001_EE_Classification_Landsat_8_TOA.ipynb

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    "## Classification example for Landsat 8 imagery\n",
    "\n",
    "**Author:** René Kopeinig<br>\n",
    "**Description:** Classification example for Landsat 8 imagery based on the scientfic work \"MAD-MEX: Automatic Wall-to-Wall Land Cover Monitoring for the Mexican REDD-MRV Program Using All Landsat Data\" by S.Gebhardt et. al 2014. Please find the link to the paper here: https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/6/5/3923\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 1,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "from IPython.display import Image\n",
    "import ee, folium\n",
    "ee.Initialize()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 2,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "%matplotlib inline"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Get and visualize the Landsat 8 input data"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 3,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "area_of_interest = ee.Geometry.Rectangle([-98.75, 19.15, -98.15,18.75])\n",
    "mexico_landcover_2010_landsat = ee.Image(\"users/renekope/MEX_LC_2010_Landsat_v43\").clip(area_of_interest)\n",
    "landsat8_collection = ee.ImageCollection('LANDSAT/LC8_L1T_TOA').filterDate('2016-01-01', '2018-04-19').min()\n",
    "landsat8_collection = landsat8_collection.slice(0,9)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 4,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
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       "                &quot;https://{s}.tile.openstreetmap.org/{z}/{x}/{y}.png&quot;,\n",
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       "                {&quot;attribution&quot;: &quot;Map Data \\u0026copy; \\u003ca href=\\&quot;https://earthengine.google.com/\\&quot;\\u003eGoogle Earth Engine\\u003c/a\\u003e&quot;, &quot;detectRetina&quot;: false, &quot;maxNativeZoom&quot;: 18, &quot;maxZoom&quot;: 18, &quot;minZoom&quot;: 0, &quot;noWrap&quot;: false, &quot;opacity&quot;: 1, &quot;subdomains&quot;: &quot;abc&quot;, &quot;tms&quot;: false}\n",
       "            ).addTo(map_311d9e532ac5f5e549dc4be673917c07);\n",
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       "<folium.folium.Map at 0x147012fe0>"
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   "source": [
    "vis = {\n",
    "    'bands': ['B6', 'B5', 'B2'],\n",
    "    'min': 0,\n",
    "    'max': 0.5,\n",
    "    'gamma': [0.95, 1.1, 1],\n",
    "    'region':area_of_interest} \n",
    "\n",
    "image = landsat8_collection.clip(area_of_interest)\n",
    "\n",
    "\n",
    "mapid = image.getMapId(vis)\n",
    "\n",
    "map = folium.Map(location=[19.15,-98.75],zoom_start=9, height=500,width=700)\n",
    "folium.TileLayer(\n",
    "    tiles=mapid['tile_fetcher'].url_format,\n",
    "    attr='Map Data &copy; <a href=\"https://earthengine.google.com/\">Google Earth Engine</a>',\n",
    "    overlay=True,\n",
    "    name='Landsat 8 ',\n",
    "  ).add_to(map)\n",
    "\n",
    "map.add_child(folium.LayerControl())\n",
    "map"
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   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Functions to derive vegetation indices and other raster operations"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 5,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "def NDVI(image):\n",
    "    return image.normalizedDifference(['B5', 'B4'])\n",
    "\n",
    "def SAM(image):\n",
    "    band1 = image.select(\"B1\")\n",
    "    bandn = image.select(\"B2\",\"B3\",\"B4\",\"B5\",\"B6\",\"B7\",\"B8\",\"B9\");\n",
    "    maxObjSize = 256;\n",
    "    b = band1.divide(bandn);\n",
    "    spectralAngleMap = b.atan();\n",
    "    spectralAngleMap_sin = spectralAngleMap.sin();\n",
    "    spectralAngleMap_cos = spectralAngleMap.cos();\n",
    "    sum_cos = spectralAngleMap_cos.reduce(ee.call(\"Reducer.sum\"));\n",
    "    sum_sin = spectralAngleMap_sin.reduce(ee.call(\"Reducer.sum\"));\n",
    "    return ee.Image.cat(sum_sin, sum_cos, spectralAngleMap_sin, spectralAngleMap_cos);\n",
    "\n",
    "#Enhanced Vegetation Index\n",
    "def EVI(image):\n",
    "    # L(Canopy background)\n",
    "    # C1,C2(Coefficients of aerosol resistance term)\n",
    "    # GainFactor(Gain or scaling factor)\n",
    "    gain_factor = ee.Image(2.5);\n",
    "    coefficient_1 = ee.Image(6);\n",
    "    coefficient_2 = ee.Image(7.5);\n",
    "    l = ee.Image(1);\n",
    "    nir = image.select(\"B5\");\n",
    "    red = image.select(\"B4\");\n",
    "    blue = image.select(\"B2\");\n",
    "    evi = image.expression(\n",
    "        \"Gain_Factor*((NIR-RED)/(NIR+C1*RED-C2*BLUE+L))\",\n",
    "        {\n",
    "            \"Gain_Factor\":gain_factor,\n",
    "            \"NIR\":nir,\n",
    "            \"RED\":red,\n",
    "            \"C1\":coefficient_1,\n",
    "            \"C2\":coefficient_2,\n",
    "            \"BLUE\":blue,\n",
    "            \"L\":l\n",
    "        }\n",
