Rollup merge of rust-lang#59283 - SimonSapin:branchless-ascii-case, r…

…=joshtriplett Make ASCII case conversions more than 4× faster Reformatted output of `./x.py bench src/libcore --test-args ascii` below. The `libcore` benchmark calls `[u8]::make_ascii_lowercase`. `lookup` has code (effectively) identical to that before this PR, and ~~`branchless`~~ `mask_shifted_bool_match_range` after this PR. ~~See [code comments](rust-lang@ce933f7#diff-01076f91a26400b2db49663d787c2576R3796) in `u8::to_ascii_uppercase` in `src/libcore/num/mod.rs` for an explanation of the branchless algorithm.~~ **Update:** the algorithm was simplified while keeping the performance. See `branchless` v.s. `mask_shifted_bool_match_range` benchmarks. Credits to @raphlinus for the idea in https://twitter.com/raphlinus/status/1107654782544736261, which extends this algorithm to “fake SIMD” on `u32` to convert four bytes at a time. The `fake_simd_u32` benchmarks implements this with [`let (before, aligned, after) = bytes.align_to_mut::<u32>()`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/primitive.slice.html#method.align_to_mut). Note however that this is buggy when addition carries/overflows into the next byte (which does not happen if the input is known to be ASCII). This could be fixed (to optimize `[u8]::make_ascii_lowercase` and `[u8]::make_ascii_uppercase` in `src/libcore/slice/mod.rs`) either with some more bitwise trickery that I didn’t quite figure out, or by using “real” SIMD intrinsics for byte-wise addition. I did not pursue this however because the current (incorrect) fake SIMD algorithm is only marginally faster than the one-byte-at-a-time branchless algorithm. This is because LLVM auto-vectorizes the latter, as can be seen on https://rust.godbolt.org/z/anKtbR. Benchmark results on Linux x64 with Intel i7-7700K: (updated from rust-lang#59283 (comment)) ```rust 6830 bytes string: alloc_only ... bench: 112 ns/iter (+/- 0) = 62410 MB/s black_box_read_each_byte ... bench: 1,733 ns/iter (+/- 8) = 4033 MB/s lookup_table ... bench: 1,766 ns/iter (+/- 11) = 3958 MB/s branch_and_subtract ... bench: 417 ns/iter (+/- 1) = 16762 MB/s branch_and_mask ... bench: 401 ns/iter (+/- 1) = 17431 MB/s branchless ... bench: 365 ns/iter (+/- 0) = 19150 MB/s libcore ... bench: 367 ns/iter (+/- 1) = 19046 MB/s fake_simd_u32 ... bench: 361 ns/iter (+/- 2) = 19362 MB/s fake_simd_u64 ... bench: 361 ns/iter (+/- 1) = 19362 MB/s mask_mult_bool_branchy_lookup_table ... bench: 6,309 ns/iter (+/- 19) = 1107 MB/s mask_mult_bool_lookup_table ... bench: 4,183 ns/iter (+/- 29) = 1671 MB/s mask_mult_bool_match_range ... bench: 339 ns/iter (+/- 0) = 20619 MB/s mask_shifted_bool_match_range ... bench: 339 ns/iter (+/- 1) = 20619 MB/s 32 bytes string: alloc_only ... bench: 15 ns/iter (+/- 0) = 2133 MB/s black_box_read_each_byte ... bench: 29 ns/iter (+/- 0) = 1103 MB/s lookup_table ... bench: 24 ns/iter (+/- 4) = 1333 MB/s branch_and_subtract ... bench: 16 ns/iter (+/- 0) = 2000 MB/s branch_and_mask ... bench: 16 ns/iter (+/- 0) = 2000 MB/s branchless ... bench: 16 ns/iter (+/- 0) = 2000 MB/s libcore ... bench: 15 ns/iter (+/- 0) = 2133 MB/s fake_simd_u32 ... bench: 17 ns/iter (+/- 0) = 1882 MB/s fake_simd_u64 ... bench: 16 ns/iter (+/- 0) = 2000 MB/s mask_mult_bool_branchy_lookup_table ... bench: 42 ns/iter (+/- 0) = 