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acmart.dtx
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% \iffalse
%
% Copyright 2016-2020, Association for Computing Machinery
% This work may be distributed and/or modified under the
% conditions of the LaTeX Project Public License, either
% version 1.3 of this license or (at your option) any
% later version.
% The latest version of the license is in
% http://www.latex-project.org/lppl.txt
% and version 1.3 or later is part of all distributions of
% LaTeX version 2005/12/01 or later.
%
% This work has the LPPL maintenance status `maintained'.
%
% The Current Maintainer of this work is Boris Veytsman,
% <borisv@lk.net>
%
% This work consists of the file acmart.dtx, the derived file
% acmart.cls, the files ACM-Reference-Format.bst, and templates
% sample-acmlarge.tex, sample-acmsmall.tex, sample-acmtog.tex,
% samplebody-conf.tex, samplebody-journals.tex, sample-manuscript.tex,
% sample-sigconf-authordraft.tex, sample-sigconf.tex,
% sample-sigplan.tex
%
% \fi
%
%
%% \CharacterTable
%% {Upper-case \A\B\C\D\E\F\G\H\I\J\K\L\M\N\O\P\Q\R\S\T\U\V\W\X\Y\Z
%% Lower-case \a\b\c\d\e\f\g\h\i\j\k\l\m\n\o\p\q\r\s\t\u\v\w\x\y\z
%% Digits \0\1\2\3\4\5\6\7\8\9
%% Exclamation \! Double quote \" Hash (number) \#
%% Dollar \$ Percent \% Ampersand \&
%% Acute accent \' Left paren \( Right paren \)
%% Asterisk \* Plus \+ Comma \,
%% Minus \- Point \. Solidus \/
%% Colon \: Semicolon \; Less than \<
%% Equals \= Greater than \> Question mark \?
%% Commercial at \@ Left bracket \[ Backslash \\
%% Right bracket \] Circumflex \^ Underscore \_
%% Grave accent \` Left brace \{ Vertical bar \|
%% Right brace \} Tilde \~}
%
%
% \MakeShortVerb{|}
% \def\guide{acmguide}
% \iffalse
% From
% http://tex.stackexchange.com/questions/117892/can-i-convert-a-string-to-catcode-11 by egreg
% \fi
% \begingroup
% \everyeof{\noexpand}
% \endlinechar=-1
% \xdef\currentjob{\scantokens\expandafter{\jobname}}
% \endgroup
%
% \ifx\currentjob\guide\OnlyDescription\fi
% \GetFileInfo{acmart.dtx}
% \title{\LaTeX{} Class for the \emph{Association for Computing
% Machinery}\thanks{\copyright 2016--2020, Association for Computing Machinery}}
% \author{Boris Veytsman\thanks{%
% \href{mailto:borisv@lk.net}{\texttt{borisv@lk.net}},
% \href{mailto:boris@varphi.com}{\texttt{boris@varphi.com}}}}
% \date{\filedate, \fileversion}
% \maketitle
% \begin{abstract}
% This package provides a class for typesetting publications of
% the Association for Computing Machinery.
% \end{abstract}
% \tableofcontents
%
% \clearpage
%
%\section{Introduction}
%\label{sec:intro}
%
% The Association for Computing
% Machinery\footnote{\url{http://www.acm.org/}} is the world's largest
% educational and scientific computing society, which delivers
% resources that advance computing as a science and a
% profession. It was one of the
% early adopters of \TeX\ for its typesetting.
%
% It provided several different classes for a number of journals and
% conference proceedings. Unfortunately during the years since these
% classes were written, the code was patched many times, and
% supporting different versions of the classes became difficult.
%
% This package provides the uniform interface for all ACM
% publications. It is intended to replace all the different classes and
% packages and provide an up-to-date \LaTeX\ package.
%
% This package uses only free \TeX\ packages and fonts included in \TeX
% Live, Mik\TeX\ and other popular \TeX\ distributions. It is
% intended to be published in these distributions itself, which
% minimizes users' efforts in the installation and support of this
% package.