    "    )\n",
    "    return evi\n",
    "\n",
    "#Atmospherically Resistant Vegetation Index\n",
    "def ARVI(image):\n",
    "    red = image.select(\"B4\")\n",
    "    blue = image.select(\"B2\")\n",
    "    nir = image.select(\"B5\")\n",
    "    red_square = red.multiply(red)\n",
    "    arvi = image.expression(\n",
    "        \"NIR - (REDsq - BLUE)/(NIR+(REDsq-BLUE))\",{\n",
    "            \"NIR\": nir,\n",
    "            \"REDsq\": red_square,\n",
    "            \"BLUE\": blue\n",
    "        }\n",
    "    )\n",
    "    return arvi\n",
    "\n",
    "#Leaf Area Index\n",
    "def LAI(image):\n",
    "    nir = image.select(\"B5\")\n",
    "    red = image.select(\"B4\")\n",
    "    coeff1 = ee.Image(0.0305);\n",
    "    coeff2 = ee.Image(1.2640);\n",
    "    lai = image.expression(\n",
    "        \"(((NIR/RED)*COEFF1)+COEFF2)\",\n",
    "        {\n",
    "            \"NIR\":nir,\n",
    "            \"RED\":red,\n",
    "            \"COEFF1\":coeff1,\n",
    "            \"COEFF2\":coeff2\n",
    "        }\n",
    "    )\n",
    "    return lai\n",
    "\n",
    "def tasseled_cap_transformation(image):\n",
    "    #Tasseled Cap Transformation for Landsat 8 based on the \n",
    "    #scientfic work \"Derivation of a tasselled cap transformation based on Landsat 8 at-satellite reflectance\" \n",
    "    #by M.Baigab, L.Zhang, T.Shuai & Q.Tong (2014). The bands of the output image are the brightness index, \n",
    "    #greenness index and wetness index.\n",
    "    b = image.select(\"B2\", \"B3\", \"B4\", \"B5\", \"B6\", \"B7\");\n",
    "    #Coefficients are only for Landsat 8 TOA\n",
    "    brightness_coefficents= ee.Image([0.3029, 0.2786, 0.4733, 0.5599, 0.508, 0.1872])\n",
    "    greenness_coefficents= ee.Image([-0.2941, -0.243, -0.5424, 0.7276, 0.0713, -0.1608]);\n",
    "    wetness_coefficents= ee.Image([0.1511, 0.1973, 0.3283, 0.3407, -0.7117, -0.4559]);\n",
    "    fourth_coefficents= ee.Image([-0.8239, 0.0849, 0.4396, -0.058, 0.2013, -0.2773]);\n",
    "    fifth_coefficents= ee.Image([-0.3294, 0.0557, 0.1056, 0.1855, -0.4349, 0.8085]);\n",
    "    sixth_coefficents= ee.Image([0.1079, -0.9023, 0.4119, 0.0575, -0.0259, 0.0252]);\n",
    "    \n",
    "    #Calculate tasseled cap transformation\n",
    "    brightness = image.expression(\n",
    "        '(B * BRIGHTNESS)',\n",
    "        {\n",
    "            'B':b,\n",
    "            'BRIGHTNESS': brightness_coefficents\n",
    "        })\n",
    "    greenness = image.expression(\n",
    "        '(B * GREENNESS)',\n",
    "        {\n",
    "            'B':b,\n",
    "            'GREENNESS': greenness_coefficents\n",
    "        })\n",
    "    wetness = image.expression(\n",
    "        '(B * WETNESS)',\n",
    "        {\n",
    "            'B':b,\n",
    "            'WETNESS': wetness_coefficents\n",
    "        })\n",
    "    fourth = image.expression(\n",
    "        '(B * FOURTH)',\n",
    "        {\n",
    "            'B':b,\n",
    "            'FOURTH': fourth_coefficents\n",
    "        })\n",
    "    fifth = image.expression(\n",
    "        '(B * FIFTH)',\n",
    "        {\n",
    "            'B':b,\n",
    "            'FIFTH': fifth_coefficents\n",
    "        })\n",
    "    sixth = image.expression(\n",
    "        '(B * SIXTH)',\n",
    "        {\n",
    "            'B':b,\n",
    "            'SIXTH': sixth_coefficents\n",
    "        })\n",
    "    bright = brightness.reduce(ee.call(\"Reducer.sum\"));\n",
    "    green = greenness.reduce(ee.call(\"Reducer.sum\"));\n",
    "    wet = wetness.reduce(ee.call(\"Reducer.sum\"));\n",
    "    four = fourth.reduce(ee.call(\"Reducer.sum\"));\n",
    "    five = fifth.reduce(ee.call(\"Reducer.sum\"));\n",
    "    six = sixth.reduce(ee.call(\"Reducer.sum\"));\n",
    "    tasseled_cap = ee.Image(bright).addBands(green).addBands(wet).addBands(four).addBands(five).addBands(six)\n",
    "    return tasseled_cap.rename('brightness','greenness','wetness','fourth','fifth','sixth')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Derive and visualize Tasseled Cap Transformation"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 6,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "tct = tasseled_cap_transformation(landsat8_collection)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 7,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
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       "    \n",
       "            var tile_layer_a94c7fffe237a75ce45719ef42b033ad = L.tileLayer(\n",
       "                &quot;https://{s}.tile.openstreetmap.org/{z}/{x}/{y}.png&quot;,\n",
       "                {&quot;attribution&quot;: &quot;Data by \\u0026copy; \\u003ca target=\\&quot;_blank\\&quot; href=\\&quot;http://openstreetmap.org\\&quot;\\u003eOpenStreetMap\\u003c/a\\u003e, under \\u003ca target=\\&quot;_blank\\&quot; href=\\&quot;http://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright\\&quot;\\u003eODbL\\u003c/a\\u003e.&quot;, &quot;detectRetina&quot;: false, &quot;maxNativeZoom&quot;: 18, &quot;maxZoom&quot;: 18, &quot;minZoom&quot;: 0, &quot;noWrap&quot;: false, &quot;opacity&quot;: 1, &quot;subdomains&quot;: &quot;abc&quot;, &quot;tms&quot;: false}\n",
