feat(core): Add certificates to Operator.Web (#756)

This adds a new CertificateGenerator to Operator.Web, and it reworks
a handful of the classes in Operator.Web to support using certificates
in code. I more or less re-implemented the BouncyCastle solution from
the CLI in Operator.Web using the built-in .NET classes, and I went to
some length to ensure the generated certificates are virtually identical
to those produced by BouncyCastle.

src/KubeOps.Abstractions/Certificates/CertificatePair.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+using System.Security.Cryptography;
+using System.Security.Cryptography.X509Certificates;
+
+namespace KubeOps.Abstractions.Certificates
+{
+    public record CertificatePair(X509Certificate2 Certificate, AsymmetricAlgorithm Key);
+}

src/KubeOps.Abstractions/Certificates/ICertificateProvider.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+using System.Security.Cryptography;
+using System.Security.Cryptography.X509Certificates;
+
+namespace KubeOps.Abstractions.Certificates
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Defines properties for certificate/key pair so a custom certificate/key provider may be implemented.
+    /// The provider is used by the CertificateWebhookService to provide a caBundle to the webhooks.
+    /// </summary>
+    public interface ICertificateProvider : IDisposable
+    {
+        /// <summary>
+        /// The server certificate and key.
+        /// </summary>
+        CertificatePair Server { get; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// The root certificate and key.
+        /// </summary>
+        CertificatePair Root { get; }
+    }
+}

src/KubeOps.Cli/Generators/CertificateGenerator.cs

@@ -1,23 +1,17 @@
-using KubeOps.Cli.Certificates;
 using KubeOps.Cli.Output;
+using KubeOps.Operator.Web.Certificates;
 
 namespace KubeOps.Cli.Generators;
 
 internal class CertificateGenerator(string serverName, string namespaceName) : IConfigGenerator
 {
     public void Generate(ResultOutput output)
     {
-        var (caCert, caKey) = Certificates.CertificateGenerator.CreateCaCertificate();
+        using Operator.Web.CertificateGenerator generator = new(serverName, namespaceName);
 
-        output.Add("ca.pem", caCert.ToPem(), OutputFormat.Plain);
-        output.Add("ca-key.pem", caKey.ToPem(), OutputFormat.Plain);
-
-        var (srvCert, srvKey) = Certificates.CertificateGenerator.CreateServerCertificate(
-            (caCert, caKey),
-            serverName,
-            namespaceName);
-
-        output.Add("svc.pem", srvCert.ToPem(), OutputFormat.Plain);
-        output.Add("svc-key.pem", srvKey.ToPem(), OutputFormat.Plain);
+        output.Add("ca.pem", generator.Root.Certificate.EncodeToPem(), OutputFormat.Plain);
+        output.Add("ca-key.pem", generator.Root.Key.EncodeToPem(), OutputFormat.Plain);
+        output.Add("svc.pem", generator.Server.Certificate.EncodeToPem(), OutputFormat.Plain);
+        output.Add("svc-key.pem", generator.Server.Key.EncodeToPem(), OutputFormat.Plain);
     }
 }

src/KubeOps.Cli/KubeOps.Cli.csproj

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<Project Sdk="Microsoft.NET.Sdk">
+<Project Sdk="Microsoft.NET.Sdk">
 
     <PropertyGroup>
         <OutputType>Exe</OutputType>
@@ -18,7 +18,6 @@
     </PropertyGroup>
 
     <ItemGroup>
-        <PackageReference Include="BouncyCastle.Cryptography" Version="2.3.0" />
         <PackageReference Include="Microsoft.Build.Locator" Version="1.7.1" />
         <PackageReference Include="Microsoft.CodeAnalysis" Version="4.8.0" />
         <PackageReference Include="Microsoft.CodeAnalysis.Common" Version="4.8.0" />
@@ -34,7 +33,7 @@
     </ItemGroup>
 
     <ItemGroup>
-        <ProjectReference Include="..\KubeOps.Abstractions\KubeOps.Abstractions.csproj"/>
+        <ProjectReference Include="..\KubeOps.Abstractions\KubeOps.Abstractions.csproj" />
         <ProjectReference Include="..\KubeOps.Operator.Web\KubeOps.Operator.Web.csproj" />
         <ProjectReference Include="..\KubeOps.Transpiler\KubeOps.Transpiler.csproj" />
     </ItemGroup>

src/KubeOps.Operator.Web/Builder/OperatorBuilderExtensions.cs

@@ -2,7 +2,10 @@
 using System.Runtime.Versioning;
 
 using KubeOps.Abstractions.Builder;
+using KubeOps.Abstractions.Certificates;
+using KubeOps.Operator.Web.Certificates;
 using KubeOps.Operator.Web.LocalTunnel;
+using KubeOps.Operator.Web.Webhooks;
 
 using Microsoft.Extensions.DependencyInjection;
 