%
% I am grateful to
% Michael D.~Adams,
% Leif Andersen,
% Lawrence Christopher Angrave,
% Dirk Beyer,
% Andrew Black,
% Joachim Breitner,
% Benjamin Byholm,
% Nils Anders Danielsson,
% Michael Ekstrand,
% Matthew Fluet,
% Paolo G.~Giarrusso,
% Ben Greenman,
% Enrico Gregorio,
% Jamie Davis,
% Jason Hemann,
% Peter Kemp,
% Luis Leiva,
% Ben Liblit,
% Rholais Lii,
% LianTze Lim,
% Kai Mindermann,
% Frank Mittelbach,
% Serguei Mokhov,
% Ross Moore,
% John Owens,
% Joel Nider,
% Tobias Pape,
% Philip Quinn,
% Mathias Rav,
% Andreas Reichinger,
% Matteo Riondato,
% Craig Rodkin,
% Bernard Rous,
% Feras Saad,
% Kerry A. Seitz, Jr.,
% David Shamma,
% Gabriel Scherer,
% Kartik Singhal,
% Stephen Spencer,
% Shin Hwei Tan,
% Daniel Thomas,
% Shari Trewin,
% Zack Weinberg,
% John Wickerson
% and many others for their invaluable help.
%
% The development version of the package is available at
% \url{https://github.com/borisveytsman/acmart}.
%
%\section{User's guide}
%\label{sec:ug}
%
%
% This class uses many commands and customizaton options, so it might
% appear intimidating for a casual user. Do not panic! Many of these
% commands and options can be safely left with their default values
% or the values recommended by your conference or journal editors. If
% you have problems or questions, do not hesitate to ask me directly
% or the community at \url{https://github.com/borisveytsman/acmart},
% \url{https://tex.stackexchange.com} or the closest \TeX\ Users
% Group. The world-wide \TeX\ Users Group is at
% \url{https://tug.org/}; please consider joining us if you use \TeX\
% regularly.
%
%\subsection{Installation}
%\label{sec:ug_install}
%
% Most probably, you already have this package installed in your
% favorite \TeX\ distribution; if not, you may want to upgrade. You
% may need to upgrade it anyway since this package uses a number of
% relatively recent packages, especially the ones related to fonts.
%
% The latest released version of this package can be found on CTAN:
% \url{https://www.ctan.org/pkg/acmart}. The development version can
% be found on GitHub: \url{https://github.com/borisveytsman/acmart}.
% At this address you can file a bug report---or even contribute your
% own enhancement by making a pull request.
%
% Please note that the version on Github is a development (or
% experimental) version: please download it for testing new features.
% The production version is the one on CTAN and ACM sites.
%
% Most users should not attempt to install this package themselves
% but should rather rely on their \TeX\ distributions to provide it. If you
% decide to install the package yourself, follow the standard rules:
% \begin{enumerate}
% \item Run |latex acmart.ins|. This will produce the file
% |acmart.cls|
% \item Put the files |acmart.cls| and |ACM-Reference-Format.bst|
% in places where \LaTeX{} can find them (see \cite{TeXFAQ} or
% the documentation for your \TeX{} system).\label{item:install}
% \item Update the database of file names. Again, see \cite{TeXFAQ}
% or the documentation for your \TeX{} system for the system-specific
% details.\label{item:update}
% \item The file |acmart.pdf| provides the documentation for the
% package. (This is probably the file you are reading now.)
% \end{enumerate}
% As an alternative to items~\ref{item:install} and~\ref{item:update}
% you can just put the files in the working directory where your
% |.tex| file is.
%
%
% This class uses a number of other packages. They are included in all
% major \TeX\ distributions (\TeX Live, Mac\TeX, Mik\TeX) of 2015 and
% later, so you probably have them installed. Just in case here is
% the list of these packages:
% \begin{itemize}
% \item \textsl{amscls}, \url{http://www.ctan.org/pkg/amscls}
% \item \textsl{amsfonts}, \url{http://www.ctan.org/pkg/amsfonts}
% \item \textsl{amsmath}, \url{http://www.ctan.org/pkg/amsmath}
% \item \textsl{binhex}, \url{http://www.ctan.org/pkg/binhex}
% \item \textsl{balance}, \url{http://www.ctan.org/pkg/balance}
% \item \textsl{booktabs}, \url{http://www.ctan.org/pkg/booktabs}
% \item \textsl{caption}, \url{http://www.ctan.org/pkg/caption}
% \item \textsl{comment}, \url{http://www.ctan.org/pkg/comment}
% \item \textsl{cm-super}, \url{http://www.ctan.org/pkg/cm-super}
% \item \textsl{cmap}, \url{http://www.ctan.org/pkg/cmap}
% \item \textsl{draftwatermark}, \url{http://www.ctan.org/pkg/draftwatermark}
% \item \textsl{environ}, \url{http://www.ctan.org/pkg/environ}
% \item \textsl{etoolbox}, \url{http://www.ctan.org/pkg/etoolbox}
