from the ``value``
+      (the exception instance), so when an exception is modified while it is
+      being handled, the changes are reflected in the results of subsequent
+      calls to :func:`exc_info`.
 
 .. data:: exec_prefix
 

Doc/reference/simple_stmts.rst

@@ -655,6 +655,12 @@ and information about handling exceptions is in section :ref:`try`.
     The ``__suppress_context__`` attribute to suppress automatic display of the
     exception context.
 
+.. versionchanged:: 3.11
+    If the traceback of the active exception is modified in an :keyword:`except`
+    clause, a subsequent ``raise`` statement re-raises the exception with the
+    modified traceback. Previously, the exception was re-raised with the
+    traceback it had when it was caught.
+
 .. _break:
 
 The :keyword:`!break` statement

Doc/using/configure.rst

@@ -53,7 +53,11 @@ General Options
    Set the Python executable suffix to *SUFFIX*.
 
    The default suffix is ``.exe`` on Windows and macOS (``python.exe``
-   executable), and an empty string on other platforms (``python`` executable).
+   executable), ``.wasm`` on Emscripten (``python.wasm`` executable), and
+   an empty string on other platforms (``python`` executable).
+
+   .. versionchanged:: 3.11
+      The default suffix on Emscripten platform is ``.wasm``.
 
 .. cmdoption:: --with-tzpath=<list of absolute paths separated by pathsep>
 
@@ -509,6 +513,56 @@ See ``Mac/README.rst``.
    :option:`--enable-framework` is set (default: ``Python``).
 
 
+Cross Compiling Options
+-----------------------
+
+Cross compiling, also known as cross building, can be used to build Python
+for another CPU architecture or platform. Cross compiling requires a Python
+interpreter and the :program:`_freeze_module` binary from another build. The
+version of the build Python and :program:`_freeze_module` command must be
+the same as the cross compiled host Python.
+
+.. cmdoption:: --build=BUILD
+
+   configure for building on BUILD, usually guessed by :program:`config.guess`.
+
+.. cmdoption:: --host=HOST
+
+   cross-compile to build programs to run on HOST (target platform)
+
+.. cmdoption:: --with-freeze-module=Programs/_freeze_module
+
+   path to ``_freeze_module`` binary for cross compiling.
+
+   .. versionadded:: 3.11
+
+.. cmdoption:: --with-build-python=python3.xx
+
+   path to build ``python`` binary for cross compiling
+
+   .. versionadded:: 3.11
+
+.. cmdoption:: CONFIG_SITE=file
+
+   An environment variable that points to a file with configure overrides.
+
+   Example *config.site* file::
+
+      # config.site-aarch64
+      ac_cv_buggy_getaddrinfo=no
+      ac_cv_file__dev_ptmx=yes
+      ac_cv_file__dev_ptc=no
+
+
+Cross compiling example::
+
+   CONFIG_SITE=config.site-aarch64 ../configure \
+       --build=x86_64-pc-linux-gnu \
+       --host=aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu \
+       --with-freeze-module=../x86_64/Programs/_freeze_module \
+       --with-build-python=../x86_64/python
+
+
 Python Build System
 ===================
 

Doc/whatsnew/3.11.rst

@@ -181,6 +181,12 @@ Other CPython Implementation Changes
   hash-based pyc files now use ``siphash13``, too.
   (Contributed by Inada Naoki in :issue:`29410`.)
 
+* When an active exception is re-raised by a :keyword:`raise` statement with no parameters,
+  the traceback attached to this exception is now always ``sys.exc_info()[1].__traceback__``.
+  This means that changes made to the traceback in the current :keyword:`except` clause are
+  reflected in the re-raised exception.
+  (Contributed by Irit Katriel in :issue:`45711`.)
+
 New Modules
 ===========
 
@@ -203,6 +209,8 @@ fractions
 
 math
 ----
+* Add :func:`math.exp2`: return 2 raised to the power of x.
+  (Contributed by Gideon Mitchell in :issue:`45917`.)
 
 * Add :func:`math.cbrt`: return the cube root of x.
   (Contributed by Ajith Ramachandran in :issue:`44357`.)
@@ -248,7 +256,6 @@ sqlite3
   (Contributed by Aviv Palivoda, Daniel Shahaf, and Erlend E. Aasland in
   :issue:`16379` and :issue:`24139`.)
 
-
 * Add :meth:`~sqlite3.Connection.setlimit` and
   :meth:`~sqlite3.Connection.getlimit` to :class:`sqlite3.Connection` for
   setting and getting SQLite limits by connection basis.
@@ -258,6 +265,22 @@ sqlite3
   threading mode the underlying SQLite library has been compiled with.
   (Contributed by Erlend E. Aasland in :issue:`45613`.)
 