       "            ).addTo(map_79c3da3dbb1d5b518494ea0e5ab88117);\n",
       "        \n",
       "    \n",
       "            var tile_layer_ff6bb113049ac7ed20f928d56a113b23 = L.tileLayer(\n",
       "                &quot;https://earthengine.googleapis.com/v1alpha/projects/earthengine-legacy/maps/01faece6c6d5f89f083a2d79e13cbb7d-8713b65b050dd5e4c3832f76dd00e9f8/tiles/{z}/{x}/{y}&quot;,\n",
       "                {&quot;attribution&quot;: &quot;Map Data \\u0026copy; \\u003ca href=\\&quot;https://earthengine.google.com/\\&quot;\\u003eGoogle Earth Engine\\u003c/a\\u003e&quot;, &quot;detectRetina&quot;: false, &quot;maxNativeZoom&quot;: 18, &quot;maxZoom&quot;: 18, &quot;minZoom&quot;: 0, &quot;noWrap&quot;: false, &quot;opacity&quot;: 1, &quot;subdomains&quot;: &quot;abc&quot;, &quot;tms&quot;: false}\n",
       "            ).addTo(map_79c3da3dbb1d5b518494ea0e5ab88117);\n",
       "        \n",
       "    \n",
       "            var layer_control_f96b01b8ef92a18087e2ec30c2b533c1 = {\n",
       "                base_layers : {\n",
       "                    &quot;openstreetmap&quot; : tile_layer_a94c7fffe237a75ce45719ef42b033ad,\n",
       "                },\n",
       "                overlays :  {\n",
       "                    &quot;Tasseled Cap Transformation&quot; : tile_layer_ff6bb113049ac7ed20f928d56a113b23,\n",
       "                },\n",
       "            };\n",
       "            L.control.layers(\n",
       "                layer_control_f96b01b8ef92a18087e2ec30c2b533c1.base_layers,\n",
       "                layer_control_f96b01b8ef92a18087e2ec30c2b533c1.overlays,\n",
       "                {&quot;autoZIndex&quot;: true, &quot;collapsed&quot;: true, &quot;position&quot;: &quot;topright&quot;}\n",
       "            ).addTo(map_79c3da3dbb1d5b518494ea0e5ab88117);\n",
       "        \n",
       "&lt;/script&gt;\n",
       "&lt;/html&gt;\" style=\"position:absolute;width:100%;height:100%;left:0;top:0;border:none !important;\" allowfullscreen webkitallowfullscreen mozallowfullscreen></iframe></div></div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "<folium.folium.Map at 0x164962590>"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 7,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "image = tct.clip(area_of_interest)\n",
    "\n",
    "vis_tct = {'min':-1,'max':2,'size':'800',\n",
    "          'bands':['brightness','greenness','wetness'],\n",
    "          'region':area_of_interest}\n",
    "\n",
    "\n",
    "mapid = image.getMapId(vis_tct)\n",
    "\n",
    "map = folium.Map(location=[19.15,-98.75],zoom_start=9, height=500,width=700)\n",
    "folium.TileLayer(\n",
    "    tiles=mapid['tile_fetcher'].url_format,\n",
    "    attr='Map Data &copy; <a href=\"https://earthengine.google.com/\">Google Earth Engine</a>',\n",
    "    overlay=True,\n",
    "    name='Tasseled Cap Transformation',\n",
    "  ).add_to(map)\n",
    "\n",
    "map.add_child(folium.LayerControl())\n",
    "map"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Derive indices, spectral angles. Build and visualize image stack"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 8,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "ndvi = NDVI(landsat8_collection)\n",
    "sam = SAM(landsat8_collection)\n",
    "evi = EVI(landsat8_collection)\n",
    "arvi = ARVI(landsat8_collection)\n",
    "lai = LAI(landsat8_collection)\n",
    "spectral_indices_stack = ee.Image(ndvi).addBands(lai).addBands(sam).addBands(arvi).addBands(evi).addBands(tct).addBands(landsat8_collection)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 9,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div style=\"width:100%;\"><div style=\"position:relative;width:100%;height:0;padding-bottom:60%;\"><span style=\"color:#565656\">Make this Notebook Trusted to load map: File -> Trust Notebook</span><iframe srcdoc=\"&lt;!DOCTYPE html&gt;\n",
       "&lt;html&gt;\n",
       "&lt;head&gt;\n",
       "    \n",
       "    &lt;meta http-equiv=&quot;content-type&quot; content=&quot;text/html; charset=UTF-8&quot; /&gt;\n",
       "    \n",
       "        &lt;script&gt;\n",
       "            L_NO_TOUCH = false;\n",
       "            L_DISABLE_3D = false;\n",
       "        &lt;/script&gt;\n",
       "    \n",
       "    &lt;style&gt;html, body {width: 100%;height: 100%;margin: 0;padding: 0;}&lt;/style&gt;\n",
       "    &lt;style&gt;#map {position:absolute;top:0;bottom:0;right:0;left:0;}&lt;/style&gt;\n",
       "    &lt;script src=&quot;https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/leaflet@1.9.3/dist/leaflet.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;\n",
       "    &lt;script src=&quot;https://code.jquery.com/jquery-1.12.4.min.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;\n",
       "    &lt;script src=&quot;https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/bootstrap@5.2.2/dist/js/bootstrap.bundle.min.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;\n",
