Merge branch 'main' into inlinecomp2

* main: (34 commits)
  pythongh-102701: Fix overflow in dictobject.c (pythonGH-102750)
  pythonGH-78530: add support for generators in `asyncio.wait` (python#102761)
  Increase stack reserve size for Windows debug builds to avoid test crashes (pythonGH-102764)
  pythongh-102755: Add PyErr_DisplayException(exc) (python#102756)
  Fix outdated note about 'int' rounding or truncating (python#102736)
  pythongh-102192: Replace PyErr_Fetch/Restore etc by more efficient alternatives (python#102760)
  pythongh-99726: Improves correctness of stat results for Windows, and uses faster API when available (pythonGH-102149)
  pythongh-102192: remove redundant exception fields from ssl module socket (python#102466)
  pythongh-102192: Replace PyErr_Fetch/Restore etc by more efficient alternatives (python#102743)
  pythongh-102737: Un-ignore ceval.c in the CI globals check (pythongh-102745)
  pythonGH-102748: remove legacy support for generator based coroutines from `asyncio.iscoroutine` (python#102749)
  pythongh-102721: Improve coverage of `_collections_abc._CallableGenericAlias` (python#102722)
  pythonGH-102653: Make recipe docstring show the correct distribution (python#102742)
  Add comments to `{typing,_collections_abc}._type_repr` about each other (python#102752)
  pythongh-102594: PyErr_SetObject adds note to exception raised on normalization error (python#102675)
  pythongh-94440: Fix issue of ProcessPoolExecutor shutdown hanging (python#94468)
  pythonGH-100112:  avoid using iterable coroutines in asyncio internally (python#100128)
  pythongh-102690: Use Edge as fallback in webbrowser instead of IE (python#102691)
  pythongh-102660: Fix Refleaks in import.c (python#102744)
  pythongh-102738: remove from cases generator the code related to register instructions (python#102739)
  ...

Doc/c-api/exceptions.rst

@@ -86,6 +86,12 @@ Printing and clearing
 
    An exception must be set when calling this function.
 
+.. c:function: void PyErr_DisplayException(PyObject *exc)
+
+   Print the standard traceback display of ``exc`` to ``sys.stderr``, including
+   chained exceptions and notes.
+
+   .. versionadded:: 3.12
 
 Raising exceptions
 ==================

Doc/c-api/init.rst

@@ -513,7 +513,7 @@ Process-wide parameters
    program name is ``'/usr/local/bin/python'``, the prefix is ``'/usr/local'``. The
    returned string points into static storage; the caller should not modify its
    value.  This corresponds to the :makevar:`prefix` variable in the top-level
-   :file:`Makefile` and the ``--prefix`` argument to the :program:`configure`
+   :file:`Makefile` and the :option:`--prefix` argument to the :program:`configure`
    script at build time.  The value is available to Python code as ``sys.prefix``.
    It is only useful on Unix.  See also the next function.
 

Doc/c-api/intro.rst

@@ -78,19 +78,19 @@ used by extension writers. Structure member names do not have a reserved prefix.
 
 The header files are typically installed with Python.  On Unix, these  are
 located in the directories :file:`{prefix}/include/pythonversion/` and
-:file:`{exec_prefix}/include/pythonversion/`, where :envvar:`prefix` and
-:envvar:`exec_prefix` are defined by the corresponding parameters to Python's
+:file:`{exec_prefix}/include/pythonversion/`, where :option:`prefix <--prefix>` and
+:option:`exec_prefix <--exec-prefix>` are defined by the corresponding parameters to Python's
 :program:`configure` script and *version* is
 ``'%d.%d' % sys.version_info[:2]``.  On Windows, the headers are installed
-in :file:`{prefix}/include`, where :envvar:`prefix` is the installation
+in :file:`{prefix}/include`, where ``prefix`` is the installation
 directory specified to the installer.
 