% \item \textsl{fancyhdr}, \url{http://www.ctan.org/pkg/fancyhdr}
% \item \textsl{float}, \url{http://www.ctan.org/pkg/float}
% \item \textsl{fontaxes}, \url{http://www.ctan.org/pkg/fontaxes}
% \item \textsl{geometry}, \url{http://www.ctan.org/pkg/geometry}
% \item \textsl{graphics}, \url{http://www.ctan.org/pkg/graphics}
% \item \textsl{hyperref}, \url{http://www.ctan.org/pkg/hyperref}
% \item \textsl{iftex}, \url{http://www.ctan.org/pkg/iftex}
% \item \textsl{inconsolata}, \url{http://www.ctan.org/pkg/inconsolata}
% \item \textsl{libertine}, \url{http://www.ctan.org/pkg/libertine}
% \item \textsl{manyfoot}, \url{http://www.ctan.org/pkg/manyfoot}
% \item \textsl{microtype}, \url{http://www.ctan.org/pkg/microtype}
% \item \textsl{mmap}, \url{http://www.ctan.org/pkg/mmap}
% \item \textsl{ms}, \url{http://www.ctan.org/pkg/ms}
% \item \textsl{mweights}, \url{http://www.ctan.org/pkg/mweights}
% \item \textsl{natbib}, \url{http://www.ctan.org/pkg/natbib}
% \item \textsl{nccfoots}, \url{http://www.ctan.org/pkg/nccfoots}
% \item \textsl{newtx}, \url{http://www.ctan.org/pkg/newtx}
% \item \textsl{oberdiek}, \url{http://www.ctan.org/pkg/oberdiek}
% \item \textsl{pdftex-def}, \url{http://www.ctan.org/pkg/pdftex-def}
% \item \textsl{refcount}, \url{http://www.ctan.org/pkg/refcount}
% \item \textsl{setspace}, \url{http://www.ctan.org/pkg/setspace}
% \item \textsl{textcase}, \url{http://www.ctan.org/pkg/textcase}
% \item \textsl{totpages}, \url{http://www.ctan.org/pkg/totpages}
% \item \textsl{trimspaces}, \url{http://www.ctan.org/pkg/trimspaces}
% \item \textsl{upquote}, \url{http://www.ctan.org/pkg/upquote}
% \item \textsl{url}, \url{http://www.ctan.org/pkg/url}
% \item \textsl{xcolor}, \url{http://www.ctan.org/pkg/xcolor}
% \item \textsl{xkeyval}, \url{http://www.ctan.org/pkg/xkeyval}
% \item \textsl{xstring}, \url{http://www.ctan.org/pkg/xstring}
% \end{itemize}
%
%
%\subsection{Invocation and options}
%\label{sec:invocation}
%
% To use this class, put in the preamble of your document
% \begin{quote}
% \cs{documentclass}\oarg{options}|{acmart}|
% \end{quote}
% There are several options corresponding to the type of the document and
% its general appearance. They are described below. Generally
% speaking, the options have |key=value| forms, for example,
% \begin{verbatim}
% \documentclass[format=acmsmall, screen=true, review=false]{acmart}
% \end{verbatim}
%
%
% The option |format| describes the format of the output. There are
% several possible values for this option, for example,
% \begin{verbatim}
% \documentclass[format=acmtog]{acmart}
% \end{verbatim}
% Actually the words |format=| can be omitted, e.g.,
% \begin{verbatim}
% \documentclass[acmtog, review=false]{acmart}
% \end{verbatim}
% The possible formats are listed in
% Table~\ref{tab:opts_format}. Note that formats starting with |acm|
% are intended for journals and transactions, while formats starting
% with |sig| are intended for proceedings published as books.
%
% Note that sometimes conference proceedings are published as a
% special issue (or issues) of an ACM journal. In this case, you
% should use the journal format for a conference paper. Please
% contact your conference committee if in doubt.
%
% \begin{table}
% \centering
% \caption{The possible values for the \texttt{format} option}
% \label{tab:opts_format}
% \begin{tabularx}{\textwidth}{>{\ttfamily}lX}
% \toprule
% \normalfont Value & Meaning\\
% \midrule
% manuscript & A manuscript. This is the default. \\
% acmsmall & Small single-column format. Used for CIE, CSUR,
% JACM, JDIQ, JEA, JERIC,
% JETC, PACMCGIT, PACMHCI, PACMPL, TAAS, TACCESS, TACO,
% TALG, TALLIP (formerly TALIP), TCPS, TDS,
% TEAC, TECS, TELO, THRI, TIIS, TIOT, TISSEC, TIST, TKDD, TMIS,
% TOCE, TOCHI, TOCL,
% TOCS, TOCT, TODAES, TODS, TOIS, TOIT, TOMACS, TOMM (formerly
% TOMCCAP), TOMPECS, TOMS, TOPC, TOPLAS, TOPS,
% TOS, TOSEM, TOSN, TQC, TRETS,
% TSAS, TSC, TSLP and TWEB, including special issues. \\
% acmlarge & Large single-column format. Used for DTRAP, HEALTH,
% IMWUT, JOCCH, POMACS and TAP, including special issues. \\
% acmtog & Large double-column format. Used for
% TOG, including annual conference Technical Papers.\\
% sigconf & Proceedings format for most ACM
% conferences (with the exceptions listed below) and all ICPS
% volumes.\\
% sigplan & Proceedings format for SIGPLAN conferences.\\
% \bottomrule
% \end{tabularx}
% \end{table}
%
% Starting in 2020, ACM retired formats |sigchi| and |sigchi-a|.
