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Embedding transaction status code in receipts #658

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Embedding transaction status code in receipts #658

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## Preamble

EIP: <to be assigned>
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Number 658 seems to have been assigned to this one.

Title: Embedding transaction return data in receipts
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I guess the title should now be changed to Embedding transaction status code in receipts.

Author: Nick Johnson <nick@ethereum.org>
Type: Standard Track
Category Core
Status: Draft
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Status should now be Accepted.

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No, more like Final.

Created: 2017-06-30
Requires: 140
Replaces: 98


## Abstract
This EIP replaces the intermediate state root field of the receipt with either the contract return data and status, or a hash of that value.

## Motivation
With the introduction of the REVERT opcode in EIP140, it is no longer possible for users to assume that a transaction failed iff it consumed all gas. As a result, there is no clear mechanism for callers to determine whether a transaction succeeded and the state changes contained in it were applied.
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typo: iff

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I believe it's intended ("if and only if")

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Here's a transaction that consumed all gas and didn't fail.

It was never possible to make the assumption to begin with. ;)

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It wasn't, but people still did.


Full nodes can provide RPCs to get a transaction return status and value by replaying the transaction, but fast nodes can only do this for nodes after their pivot point, and light nodes cannot do this at all, making a non-consensus solution impractical.

Instead, we propose to replace the intermediate state root, already obsoleted by EIP98, with either the return status (1 for success, 0 for failure) and any return/revert data, or the hash of the above. This both allows callers to determine success status, and remedies the previous omission of return data from the receipt.

## Specification
For blocks where block.number >= METROPOLIS_FORK_BLKNUM, the intermediate state root is replaced by a status code, a single byte with 0 indicating failure (due to any operation that can cause the transaction or top-level call to revert) and 1 indicating success.
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"a single byte with 0 or 1" is somewhat confusing because RLP representation of 0 (number) is empty byte array (i.e. zero bytes).
This should say either "number 0 or 1" or something like "array of size 1 with 0 or 1 byte"

cpp currently implemented it as a number, I think it's more natural.

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Now the activation should be BYZANTIUM_FORK_BLKNUM.

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@pirapira Are there actually any tests for this EIP? If so, can you mention them here? Thanks!

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For instance, this receipt trie should be calculated using the new receipt format https://github.com/ethereum/tests/blob/develop/BlockchainTests/bcStateTests/blockhashTests.json#L22


## Rationale
This constitutes a minimal possible change that permits fetching the success/failure state of transactions, preserving existing capabilities with minimum disruption or additional work for Metropolis.

## Copyright
Copyright and related rights waived via [CC0](https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/).