 To include the headers, place both directories (if different) on your compiler's
 search path for includes.  Do *not* place the parent directories on the search
 path and then use ``#include <pythonX.Y/Python.h>``; this will break on
 multi-platform builds since the platform independent headers under
-:envvar:`prefix` include the platform specific headers from
-:envvar:`exec_prefix`.
+:option:`prefix <--prefix>` include the platform specific headers from
+:option:`exec_prefix <--exec-prefix>`.
 
 C++ users should note that although the API is defined entirely using C, the
 header files properly declare the entry points to be ``extern "C"``. As a result,

Doc/library/asyncio-task.rst

@@ -804,6 +804,10 @@ Waiting Primitives
    .. versionchanged:: 3.11
       Passing coroutine objects to ``wait()`` directly is forbidden.
 
+   .. versionchanged:: 3.12
+      Added support for generators yielding tasks.
+
+
 .. function:: as_completed(aws, *, timeout=None)
 
    Run :ref:`awaitable objects <asyncio-awaitables>` in the *aws*

Doc/library/os.rst

@@ -2858,6 +2858,12 @@ features:
       Added support for the :class:`~os.PathLike` interface.  Added support
       for :class:`bytes` paths on Windows.
 
+   .. versionchanged:: 3.12
+      The ``st_ctime`` attribute of a stat result is deprecated on Windows.
+      The file creation time is properly available as ``st_birthtime``, and
+      in the future ``st_ctime`` may be changed to return zero or the
+      metadata change time, if available.
+
 
 .. function:: stat(path, *, dir_fd=None, follow_symlinks=True)
 
@@ -2973,10 +2979,12 @@ features:
 
    .. attribute:: st_ctime
 
-      Platform dependent:
+      Time of most recent metadata change expressed in seconds.
 
-      * the time of most recent metadata change on Unix,
-      * the time of creation on Windows, expressed in seconds.
+      .. versionchanged:: 3.12
+         ``st_ctime`` is deprecated on Windows. Use ``st_birthtime`` for
+         the file creation time. In the future, ``st_ctime`` will contain
+         the time of the most recent metadata change, as for other platforms.
 
    .. attribute:: st_atime_ns
 
@@ -2989,29 +2997,48 @@ features:
 
    .. attribute:: st_ctime_ns
 
-      Platform dependent:
+      Time of most recent metadata change expressed in nanoseconds as an
+      integer.
+
+      .. versionchanged:: 3.12
+         ``st_ctime_ns`` is deprecated on Windows. Use ``st_birthtime_ns``
+         for the file creation time. In the future, ``st_ctime`` will contain
+         the time of the most recent metadata change, as for other platforms.
+
+   .. attribute:: st_birthtime
+
+      Time of file creation expressed in seconds. This attribute is not
+      always available, and may raise :exc:`AttributeError`.
+
+      .. versionchanged:: 3.12
+         ``st_birthtime`` is now available on Windows.
+
+   .. attribute:: st_birthtime_ns
 
-      * the time of most recent metadata change on Unix,
-      * the time of creation on Windows, expressed in nanoseconds as an
-        integer.
+      Time of file creation expressed in nanoseconds as an integer.
+      This attribute is not always available, and may raise
+      :exc:`AttributeError`.
+
+      .. versionadded:: 3.12
 
    .. note::
 
       The exact meaning and resolution of the :attr:`st_atime`,
-      :attr:`st_mtime`, and :attr:`st_ctime` attributes depend on the operating
-      system and the file system. For example, on Windows systems using the FAT
-      or FAT32 file systems, :attr:`st_mtime` has 2-second resolution, and
-      :attr:`st_atime` has only 1-day resolution.  See your operating system
-      documentation for details.
+      :attr:`st_mtime`, :attr:`st_ctime` and :attr:`st_birthtime` attributes
+      depend on the operating system and the file system. For example, on
+      Windows systems using the FAT32 file systems, :attr:`st_mtime` has
+      2-second resolution, and :attr:`st_atime` has only 1-day resolution.
+      See your operating system documentation for details.
 