       "    &lt;script src=&quot;https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/Leaflet.awesome-markers/2.0.2/leaflet.awesome-markers.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;\n",
       "    &lt;link rel=&quot;stylesheet&quot; href=&quot;https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/leaflet@1.9.3/dist/leaflet.css&quot;/&gt;\n",
       "    &lt;link rel=&quot;stylesheet&quot; href=&quot;https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/bootstrap@5.2.2/dist/css/bootstrap.min.css&quot;/&gt;\n",
       "    &lt;link rel=&quot;stylesheet&quot; href=&quot;https://netdna.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/3.0.0/css/bootstrap.min.css&quot;/&gt;\n",
       "    &lt;link rel=&quot;stylesheet&quot; href=&quot;https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/@fortawesome/fontawesome-free@6.2.0/css/all.min.css&quot;/&gt;\n",
       "    &lt;link rel=&quot;stylesheet&quot; href=&quot;https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/Leaflet.awesome-markers/2.0.2/leaflet.awesome-markers.css&quot;/&gt;\n",
       "    &lt;link rel=&quot;stylesheet&quot; href=&quot;https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/python-visualization/folium/folium/templates/leaflet.awesome.rotate.min.css&quot;/&gt;\n",
       "    \n",
       "            &lt;meta name=&quot;viewport&quot; content=&quot;width=device-width,\n",
       "                initial-scale=1.0, maximum-scale=1.0, user-scalable=no&quot; /&gt;\n",
       "            &lt;style&gt;\n",
       "                #map_75f040093de6c44aa8384f6cec2b76a6 {\n",
       "                    position: relative;\n",
       "                    width: 700.0px;\n",
       "                    height: 500.0px;\n",
       "                    left: 0.0%;\n",
       "                    top: 0.0%;\n",
       "                }\n",
       "                .leaflet-container { font-size: 1rem; }\n",
       "            &lt;/style&gt;\n",
       "        \n",
       "&lt;/head&gt;\n",
       "&lt;body&gt;\n",
       "    \n",
       "    \n",
       "            &lt;div class=&quot;folium-map&quot; id=&quot;map_75f040093de6c44aa8384f6cec2b76a6&quot; &gt;&lt;/div&gt;\n",
       "        \n",
       "&lt;/body&gt;\n",
       "&lt;script&gt;\n",
       "    \n",
       "    \n",
       "            var map_75f040093de6c44aa8384f6cec2b76a6 = L.map(\n",
       "                &quot;map_75f040093de6c44aa8384f6cec2b76a6&quot;,\n",
       "                {\n",
       "                    center: [19.15, -98.75],\n",
       "                    crs: L.CRS.EPSG3857,\n",
       "                    zoom: 9,\n",
       "                    zoomControl: true,\n",
       "                    preferCanvas: false,\n",
       "                }\n",
       "            );\n",
       "\n",
       "            \n",
       "\n",
       "        \n",
       "    \n",
       "            var tile_layer_9787e2378698245a509b615d3dbe8f83 = L.tileLayer(\n",
       "                &quot;https://{s}.tile.openstreetmap.org/{z}/{x}/{y}.png&quot;,\n",
       "                {&quot;attribution&quot;: &quot;Data by \\u0026copy; \\u003ca target=\\&quot;_blank\\&quot; href=\\&quot;http://openstreetmap.org\\&quot;\\u003eOpenStreetMap\\u003c/a\\u003e, under \\u003ca target=\\&quot;_blank\\&quot; href=\\&quot;http://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright\\&quot;\\u003eODbL\\u003c/a\\u003e.&quot;, &quot;detectRetina&quot;: false, &quot;maxNativeZoom&quot;: 18, &quot;maxZoom&quot;: 18, &quot;minZoom&quot;: 0, &quot;noWrap&quot;: false, &quot;opacity&quot;: 1, &quot;subdomains&quot;: &quot;abc&quot;, &quot;tms&quot;: false}\n",
       "            ).addTo(map_75f040093de6c44aa8384f6cec2b76a6);\n",
       "        \n",
       "    \n",
       "            var tile_layer_2df65b1b384bd1050cfbe6cd5ac19020 = L.tileLayer(\n",
       "                &quot;https://earthengine.googleapis.com/v1alpha/projects/earthengine-legacy/maps/df6aa6fe8e1d1b962602d0b3dee0a7c7-0115677565164a1844c0a89b46cdc246/tiles/{z}/{x}/{y}&quot;,\n",
       "                {&quot;attribution&quot;: &quot;Map Data \\u0026copy; \\u003ca href=\\&quot;https://earthengine.google.com/\\&quot;\\u003eGoogle Earth Engine\\u003c/a\\u003e&quot;, &quot;detectRetina&quot;: false, &quot;maxNativeZoom&quot;: 18, &quot;maxZoom&quot;: 18, &quot;minZoom&quot;: 0, &quot;noWrap&quot;: false, &quot;opacity&quot;: 1, &quot;subdomains&quot;: &quot;abc&quot;, &quot;tms&quot;: false}\n",
       "            ).addTo(map_75f040093de6c44aa8384f6cec2b76a6);\n",
       "        \n",
       "    \n",
       "            var layer_control_9825e310c59e03a553d879f1103f1aa0 = {\n",
       "                base_layers : {\n",
       "                    &quot;openstreetmap&quot; : tile_layer_9787e2378698245a509b615d3dbe8f83,\n",
       "                },\n",
       "                overlays :  {\n",
       "                    &quot;NDVI&quot; : tile_layer_2df65b1b384bd1050cfbe6cd5ac19020,\n",