+* :mod:`sqlite3` C callbacks now use unraisable exceptions if callback
+  tracebacks are enabled. Users can now register an
+  :func:`unraisable hook handler <sys.unraisablehook>` to improve their debug
+  experience.
+  (Contributed by Erlend E. Aasland in :issue:`45828`.)
+
+
+sys
+---
+
+* :func:`sys.exc_info` now derives the ``type`` and ``traceback`` fields
+  from the ``value`` (the exception instance), so when an exception is
+  modified while it is being handled, the changes are reflected in
+  the results of subsequent calls to :func:`exc_info`.
+  (Contributed by Irit Katriel in :issue:`45711`.)
+
 
 threading
 ---------
@@ -572,6 +595,17 @@ New Features
   suspend and resume tracing and profiling.
   (Contributed by Victor Stinner in :issue:`43760`.)
 
+* :c:func:`PyErr_SetExcInfo()` no longer uses the ``type`` and ``traceback``
+  arguments, the interpreter now derives those values from the exception
+  instance (the ``value`` argument). The function still steals references
+  of all three arguments.
+  (Contributed by Irit Katriel in :issue:`45711`.)
+
+* :c:func:`PyErr_GetExcInfo()` now derives the ``type`` and ``traceback``
+  fields of the result from the exception instance (the ``value`` field).
+  (Contributed by Irit Katriel in :issue:`45711`.)
+
+
 Porting to Python 3.11
 ----------------------
 

Include/cpython/cellobject.h

@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ PyAPI_FUNC(PyObject *) PyCell_Get(PyObject *);
 PyAPI_FUNC(int) PyCell_Set(PyObject *, PyObject *);
 
 #define PyCell_GET(op) (((PyCellObject *)(op))->ob_ref)
-#define PyCell_SET(op, v) ((void)(((PyCellObject *)(op))->ob_ref = v))
+#define PyCell_SET(op, v) _Py_RVALUE(((PyCellObject *)(op))->ob_ref = (v))
 
 #ifdef __cplusplus
 }

Include/cpython/listobject.h

@@ -30,5 +30,5 @@ PyAPI_FUNC(void) _PyList_DebugMallocStats(FILE *out);
 #define _PyList_CAST(op) (assert(PyList_Check(op)), (PyListObject *)(op))
 
 #define PyList_GET_ITEM(op, i) (_PyList_CAST(op)->ob_item[i])
-#define PyList_SET_ITEM(op, i, v) ((void)(_PyList_CAST(op)->ob_item[i] = (v)))
+#define PyList_SET_ITEM(op, i, v) _Py_RVALUE(_PyList_CAST(op)->ob_item[i] = (v))
 #define PyList_GET_SIZE(op)    Py_SIZE(_PyList_CAST(op))

Include/cpython/tupleobject.h

@@ -23,6 +23,6 @@ PyAPI_FUNC(void) _PyTuple_MaybeUntrack(PyObject *);
 #define PyTuple_GET_ITEM(op, i) (_PyTuple_CAST(op)->ob_item[i])
 
 /* Macro, *only* to be used to fill in brand new tuples */
-#define PyTuple_SET_ITEM(op, i, v) ((void)(_PyTuple_CAST(op)->ob_item[i] = v))
+#define PyTuple_SET_ITEM(op, i, v) _Py_RVALUE(_PyTuple_CAST(op)->ob_item[i] = (v))
 
 PyAPI_FUNC(void) _PyTuple_DebugMallocStats(FILE *out);

Include/internal/pycore_asdl.h

@@ -78,9 +78,9 @@ asdl_ ## NAME ## _seq *_Py_asdl_ ## NAME ## _seq_new(Py_ssize_t size, PyArena *a
     return seq; \
 }
 
-#define asdl_seq_GET_UNTYPED(S, I) (S)->elements[(I)]
-#define asdl_seq_GET(S, I) (S)->typed_elements[(I)]
-#define asdl_seq_LEN(S) ((S) == NULL ? 0 : (S)->size)
+#define asdl_seq_GET_UNTYPED(S, I) _Py_RVALUE((S)->elements[(I)])
+#define asdl_seq_GET(S, I) _Py_RVALUE((S)->typed_elements[(I)])
+#define asdl_seq_LEN(S) _Py_RVALUE(((S) == NULL ? 0 : (S)->size))
 
 #ifdef Py_DEBUG
 #  define asdl_seq_SET(S, I, V) \
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ asdl_ ## NAME ## _seq *_Py_asdl_ ## NAME ## _seq_new(Py_ssize_t size, PyArena *a
         (S)->typed_elements[_asdl_i] = (V); \
     } while (0)
 #else
-#  define asdl_seq_SET(S, I, V) ((void)((S)->typed_elements[I] = (V)))
+#  define asdl_seq_SET(S, I, V) _Py_RVALUE((S)->typed_elements[I] = (V))
 #endif
 
 #ifdef Py_DEBUG
@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ asdl_ ## NAME ## _seq *_Py_asdl_ ## NAME ## _seq_new(Py_ssize_t size, PyArena *a
         (S)->elements[_asdl_i] = (V); \
     } while (0)
 #else
-#  define asdl_seq_SET_UNTYPED(S, I, V) ((void)((S)->elements[I] = (V)))
+#  define asdl_seq_SET_UNTYPED(S, I, V) _Py_RVALUE((S)->elements[I] = (V))
 #endif
 
 #ifdef __cplusplus