       Similarly, although :attr:`st_atime_ns`, :attr:`st_mtime_ns`,
-      and :attr:`st_ctime_ns` are always expressed in nanoseconds, many
-      systems do not provide nanosecond precision.  On systems that do
-      provide nanosecond precision, the floating-point object used to
-      store :attr:`st_atime`, :attr:`st_mtime`, and :attr:`st_ctime`
-      cannot preserve all of it, and as such will be slightly inexact.
-      If you need the exact timestamps you should always use
-      :attr:`st_atime_ns`, :attr:`st_mtime_ns`, and :attr:`st_ctime_ns`.
+      :attr:`st_ctime_ns` and :attr:`st_birthtime_ns` are always expressed in
+      nanoseconds, many systems do not provide nanosecond precision.  On
+      systems that do provide nanosecond precision, the floating-point object
+      used to store :attr:`st_atime`, :attr:`st_mtime`, :attr:`st_ctime` and
+      :attr:`st_birthtime` cannot preserve all of it, and as such will be
+      slightly inexact. If you need the exact timestamps you should always use
+      :attr:`st_atime_ns`, :attr:`st_mtime_ns`, :attr:`st_ctime_ns` and
+      :attr:`st_birthtime_ns`.
 
    On some Unix systems (such as Linux), the following attributes may also be
    available:
@@ -3041,10 +3068,6 @@ features:
 
       File generation number.
 
-   .. attribute:: st_birthtime
-
-      Time of file creation.
-
    On Solaris and derivatives, the following attributes may also be
    available:
 
@@ -3117,6 +3140,25 @@ features:
       files as :const:`S_IFCHR`, :const:`S_IFIFO` or :const:`S_IFBLK`
       as appropriate.
 
+   .. versionchanged:: 3.12
+      On Windows, :attr:`st_ctime` is deprecated. Eventually, it will
+      contain the last metadata change time, for consistency with other
+      platforms, but for now still contains creation time.
+      Use :attr:`st_birthtime` for the creation time.
+
+   .. versionchanged:: 3.12
+      On Windows, :attr:`st_ino` may now be up to 128 bits, depending
+      on the file system. Previously it would not be above 64 bits, and
+      larger file identifiers would be arbitrarily packed.
+
+   .. versionchanged:: 3.12
+      On Windows, :attr:`st_rdev` no longer returns a value. Previously
+      it would contain the same as :attr:`st_dev`, which was incorrect.
+
+   .. versionadded:: 3.12
+      Added the :attr:`st_birthtime` member on Windows.
+
+
 .. function:: statvfs(path)
 
    Perform a :c:func:`statvfs` system call on the given path.  The return value is

Doc/library/random.rst

@@ -610,7 +610,8 @@ from the combinatoric iterators in the :mod:`itertools` module:
        return tuple(pool[i] for i in indices)
 
    def random_combination_with_replacement(iterable, r):
-       "Random selection from itertools.combinations_with_replacement(iterable, r)"
+       "Choose r elements with replacement.  Order the result to match the iterable."
+       # Result will be in set(itertools.combinations_with_replacement(iterable, r)).
        pool = tuple(iterable)
        n = len(pool)
        indices = sorted(random.choices(range(n), k=r))

Doc/library/stdtypes.rst

@@ -335,11 +335,10 @@ Notes:
       single: ceil() (in module math)
       single: trunc() (in module math)
       pair: numeric; conversions
-      pair: C; language
 
-   Conversion from floating point to integer may round or truncate
-   as in C; see functions :func:`math.floor` and :func:`math.ceil` for
-   well-defined conversions.
+   Conversion from :class:`float` to :class:`int` truncates, discarding the
+   fractional part. See functions :func:`math.floor` and :func:`math.ceil` for
+   alternative conversions.
 
 (4)
    float also accepts the strings "nan" and "inf" with an optional prefix "+"

Doc/library/sys.rst

@@ -1323,7 +1323,7 @@ always available.
 