       "                },\n",
       "            };\n",
       "            L.control.layers(\n",
       "                layer_control_9825e310c59e03a553d879f1103f1aa0.base_layers,\n",
       "                layer_control_9825e310c59e03a553d879f1103f1aa0.overlays,\n",
       "                {&quot;autoZIndex&quot;: true, &quot;collapsed&quot;: true, &quot;position&quot;: &quot;topright&quot;}\n",
       "            ).addTo(map_75f040093de6c44aa8384f6cec2b76a6);\n",
       "        \n",
       "&lt;/script&gt;\n",
       "&lt;/html&gt;\" style=\"position:absolute;width:100%;height:100%;left:0;top:0;border:none !important;\" allowfullscreen webkitallowfullscreen mozallowfullscreen></iframe></div></div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "<folium.folium.Map at 0x164963190>"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 9,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "image = ndvi.clip(area_of_interest)\n",
    "\n",
    "vis_ndvi = {'min':-1,'max':1,'size':'800',\n",
    "           'region':area_of_interest}\n",
    "\n",
    "mapid = image.getMapId(vis_ndvi)\n",
    "\n",
    "map = folium.Map(location=[19.15,-98.75],zoom_start=9, height=500,width=700)\n",
    "folium.TileLayer(\n",
    "    tiles=mapid['tile_fetcher'].url_format,\n",
    "    attr='Map Data &copy; <a href=\"https://earthengine.google.com/\">Google Earth Engine</a>',\n",
    "    overlay=True,\n",
    "    name='NDVI',\n",
    "  ).add_to(map)\n",
    "\n",
    "map.add_child(folium.LayerControl())\n",
    "map"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Define classification function\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 27,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "def classification(raster_input, training_dataset,number_of_training_points, region, classification_algorithm):\n",
    "    bands = raster_input.bandNames()\n",
    "    points = ee.FeatureCollection.randomPoints(region, number_of_training_points, number_of_training_points, 1)\n",
    "    training = training_dataset.addBands(raster_input).reduceToVectors(\n",
    "        reducer='mean',\n",
    "        geometry=points,\n",
    "        geometryType='centroid',\n",
    "        scale=30,\n",
    "        crs='EPSG:4326'\n",
    "    )\n",
    "    classifier = ee.Classifier.smileRandomForest(numberOfTrees=10).train(\n",
    "        features=training,\n",
    "        classProperty='label',\n",
    "        inputProperties=raster_input.bandNames(),\n",
    "    )\n",
    "    out = raster_input.classify(classifier)\n",
    "    return out"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Derive classification function"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 28,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "output = classification(spectral_indices_stack, mexico_landcover_2010_landsat, 10000, area_of_interest, 'Cart')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 29,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "palette = ['5d9cd4','007e00','003c00','aaaa00','aa8000','8baa00','ffb265','00d900','aa007f','ff55ff','ff557f','ff007f','ff55ff','aaffff','00ffff','55aaff','e29700','bd7e00','966400','a2ecb1','c46200','aa5500','6d3600','00aa7f','008a65','005941','e9e9af','faff98',\n",
    "'00007f','c7c8bc','4d1009','000000','fef7ff','6daa50','3a7500','0b5923','ffaaff','ffd1fa']\n",
    "palette = ','.join(palette)\n",
    "\n",
    "# make a visualizing variable\n",
    "vis_classification = {'min': 0, 'max': len(palette), 'palette': palette, 'region':area_of_interest}"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Display training data of classification"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 30,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div style=\"width:100%;\"><div style=\"position:relative;width:100%;height:0;padding-bottom:60%;\"><span style=\"color:#565656\">Make this Notebook Trusted to load map: File -> Trust Notebook</span><iframe srcdoc=\"&lt;!DOCTYPE html&gt;\n",
       "&lt;html&gt;\n",
       "&lt;head&gt;\n",
       "    \n",
       "    &lt;meta http-equiv=&quot;content-type&quot; content=&quot;text/html; charset=UTF-8&quot; /&gt;\n",
       "    \n",
       "        &lt;script&gt;\n",
       "            L_NO_TOUCH = false;\n",
       "            L_DISABLE_3D = false;\n",
       "        &lt;/script&gt;\n",
       "    \n",
       "    &lt;style&gt;html, body {width: 100%;height: 100%;margin: 0;padding: 0;}&lt;/style&gt;\n",
       "    &lt;style&gt;#map {position:absolute;top:0;bottom:0;right:0;left:0;}&lt;/style&gt;\n",
       "    &lt;script src=&quot;https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/leaflet@1.9.3/dist/leaflet.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;\n",
       "    &lt;script src=&quot;https://code.jquery.com/jquery-1.12.4.min.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;\n",
       "    &lt;script src=&quot;https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/bootstrap@5.2.2/dist/js/bootstrap.bundle.min.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;\n",