761 MB/s mask_mult_bool_lookup_table ... bench: 35 ns/iter (+/- 0) = 914 MB/s mask_mult_bool_match_range ... bench: 16 ns/iter (+/- 0) = 2000 MB/s mask_shifted_bool_match_range ... bench: 16 ns/iter (+/- 0) = 2000 MB/s 7 bytes string: alloc_only ... bench: 14 ns/iter (+/- 0) = 500 MB/s black_box_read_each_byte ... bench: 22 ns/iter (+/- 0) = 318 MB/s lookup_table ... bench: 16 ns/iter (+/- 0) = 437 MB/s branch_and_subtract ... bench: 16 ns/iter (+/- 0) = 437 MB/s branch_and_mask ... bench: 16 ns/iter (+/- 0) = 437 MB/s branchless ... bench: 19 ns/iter (+/- 0) = 368 MB/s libcore ... bench: 20 ns/iter (+/- 0) = 350 MB/s fake_simd_u32 ... bench: 18 ns/iter (+/- 0) = 388 MB/s fake_simd_u64 ... bench: 21 ns/iter (+/- 0) = 333 MB/s mask_mult_bool_branchy_lookup_table ... bench: 20 ns/iter (+/- 0) = 350 MB/s mask_mult_bool_lookup_table ... bench: 19 ns/iter (+/- 0) = 368 MB/s mask_mult_bool_match_range ... bench: 19 ns/iter (+/- 0) = 368 MB/s mask_shifted_bool_match_range ... bench: 19 ns/iter (+/- 0) = 368 MB/s ```
cuviper · Mar 28, 2019 · c70cdc0 · c70cdc0
2 parents e5fa597 + 7fad370
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diff --git a/src/libcore/benches/ascii.rs b/src/libcore/benches/ascii.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,349 @@
+// Lower-case ASCII 'a' is the first byte that has its highest bit set
+// after wrap-adding 0x1F:
+//
+//     b'a' + 0x1F == 0x80 == 0b1000_0000
+//     b'z' + 0x1F == 0x98 == 0b10011000
+//
+// Lower-case ASCII 'z' is the last byte that has its highest bit unset
+// after wrap-adding 0x05:
+//
+//     b'a' + 0x05 == 0x66 == 0b0110_0110
+//     b'z' + 0x05 == 0x7F == 0b0111_1111
+//
+// … except for 0xFB to 0xFF, but those are in the range of bytes
+// that have the highest bit unset again after adding 0x1F.
+//
+// So `(byte + 0x1f) & !(byte + 5)` has its highest bit set
+// iff `byte` is a lower-case ASCII letter.
+//
+// Lower-case ASCII letters all have the 0x20 bit set.
+// (Two positions right of 0x80, the highest bit.)
+// Unsetting that bit produces the same letter, in upper-case.
+//
+// Therefore:
+fn branchless_to_ascii_upper_case(byte: u8) -> u8 {
+    byte &
+    !(
+        (
+            byte.wrapping_add(0x1f) &
+            !byte.wrapping_add(0x05) &
+            0x80
+        ) >> 2
+    )
+}
+
+
+macro_rules! benches {
+    ($( fn $name: ident($arg: ident: &mut [u8]) $body: block )+ @iter $( $is_: ident, )+) => {
+        benches! {@
+            $( fn $name($arg: &mut [u8]) $body )+
+            $( fn $is_(bytes: &mut [u8]) { bytes.iter().all(u8::$is_) } )+
+        }
+    };
+
+    (@$( fn $name: ident($arg: ident: &mut [u8]) $body: block )+) => {
+        benches!(mod short SHORT $($name $arg $body)+);
+        benches!(mod medium MEDIUM $($name $arg $body)+);
+        benches!(mod long LONG $($name $arg $body)+);
+    };
+
+    (mod $mod_name: ident $input: ident $($name: ident $arg: ident $body: block)+) => {
+        mod $mod_name {
+            use super::*;
+
+            $(
+                #[bench]
+                fn $name(bencher: &mut Bencher) {
+                    bencher.bytes = $input.len() as u64;
+                    bencher.iter(|| {
+                        let mut vec = $input.as_bytes().to_vec();
+                        {
+                            let $arg = &mut vec[..];