    A string giving the site-specific directory prefix where the platform
    independent Python files are installed; on Unix, the default is
-   ``'/usr/local'``.  This can be set at build time with the ``--prefix``
+   :file:`/usr/local`. This can be set at build time with the :option:`--prefix`
    argument to the :program:`configure` script.  See
    :ref:`installation_paths` for derived paths.
 

Doc/library/venv.rst

@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ running from a virtual environment.
 A virtual environment may be "activated" using a script in its binary directory
 (``bin`` on POSIX; ``Scripts`` on Windows).
 This will prepend that directory to your :envvar:`!PATH`, so that running
-:program:`!python` will invoke the environment's Python interpreter
+:program:`python` will invoke the environment's Python interpreter
 and you can run installed scripts without having to use their full path.
 The invocation of the activation script is platform-specific
 (:samp:`{<venv>}` must be replaced by the path to the directory
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ containing the virtual environment):
 +-------------+------------+--------------------------------------------------+
 
 .. versionadded:: 3.4
-   :program:`!fish` and :program:`!csh` activation scripts.
+   :program:`fish` and :program:`csh` activation scripts.
 
 .. versionadded:: 3.8
    PowerShell activation scripts installed under POSIX for PowerShell Core

Doc/tutorial/modules.rst

@@ -438,7 +438,7 @@ When importing the package, Python searches through the directories on
 
 The :file:`__init__.py` files are required to make Python treat directories
 containing the file as packages.  This prevents directories with a common name,
-such as ``string``, unintentionally hiding valid modules that occur later
+such as ``string``, from unintentionally hiding valid modules that occur later
 on the module search path. In the simplest case, :file:`__init__.py` can just be
 an empty file, but it can also execute initialization code for the package or
 set the ``__all__`` variable, described later.

Doc/using/configure.rst

@@ -216,6 +216,22 @@ WebAssembly Options
 Install Options
 ---------------
 
+.. cmdoption:: --prefix=PREFIX
+
+   Install architecture-independent files in PREFIX. On Unix, it
+   defaults to :file:`/usr/local`.
+
+   This value can be retrived at runtime using :data:`sys.prefix`.
+
+   As an example, one can use ``--prefix="$HOME/.local/"`` to install
+   a Python in its home directory.
+
+.. cmdoption:: --exec-prefix=EPREFIX
+
+   Install architecture-dependent files in EPREFIX, defaults to :option:`--prefix`.
+
+   This value can be retrived at runtime using :data:`sys.exec_prefix`.
+
 .. cmdoption:: --disable-test-modules
 
    Don't build nor install test modules, like the :mod:`test` package or the

Doc/using/unix.rst

@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ Python-related paths and files
 ==============================
 
 These are subject to difference depending on local installation conventions;
-:envvar:`prefix` (``${prefix}``) and :envvar:`exec_prefix` (``${exec_prefix}``)
+:option:`prefix <--prefix>` and :option:`exec_prefix <--exec-prefix>`
 are installation-dependent and should be interpreted as for GNU software; they
 may be the same.
 

Doc/whatsnew/3.12.rst

@@ -237,6 +237,13 @@ asyncio
 * Add C implementation of :func:`asyncio.current_task` for 4x-6x speedup.
   (Contributed by Itamar Ostricher and Pranav Thulasiram Bhat in :gh:`100344`.)
 
+* :func:`asyncio.iscoroutine` now returns ``False`` for generators as
+  :mod:`asyncio` does not support legacy generator-based coroutines.
+  (Contributed by Kumar Aditya in :gh:`102748`.)
+
+* :func:`asyncio.wait` now accepts generators yielding tasks.
+  (Contributed by Kumar Aditya in :gh:`78530`.)
+
 inspect
 -------
 
@@ -302,6 +309,16 @@ os
   functions on Windows for enumerating drives, volumes and mount points.
   (Contributed by Steve Dower in :gh:`102519`.)
 