       "    &lt;script src=&quot;https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/Leaflet.awesome-markers/2.0.2/leaflet.awesome-markers.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;\n",
       "    &lt;link rel=&quot;stylesheet&quot; href=&quot;https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/leaflet@1.9.3/dist/leaflet.css&quot;/&gt;\n",
       "    &lt;link rel=&quot;stylesheet&quot; href=&quot;https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/bootstrap@5.2.2/dist/css/bootstrap.min.css&quot;/&gt;\n",
       "    &lt;link rel=&quot;stylesheet&quot; href=&quot;https://netdna.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/3.0.0/css/bootstrap.min.css&quot;/&gt;\n",
       "    &lt;link rel=&quot;stylesheet&quot; href=&quot;https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/@fortawesome/fontawesome-free@6.2.0/css/all.min.css&quot;/&gt;\n",
       "    &lt;link rel=&quot;stylesheet&quot; href=&quot;https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/Leaflet.awesome-markers/2.0.2/leaflet.awesome-markers.css&quot;/&gt;\n",
       "    &lt;link rel=&quot;stylesheet&quot; href=&quot;https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/python-visualization/folium/folium/templates/leaflet.awesome.rotate.min.css&quot;/&gt;\n",
       "    \n",
       "            &lt;meta name=&quot;viewport&quot; content=&quot;width=device-width,\n",
       "                initial-scale=1.0, maximum-scale=1.0, user-scalable=no&quot; /&gt;\n",
       "            &lt;style&gt;\n",
       "                #map_59cdc866a4d5610860222c0b8447e369 {\n",
       "                    position: relative;\n",
       "                    width: 700.0px;\n",
       "                    height: 500.0px;\n",
       "                    left: 0.0%;\n",
       "                    top: 0.0%;\n",
       "                }\n",
       "                .leaflet-container { font-size: 1rem; }\n",
       "            &lt;/style&gt;\n",
       "        \n",
       "&lt;/head&gt;\n",
       "&lt;body&gt;\n",
       "    \n",
       "    \n",
       "            &lt;div class=&quot;folium-map&quot; id=&quot;map_59cdc866a4d5610860222c0b8447e369&quot; &gt;&lt;/div&gt;\n",
       "        \n",
       "&lt;/body&gt;\n",
       "&lt;script&gt;\n",
       "    \n",
       "    \n",
       "            var map_59cdc866a4d5610860222c0b8447e369 = L.map(\n",
       "                &quot;map_59cdc866a4d5610860222c0b8447e369&quot;,\n",
       "                {\n",
       "                    center: [19.15, -98.75],\n",
       "                    crs: L.CRS.EPSG3857,\n",
       "                    zoom: 9,\n",
       "                    zoomControl: true,\n",
       "                    preferCanvas: false,\n",
       "                }\n",
       "            );\n",
       "\n",
       "            \n",
       "\n",
       "        \n",
       "    \n",
       "            var tile_layer_84a9377ce2b8af57b1d975133637ce9e = L.tileLayer(\n",
       "                &quot;https://{s}.tile.openstreetmap.org/{z}/{x}/{y}.png&quot;,\n",
       "                {&quot;attribution&quot;: &quot;Data by \\u0026copy; \\u003ca target=\\&quot;_blank\\&quot; href=\\&quot;http://openstreetmap.org\\&quot;\\u003eOpenStreetMap\\u003c/a\\u003e, under \\u003ca target=\\&quot;_blank\\&quot; href=\\&quot;http://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright\\&quot;\\u003eODbL\\u003c/a\\u003e.&quot;, &quot;detectRetina&quot;: false, &quot;maxNativeZoom&quot;: 18, &quot;maxZoom&quot;: 18, &quot;minZoom&quot;: 0, &quot;noWrap&quot;: false, &quot;opacity&quot;: 1, &quot;subdomains&quot;: &quot;abc&quot;, &quot;tms&quot;: false}\n",
       "            ).addTo(map_59cdc866a4d5610860222c0b8447e369);\n",
       "        \n",
       "    \n",
       "            var tile_layer_93d803e6032469d84ff2c3e0f2df5d81 = L.tileLayer(\n",
       "                &quot;https://earthengine.googleapis.com/v1alpha/projects/earthengine-legacy/maps/f122ba5a616bdf0eb9a8610ecbc51efc-d180244d95d3b9a200dbdeb34b6880b9/tiles/{z}/{x}/{y}&quot;,\n",
       "                {&quot;attribution&quot;: &quot;Map Data \\u0026copy; \\u003ca href=\\&quot;https://earthengine.google.com/\\&quot;\\u003eGoogle Earth Engine\\u003c/a\\u003e&quot;, &quot;detectRetina&quot;: false, &quot;maxNativeZoom&quot;: 18, &quot;maxZoom&quot;: 18, &quot;minZoom&quot;: 0, &quot;noWrap&quot;: false, &quot;opacity&quot;: 1, &quot;subdomains&quot;: &quot;abc&quot;, &quot;tms&quot;: false}\n",
       "            ).addTo(map_59cdc866a4d5610860222c0b8447e369);\n",
       "        \n",
       "    \n",
       "            var layer_control_577c07ce8e022da81f322bbfb277e842 = {\n",
       "                base_layers : {\n",
       "                    &quot;openstreetmap&quot; : tile_layer_84a9377ce2b8af57b1d975133637ce9e,\n",
       "                },\n",
       "                overlays :  {\n",
       "                    &quot;Training Data&quot; : tile_layer_93d803e6032469d84ff2c3e0f2df5d81,\n",
       "                },\n",
       "            };\n",