+                            black_box($body);
+                        }
+                        vec
+                    })
+                }
+            )+
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+use test::black_box;
+use test::Bencher;
+
+benches! {
+    fn case00_alloc_only(_bytes: &mut [u8]) {}
+
+    fn case01_black_box_read_each_byte(bytes: &mut [u8]) {
+        for byte in bytes {
+            black_box(*byte);
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn case02_lookup_table(bytes: &mut [u8]) {
+        for byte in bytes {
+            *byte = ASCII_UPPERCASE_MAP[*byte as usize]
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn case03_branch_and_subtract(bytes: &mut [u8]) {
+        for byte in bytes {
+            *byte = if b'a' <= *byte && *byte <= b'z' {
+                *byte - b'a' + b'A'
+            } else {
+                *byte
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn case04_branch_and_mask(bytes: &mut [u8]) {
+        for byte in bytes {
+            *byte = if b'a' <= *byte && *byte <= b'z' {
+                *byte & !0x20
+            } else {
+                *byte
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn case05_branchless(bytes: &mut [u8]) {
+        for byte in bytes {
+            *byte = branchless_to_ascii_upper_case(*byte)
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn case06_libcore(bytes: &mut [u8]) {
+        bytes.make_ascii_uppercase()
+    }
+
+    fn case07_fake_simd_u32(bytes: &mut [u8]) {
+        let (before, aligned, after) = unsafe {
+            bytes.align_to_mut::<u32>()
+        };
+        for byte in before {
+            *byte = branchless_to_ascii_upper_case(*byte)
+        }
+        for word in aligned {
+            // FIXME: this is incorrect for some byte values:
+            // addition within a byte can carry/overflow into the next byte.
+            // Test case: b"\xFFz  "
+            *word &= !(
+                (
+                    word.wrapping_add(0x1f1f1f1f) &
+                    !word.wrapping_add(0x05050505) &
+                    0x80808080
+                ) >> 2
+            )
+        }
+        for byte in after {
+            *byte = branchless_to_ascii_upper_case(*byte)
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn case08_fake_simd_u64(bytes: &mut [u8]) {
+        let (before, aligned, after) = unsafe {
+            bytes.align_to_mut::<u64>()
+        };
+        for byte in before {
+            *byte = branchless_to_ascii_upper_case(*byte)
+        }
+        for word in aligned {
+            // FIXME: like above, this is incorrect for some byte values.
+            *word &= !(
+                (
+                    word.wrapping_add(0x1f1f1f1f_1f1f1f1f) &
+                    !word.wrapping_add(0x05050505_05050505) &
+                    0x80808080_80808080
+                ) >> 2
+            )
+        }
+        for byte in after {
+            *byte = branchless_to_ascii_upper_case(*byte)
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn case09_mask_mult_bool_branchy_lookup_table(bytes: &mut [u8]) {
+        fn is_ascii_lowercase(b: u8) -> bool {
+            if b >= 0x80 { return false }
+            match ASCII_CHARACTER_CLASS[b as usize] {
+                L | Lx => true,
+                _ => false,