+* :func:`os.stat` and :func:`os.lstat` are now more accurate on Windows.
+  The ``st_birthtime`` field will now be filled with the creation time
+  of the file, and ``st_ctime`` is deprecated but still contains the
+  creation time (but in the future will return the last metadata change,
+  for consistency with other platforms). ``st_dev`` may be up to 64 bits
+  and ``st_ino`` up to 128 bits depending on your file system, and
+  ``st_rdev`` is always set to zero rather than incorrect values.
+  Both functions may be significantly faster on newer releases of
+  Windows. (Contributed by Steve Dower in :gh:`99726`.)
+
 os.path
 -------
 
@@ -465,6 +482,12 @@ Deprecated
   warning at compile time. This field will be removed in Python 3.14.
   (Contributed by Ramvikrams and Kumar Aditya in :gh:`101193`. PEP by Ken Jin.)
 
+* The ``st_ctime`` fields return by :func:`os.stat` and :func:`os.lstat` on
+  Windows are deprecated. In a future release, they will contain the last
+  metadata change time, consistent with other platforms. For now, they still
+  contain the creation time, which is also available in the new ``st_birthtime``
+  field. (Contributed by Steve Dower in :gh:`99726`.)
+
 Pending Removal in Python 3.13
 ------------------------------
 
@@ -924,6 +947,10 @@ New Features
   the :attr:`~BaseException.args` passed to the exception's constructor.
   (Contributed by Mark Shannon in :gh:`101578`.)
 
+* Add :c:func:`PyErr_DisplayException`, which takes an exception instance,
+  to replace the legacy-api :c:func:`PyErr_Display`. (Contributed by
+  Irit Katriel in :gh:`102755`).
+
 Porting to Python 3.12
 ----------------------
 
@@ -982,6 +1009,11 @@ Porting to Python 3.12
   effects, these side effects are no longer duplicated.
   (Contributed by Victor Stinner in :gh:`98724`.)
 
+* The interpreter's error indicator is now always normalized. This means
+  that :c:func:`PyErr_SetObject`, :c:func:`PyErr_SetString` and the other
+  functions that set the error indicator now normalize the exception
+  before storing it. (Contributed by Mark Shannon in :gh:`101578`.)
+
 Deprecated
 ----------
 
@@ -1052,6 +1084,9 @@ Deprecated
   :c:func:`PyErr_SetRaisedException` instead.
   (Contributed by Mark Shannon in :gh:`101578`.)
 
+* :c:func:`PyErr_Display` is deprecated. Use :c:func:`PyErr_DisplayException`
+  instead. (Contributed by Irit Katriel in :gh:`102755`).
+
 
 Removed
 -------

Include/cpython/pyerrors.h

@@ -112,6 +112,10 @@ PyAPI_FUNC(PyObject *) _PyErr_FormatFromCause(
 
 /* In exceptions.c */
 
+PyAPI_FUNC(int) _PyException_AddNote(
+     PyObject *exc,
+     PyObject *note);
+
 /* Helper that attempts to replace the current exception with one of the
  * same type but with a prefix added to the exception text. The resulting
  * exception description looks like:

Include/internal/pycore_fileutils.h

@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ PyAPI_FUNC(PyObject *) _Py_device_encoding(int);
 
 #ifdef MS_WINDOWS
 struct _Py_stat_struct {
-    unsigned long st_dev;
+    uint64_t st_dev;
     uint64_t st_ino;
     unsigned short st_mode;
     int st_nlink;
@@ -80,8 +80,11 @@ struct _Py_stat_struct {
     int st_mtime_nsec;
     time_t st_ctime;
     int st_ctime_nsec;
+    time_t st_birthtime;
+    int st_birthtime_nsec;
     unsigned long st_file_attributes;
     unsigned long st_reparse_tag;
+    uint64_t st_ino_high;
 };
 #else
 #  define _Py_stat_struct stat