       "            L.control.layers(\n",
       "                layer_control_577c07ce8e022da81f322bbfb277e842.base_layers,\n",
       "                layer_control_577c07ce8e022da81f322bbfb277e842.overlays,\n",
       "                {&quot;autoZIndex&quot;: true, &quot;collapsed&quot;: true, &quot;position&quot;: &quot;topright&quot;}\n",
       "            ).addTo(map_59cdc866a4d5610860222c0b8447e369);\n",
       "        \n",
       "&lt;/script&gt;\n",
       "&lt;/html&gt;\" style=\"position:absolute;width:100%;height:100%;left:0;top:0;border:none !important;\" allowfullscreen webkitallowfullscreen mozallowfullscreen></iframe></div></div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "<folium.folium.Map at 0x166795a50>"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 30,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "image = mexico_landcover_2010_landsat.clip(area_of_interest)\n",
    "\n",
    "mapid = image.getMapId(vis_classification)\n",
    "\n",
    "map = folium.Map(location=[19.15,-98.75],zoom_start=9, height=500,width=700)\n",
    "folium.TileLayer(\n",
    "    tiles=mapid['tile_fetcher'].url_format,\n",
    "    attr='Map Data &copy; <a href=\"https://earthengine.google.com/\">Google Earth Engine</a>',\n",
    "    overlay=True,\n",
    "    name='Training Data',\n",
    "  ).add_to(map)\n",
    "\n",
    "map.add_child(folium.LayerControl())\n",
    "map"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Display classification output\n",
    "\n",
    "Please be patient. It may take a few moments. You might have to run this cell several times."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 31,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div style=\"width:100%;\"><div style=\"position:relative;width:100%;height:0;padding-bottom:60%;\"><span style=\"color:#565656\">Make this Notebook Trusted to load map: File -> Trust Notebook</span><iframe srcdoc=\"&lt;!DOCTYPE html&gt;\n",
       "&lt;html&gt;\n",
       "&lt;head&gt;\n",
       "    \n",
       "    &lt;meta http-equiv=&quot;content-type&quot; content=&quot;text/html; charset=UTF-8&quot; /&gt;\n",
       "    \n",
       "        &lt;script&gt;\n",
       "            L_NO_TOUCH = false;\n",
       "            L_DISABLE_3D = false;\n",
       "        &lt;/script&gt;\n",
       "    \n",
       "    &lt;style&gt;html, body {width: 100%;height: 100%;margin: 0;padding: 0;}&lt;/style&gt;\n",
       "    &lt;style&gt;#map {position:absolute;top:0;bottom:0;right:0;left:0;}&lt;/style&gt;\n",
       "    &lt;script src=&quot;https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/leaflet@1.9.3/dist/leaflet.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;\n",
       "    &lt;script src=&quot;https://code.jquery.com/jquery-1.12.4.min.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;\n",
       "    &lt;script src=&quot;https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/bootstrap@5.2.2/dist/js/bootstrap.bundle.min.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;\n",
       "    &lt;script src=&quot;https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/Leaflet.awesome-markers/2.0.2/leaflet.awesome-markers.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;\n",
       "    &lt;link rel=&quot;stylesheet&quot; href=&quot;https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/leaflet@1.9.3/dist/leaflet.css&quot;/&gt;\n",
       "    &lt;link rel=&quot;stylesheet&quot; href=&quot;https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/bootstrap@5.2.2/dist/css/bootstrap.min.css&quot;/&gt;\n",
       "    &lt;link rel=&quot;stylesheet&quot; href=&quot;https://netdna.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/3.0.0/css/bootstrap.min.css&quot;/&gt;\n",
       "    &lt;link rel=&quot;stylesheet&quot; href=&quot;https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/@fortawesome/fontawesome-free@6.2.0/css/all.min.css&quot;/&gt;\n",
       "    &lt;link rel=&quot;stylesheet&quot; href=&quot;https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/Leaflet.awesome-markers/2.0.2/leaflet.awesome-markers.css&quot;/&gt;\n",
       "    &lt;link rel=&quot;stylesheet&quot; href=&quot;https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/python-visualization/folium/folium/templates/leaflet.awesome.rotate.min.css&quot;/&gt;\n",
       "    \n",
       "            &lt;meta name=&quot;viewport&quot; content=&quot;width=device-width,\n",
       "                initial-scale=1.0, maximum-scale=1.0, user-scalable=no&quot; /&gt;\n",
       "            &lt;style&gt;\n",
       "                #map_7c14db61d48e3358ee95590c17424916 {\n",
       "                    position: relative;\n",
       "                    width: 700.0px;\n",
       "                    height: 500.0px;\n",
       "                    left: 0.0%;\n",
       "                    top: 0.0%;\n",
       "                }\n",
       "                .leaflet-container { font-size: 1rem; }\n",
       "            &lt;/style&gt;\n",
       "        \n",
       "&lt;/head&gt;\n",