+            }
+        }
+        for byte in bytes {
+            *byte &= !(0x20 * (is_ascii_lowercase(*byte) as u8))
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn case10_mask_mult_bool_lookup_table(bytes: &mut [u8]) {
+        fn is_ascii_lowercase(b: u8) -> bool {
+            match ASCII_CHARACTER_CLASS[b as usize] {
+                L | Lx => true,
+                _ => false
+            }
+        }
+        for byte in bytes {
+            *byte &= !(0x20 * (is_ascii_lowercase(*byte) as u8))
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn case11_mask_mult_bool_match_range(bytes: &mut [u8]) {
+        fn is_ascii_lowercase(b: u8) -> bool {
+            match b {
+                b'a'...b'z' => true,
+                _ => false
+            }
+        }
+        for byte in bytes {
+            *byte &= !(0x20 * (is_ascii_lowercase(*byte) as u8))
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn case12_mask_shifted_bool_match_range(bytes: &mut [u8]) {
+        fn is_ascii_lowercase(b: u8) -> bool {
+            match b {
+                b'a'...b'z' => true,
+                _ => false
+            }
+        }
+        for byte in bytes {
+            *byte &= !((is_ascii_lowercase(*byte) as u8) << 5)
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn case13_subtract_shifted_bool_match_range(bytes: &mut [u8]) {
+        fn is_ascii_lowercase(b: u8) -> bool {
+            match b {
+                b'a'...b'z' => true,
+                _ => false
+            }
+        }
+        for byte in bytes {
+            *byte -= (is_ascii_lowercase(*byte) as u8) << 5
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn case14_subtract_multiplied_bool_match_range(bytes: &mut [u8]) {
+        fn is_ascii_lowercase(b: u8) -> bool {
+            match b {
+                b'a'...b'z' => true,
+                _ => false
+            }
+        }
+        for byte in bytes {
+            *byte -= (b'a' - b'A') * is_ascii_lowercase(*byte) as u8
+        }
+    }
+
+    @iter
+
+    is_ascii,
+    is_ascii_alphabetic,
+    is_ascii_uppercase,
+    is_ascii_lowercase,
+    is_ascii_alphanumeric,
+    is_ascii_digit,
+    is_ascii_hexdigit,
+    is_ascii_punctuation,
+    is_ascii_graphic,
+    is_ascii_whitespace,
+    is_ascii_control,
+}
+
+macro_rules! repeat {
+    ($s: expr) => { concat!($s, $s, $s, $s, $s, $s, $s, $s, $s, $s) }
+}
+
+const SHORT: &'static str = "Alice's";
+const MEDIUM: &'static str = "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland";
+const LONG: &'static str = repeat!(r#"
+    La Guida di Bragia, a Ballad Opera for the Marionette Theatre (around 1850)
+    Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (1865)
+    Phantasmagoria and Other Poems (1869)
+    Through the Looking-Glass, and What Alice Found There
+        (includes "Jabberwocky" and "The Walrus and the Carpenter") (1871)
+    The Hunting of the Snark (1876)
+    Rhyme? And Reason? (1883) – shares some contents with the 1869 collection,
+        including the long poem "Phantasmagoria"
+    A Tangled Tale (1885)
+    Sylvie and Bruno (1889)
+    Sylvie and Bruno Concluded (1893)
+    Pillow Problems (1893)
+    What the Tortoise Said to Achilles (1895)
+    Three Sunsets and Other Poems (1898)
+    The Manlet (1903)[106]
+"#);
+