@@ -39,16 +42,67 @@ public static class OperatorBuilderExtensions
     /// </code>
     /// </example>
     [RequiresPreviewFeatures(
-        "Localtunnel is sometimes unstable, use with caution. " +
-        "This API is in preview and may be removed in future versions if no stable alternative is found.")]
+        "LocalTunnel is sometimes unstable, use with caution.")]
+#pragma warning disable S1133 // Deprecated code should be removed
+    [Obsolete(
+        "LocalTunnel features are deprecated and will be removed in a future version. " +
+        $"Instead, use the {nameof(UseCertificateProvider)} method for development webhooks.")]
+#pragma warning restore S1133 // Deprecated code should be removed
     public static IOperatorBuilder AddDevelopmentTunnel(
         this IOperatorBuilder builder,
         ushort port,
         string hostname = "localhost")
     {
-        builder.Services.AddHostedService<DevelopmentTunnelService>();
-        builder.Services.AddSingleton(new TunnelConfig(hostname, port));
+        builder.Services.AddHostedService<TunnelWebhookService>();
         builder.Services.AddSingleton(new WebhookLoader(Assembly.GetEntryAssembly()!));
+        builder.Services.AddSingleton(new WebhookConfig(hostname, port));
+        builder.Services.AddSingleton<DevelopmentTunnel>();
+
+        return builder;
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Adds a hosted service to the system that uses the server certificate from an <see cref="ICertificateProvider"/>
+    /// implementation to configure development webhooks. The webhooks will be configured to use the hostname and port.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="builder">The operator builder.</param>
+    /// <param name="port">The port that the webhooks will use to connect to the operator.</param>
+    /// <param name="hostname">The hostname, IP, or FQDN of the machine running the operator.</param>
+    /// <param name="certificateProvider">The <see cref="ICertificateProvider"/> the <see cref="CertificateWebhookService"/>
+    /// will use to generate the PEM-encoded server certificate for the webhooks.</param>
+    /// <returns>The builder for chaining.</returns>
+    /// <example>
+    /// Use the development webhooks.
+    /// <code>
+    /// var builder = WebApplication.CreateBuilder(args);
+    /// string ip = "192.168.1.100";
+    /// ushort port = 443;
+    ///
+    /// using CertificateGenerator generator = new CertificateGenerator(ip);
+    /// using X509Certificate2 cert = generator.Server.CopyServerCertWithPrivateKey();
+    /// // Configure Kestrel to listen on IPv4, use port 443, and use the server certificate
+    /// builder.WebHost.ConfigureKestrel(serverOptions =>
+    /// {
+    ///     serverOptions.Listen(System.Net.IPAddress.Any, port, async listenOptions =>
+    ///     {
+    ///         listenOptions.UseHttps(cert);
+    ///     });
+    /// });
+    ///  builder.Services
+    ///      .AddKubernetesOperator()
+    ///      // Create the development webhook service using the cert provider
+    ///      .UseCertificateProvider(port, ip, generator)
+    ///      // More code
+    ///
+    /// </code>
+    /// </example>
+    public static IOperatorBuilder UseCertificateProvider(this IOperatorBuilder builder, ushort port, string hostname, ICertificateProvider certificateProvider)
+    {
+        builder.Services.AddHostedService<CertificateWebhookService>();
+        builder.Services.AddSingleton(new WebhookLoader(Assembly.GetEntryAssembly()!));
+        builder.Services.AddSingleton(new WebhookConfig(hostname, port));
+        builder.Services.AddSingleton(certificateProvider);
+
         return builder;
     }
 }

src/KubeOps.Operator.Web/Certificates/CertificateExtensions.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+using System.Security.Cryptography;
+using System.Security.Cryptography.X509Certificates;
+using System.Text;
+
+using KubeOps.Abstractions.Certificates;
+
+namespace KubeOps.Operator.Web.Certificates
+{
+    public static class CertificateExtensions
+    {
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Encodes the certificate in PEM format for use in Kubernetes.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="certificate">The certificate to encode.</param>
+        /// <returns>The byte representation of the PEM-encoded certificate.</returns>
+        public static byte[] EncodeToPemBytes(this X509Certificate2 certificate) => Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(certificate.EncodeToPem());
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Encodes the certificate in PEM format.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="certificate">The certificate to encode.</param>
+        /// <returns>The string representation of the PEM-encoded certificate.</returns>
+        public static string EncodeToPem(this X509Certificate2 certificate) => new(PemEncoding.Write("CERTIFICATE", certificate.RawData));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Encodes the key in PEM format.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="key">The key to encode.</param>
+        /// <returns>The string representation of the PEM-encoded key.</returns>
+        public static string EncodeToPem(this AsymmetricAlgorithm key) => new(PemEncoding.Write("PRIVATE KEY", key.ExportPkcs8PrivateKey()));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Generates a new server certificate with its private key attached, and sets <see cref="X509KeyStorageFlags.PersistKeySet"/>.
+        /// For example, this certificate can be used in development environments to configure <see cref="Microsoft.AspNetCore.Server.Kestrel.Core.ListenOptions"/>.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="serverPair">The cert/key tuple to attach.</param>
+        /// <returns>An <see cref="X509Certificate2"/> with the private key attached.</returns>
+        /// <exception cref="NotImplementedException">The <see cref="AsymmetricAlgorithm"/> not have a CopyWithPrivateKey method, or the
+        /// method has not been implemented in this extension.</exception>
+        public static X509Certificate2 CopyServerCertWithPrivateKey(this CertificatePair serverPair)
+        {
+            const string? password = null;
+            using X509Certificate2 temp = serverPair.Key switch
+            {
+                ECDsa ecdsa => serverPair.Certificate.CopyWithPrivateKey(ecdsa),
+                RSA rsa => serverPair.Certificate.CopyWithPrivateKey(rsa),
+                ECDiffieHellman ecdh => serverPair.Certificate.CopyWithPrivateKey(ecdh),
+                DSA dsa => serverPair.Certificate.CopyWithPrivateKey(dsa),
+                _ => throw new NotImplementedException($"{serverPair.Key} is not implemented for {nameof(CopyServerCertWithPrivateKey)}"),
+            };
+
+            return new X509Certificate2(
+                temp.Export(X509ContentType.Pfx, password),
+                password,
+                X509KeyStorageFlags.Exportable | X509KeyStorageFlags.PersistKeySet);
+        }
+    }
+}