       "&lt;body&gt;\n",
       "    \n",
       "    \n",
       "            &lt;div class=&quot;folium-map&quot; id=&quot;map_7c14db61d48e3358ee95590c17424916&quot; &gt;&lt;/div&gt;\n",
       "        \n",
       "&lt;/body&gt;\n",
       "&lt;script&gt;\n",
       "    \n",
       "    \n",
       "            var map_7c14db61d48e3358ee95590c17424916 = L.map(\n",
       "                &quot;map_7c14db61d48e3358ee95590c17424916&quot;,\n",
       "                {\n",
       "                    center: [19.15, -98.75],\n",
       "                    crs: L.CRS.EPSG3857,\n",
       "                    zoom: 9,\n",
       "                    zoomControl: true,\n",
       "                    preferCanvas: false,\n",
       "                }\n",
       "            );\n",
       "\n",
       "            \n",
       "\n",
       "        \n",
       "    \n",
       "            var tile_layer_4894ec8f0e75c1d18b19aaff338f690e = L.tileLayer(\n",
       "                &quot;https://{s}.tile.openstreetmap.org/{z}/{x}/{y}.png&quot;,\n",
       "                {&quot;attribution&quot;: &quot;Data by \\u0026copy; \\u003ca target=\\&quot;_blank\\&quot; href=\\&quot;http://openstreetmap.org\\&quot;\\u003eOpenStreetMap\\u003c/a\\u003e, under \\u003ca target=\\&quot;_blank\\&quot; href=\\&quot;http://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright\\&quot;\\u003eODbL\\u003c/a\\u003e.&quot;, &quot;detectRetina&quot;: false, &quot;maxNativeZoom&quot;: 18, &quot;maxZoom&quot;: 18, &quot;minZoom&quot;: 0, &quot;noWrap&quot;: false, &quot;opacity&quot;: 1, &quot;subdomains&quot;: &quot;abc&quot;, &quot;tms&quot;: false}\n",
       "            ).addTo(map_7c14db61d48e3358ee95590c17424916);\n",
       "        \n",
       "    \n",
       "            var tile_layer_7831147de53993863c53e9ca0827e0e0 = L.tileLayer(\n",
       "                &quot;https://earthengine.googleapis.com/v1alpha/projects/earthengine-legacy/maps/fb31fa0475be52adb5fe5d0216c25e35-fd1c039cef5208822b8d2b6ccc2a375f/tiles/{z}/{x}/{y}&quot;,\n",
       "                {&quot;attribution&quot;: &quot;Map Data \\u0026copy; \\u003ca href=\\&quot;https://earthengine.google.com/\\&quot;\\u003eGoogle Earth Engine\\u003c/a\\u003e&quot;, &quot;detectRetina&quot;: false, &quot;maxNativeZoom&quot;: 18, &quot;maxZoom&quot;: 18, &quot;minZoom&quot;: 0, &quot;noWrap&quot;: false, &quot;opacity&quot;: 1, &quot;subdomains&quot;: &quot;abc&quot;, &quot;tms&quot;: false}\n",
       "            ).addTo(map_7c14db61d48e3358ee95590c17424916);\n",
       "        \n",
       "    \n",
       "            var layer_control_f35aa1755fc33b5e88ebff0f4e470dd8 = {\n",
       "                base_layers : {\n",
       "                    &quot;openstreetmap&quot; : tile_layer_4894ec8f0e75c1d18b19aaff338f690e,\n",
       "                },\n",
       "                overlays :  {\n",
       "                    &quot;Classification Output&quot; : tile_layer_7831147de53993863c53e9ca0827e0e0,\n",
       "                },\n",
       "            };\n",
       "            L.control.layers(\n",
       "                layer_control_f35aa1755fc33b5e88ebff0f4e470dd8.base_layers,\n",
       "                layer_control_f35aa1755fc33b5e88ebff0f4e470dd8.overlays,\n",
       "                {&quot;autoZIndex&quot;: true, &quot;collapsed&quot;: true, &quot;position&quot;: &quot;topright&quot;}\n",
       "            ).addTo(map_7c14db61d48e3358ee95590c17424916);\n",
       "        \n",
       "&lt;/script&gt;\n",
       "&lt;/html&gt;\" style=\"position:absolute;width:100%;height:100%;left:0;top:0;border:none !important;\" allowfullscreen webkitallowfullscreen mozallowfullscreen></iframe></div></div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "<folium.folium.Map at 0x166794430>"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 31,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "image = output.clip(area_of_interest)\n",
    "\n",
    "mapid = image.getMapId(vis_classification)\n",
    "\n",
    "map = folium.Map(location=[19.15,-98.75],zoom_start=9, height=500,width=700)\n",
    "folium.TileLayer(\n",
    "    tiles=mapid['tile_fetcher'].url_format,\n",
    "    attr='Map Data &copy; <a href=\"https://earthengine.google.com/\">Google Earth Engine</a>',\n",
    "    overlay=True,\n",
    "    name='Classification Output',\n",
    "  ).add_to(map)\n",
    "\n",
    "map.add_child(folium.LayerControl())\n",
    "map"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": []
  }
 ],
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  "kernelspec": {
   "display_name": "Python 3 (ipykernel)",
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  "language_info": {
   "codemirror_mode": {
    "name": "ipython",
    "version": 3
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   "file_extension": ".py",
   "mimetype": "text/x-python",
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   "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
   "pygments_lexer": "ipython3",
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