+const ASCII_UPPERCASE_MAP: [u8; 256] = [
+    0x00, 0x01, 0x02, 0x03, 0x04, 0x05, 0x06, 0x07,
+    0x08, 0x09, 0x0a, 0x0b, 0x0c, 0x0d, 0x0e, 0x0f,
+    0x10, 0x11, 0x12, 0x13, 0x14, 0x15, 0x16, 0x17,
+    0x18, 0x19, 0x1a, 0x1b, 0x1c, 0x1d, 0x1e, 0x1f,
+    b' ', b'!', b'"', b'#', b'$', b'%', b'&', b'\'',
+    b'(', b')', b'*', b'+', b',', b'-', b'.', b'/',
+    b'0', b'1', b'2', b'3', b'4', b'5', b'6', b'7',
+    b'8', b'9', b':', b';', b'<', b'=', b'>', b'?',
+    b'@', b'A', b'B', b'C', b'D', b'E', b'F', b'G',
+    b'H', b'I', b'J', b'K', b'L', b'M', b'N', b'O',
+    b'P', b'Q', b'R', b'S', b'T', b'U', b'V', b'W',
+    b'X', b'Y', b'Z', b'[', b'\\', b']', b'^', b'_',
+    b'`',
+
+          b'A', b'B', b'C', b'D', b'E', b'F', b'G',
+    b'H', b'I', b'J', b'K', b'L', b'M', b'N', b'O',
+    b'P', b'Q', b'R', b'S', b'T', b'U', b'V', b'W',
+    b'X', b'Y', b'Z',
+
+                      b'{', b'|', b'}', b'~', 0x7f,
+    0x80, 0x81, 0x82, 0x83, 0x84, 0x85, 0x86, 0x87,
+    0x88, 0x89, 0x8a, 0x8b, 0x8c, 0x8d, 0x8e, 0x8f,
+    0x90, 0x91, 0x92, 0x93, 0x94, 0x95, 0x96, 0x97,
+    0x98, 0x99, 0x9a, 0x9b, 0x9c, 0x9d, 0x9e, 0x9f,
+    0xa0, 0xa1, 0xa2, 0xa3, 0xa4, 0xa5, 0xa6, 0xa7,
+    0xa8, 0xa9, 0xaa, 0xab, 0xac, 0xad, 0xae, 0xaf,
+    0xb0, 0xb1, 0xb2, 0xb3, 0xb4, 0xb5, 0xb6, 0xb7,
+    0xb8, 0xb9, 0xba, 0xbb, 0xbc, 0xbd, 0xbe, 0xbf,
+    0xc0, 0xc1, 0xc2, 0xc3, 0xc4, 0xc5, 0xc6, 0xc7,
+    0xc8, 0xc9, 0xca, 0xcb, 0xcc, 0xcd, 0xce, 0xcf,
+    0xd0, 0xd1, 0xd2, 0xd3, 0xd4, 0xd5, 0xd6, 0xd7,
+    0xd8, 0xd9, 0xda, 0xdb, 0xdc, 0xdd, 0xde, 0xdf,
+    0xe0, 0xe1, 0xe2, 0xe3, 0xe4, 0xe5, 0xe6, 0xe7,
+    0xe8, 0xe9, 0xea, 0xeb, 0xec, 0xed, 0xee, 0xef,
+    0xf0, 0xf1, 0xf2, 0xf3, 0xf4, 0xf5, 0xf6, 0xf7,
+    0xf8, 0xf9, 0xfa, 0xfb, 0xfc, 0xfd, 0xfe, 0xff,
+];
+
+enum AsciiCharacterClass {
+    C,  // control
+    Cw, // control whitespace
+    W,  // whitespace
+    D,  // digit
+    L,  // lowercase
+    Lx, // lowercase hex digit
+    U,  // uppercase
+    Ux, // uppercase hex digit
+    P,  // punctuation
+    N,  // Non-ASCII
+}
+use self::AsciiCharacterClass::*;
+
+static ASCII_CHARACTER_CLASS: [AsciiCharacterClass; 256] = [
+//  _0 _1 _2 _3 _4 _5 _6 _7 _8 _9 _a _b _c _d _e _f
+    C, C, C, C, C, C, C, C, C, Cw,Cw,C, Cw,Cw,C, C, // 0_
+    C, C, C, C, C, C, C, C, C, C, C, C, C, C, C, C, // 1_
+    W, P, P, P, P, P, P, P, P, P, P, P, P, P, P, P, // 2_
+    D, D, D, D, D, D, D, D, D, D, P, P, P, P, P, P, // 3_
+    P, Ux,Ux,Ux,Ux,Ux,Ux,U, U, U, U, U, U, U, U, U, // 4_
+    U, U, U, U, U, U, U, U, U, U, U, P, P, P, P, P, // 5_
+    P, Lx,Lx,Lx,Lx,Lx,Lx,L, L, L, L, L, L, L, L, L, // 6_
+    L, L, L, L, L, L, L, L, L, L, L, P, P, P, P, C, // 7_
+    N, N, N, N, N, N, N, N, N, N, N, N, N, N, N, N,
+    N, N, N, N, N, N, N, N, N, N, N, N, N, N, N, N,
+    N, N, N, N, N, N, N, N, N, N, N, N, N, N, N, N,
+    N, N, N, N, N, N, N, N, N, N, N, N, N, N, N, N,
+    N, N, N, N, N, N, N, N, N, N, N, N, N, N, N, N,
+    N, N, N, N, N, N, N, N, N, N, N, N, N, N, N, N,
+    N, N, N, N, N, N, N, N, N, N, N, N, N, N, N, N,
+    N, N, N, N, N, N, N, N, N, N, N, N, N, N, N, N,
+];
diff --git a/src/libcore/benches/lib.rs b/src/libcore/benches/lib.rs
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ extern crate core;
 extern crate test;
 
 mod any;
+mod ascii;
 mod char;
 mod hash;
 mod iter;