% SIGCHI conferences now use |sigconf| format for their publications.
% If a file uses |sigchi| format, a warning is issued, and the format
% is automatically switched to |sigconf|. Format |sigchi-a| can be
% used for non-ACM documents only (see Section~\ref{sec:sigchi-a}).
%
% There are several Boolean options that can take |true| or |false|
% values. They are listed in Table~\ref{tab:opts_bool}. The words
% |=true| can be omitted when setting a Boolean option, so instead of
% |screen=true| one can write just |screen|, for example,
% \begin{verbatim}
% \documentclass[acmsmall, screen, review]{acmart}
% \end{verbatim}
% The option |review| is useful when combined with the |manuscript| format
% option. It provides a version suitable for reviewers and
% copy editors.
%
% The default for the option |screen| depends on the publication. At
% present it is |false| for all publications \emph{but} PACM, since
% PACM is now electronic-only. Thus PACM titles~(see
% Table~\ref{tab:pubs}) set this option to |true|. In the future this
% option may involve additional features suitable for on-screen
% versions of articles.
%
% The option |natbib| is used when the corresponding
% \BibTeX\ style is based on |natbib|. In most cases you do not need
% to set it. See
% Section~\ref{sec:ug_bibliography}.
%
% The option |anonymous| is used
% for anonymous review processes and causes all author information to be
% obscured.
%
% The option |timestamp| is used to include a time stamp in the
% footer of each page. When preparing a document, this can help avoid
% confusing different revisions. The footer also includes the page range of
% the document. This helps detect missing pages in hard copies.
%
% The option |authordraft| is intended for author's drafts that are not
% intended for distribution. It typesets a copyright block to give the
% author an idea of its size and the overall size of the paper but
% overprints it with the phrase ``Unpublished working draft. Not for
% distribution.'', which is also used as a watermark. This option sets
% |timestamp| and |review| to |true|, but these can be
% overriden by setting these options to |false| \emph{after}
% setting |authordraft| to |true|.
%
% The option |balance| determines whether the last page in the two
% column mode has balanced columns. By default it is |true|; however,
% it may lead to problems for some documents. Set it to |false| if
% you encounter compilation errors. Note that for one page documents
% \cs{balance} command might cause problems.
%
% The option |urlbreakonhyphens| determines whether URLs can be split
% between lines after hyphens. By default it is true. Set it to
% |false| to disallow these breaks.
%
% \begin{table}
% \centering
% \caption{Boolean options}
% \label{tab:opts_bool}
% \begin{tabularx}{\textwidth}{>{\ttfamily}l>{\ttfamily}lX}
% \toprule
% \normalfont Option & \normalfont Default & Meaning\\
% \midrule
% review & false & A review version: lines are numbered and
% hyperlinks are colored\\
% screen & {\rmfamily see text} & A screen version:
% hyperlinks are colored\\
% natbib & true & Whether to use the |natbib| package (see
% Section~\ref{sec:ug_bibliography})\\
% anonymous & false & Whether to make author(s) anonymous\\
% authorversion & false & Whether to generate a special
% version for the authors' personal use or posting (see
% Section~\ref{sec:ug_topmatter})\\
% nonacm & false & Use the class typesetting options for
% a non-ACM document, which will not include the conference/journal
% header and footers or permission statements\\
% timestamp & false & Whether to put a time stamp in the
% footer of each page\\
% authordraft & false & Whether author's-draft mode is enabled\\
% acmthm & true & Whether to define theorem-like environments, see
% Section~\ref{sec:ug_theorems}\\
% balance & true & Whether to balance the last page in two column
% mode\\
% urlbreakonhyphens & true & Whether to break urls on hyphens\\
% \bottomrule
% \end{tabularx}
% \end{table}
%
%
%
%\subsection{Top matter}
%\label{sec:ug_topmatter}
%
% A number of commands set up \emph{top matter} or (in
% computer science jargon) \emph{metadata} for an article. They
% establish the publication name, article title, authors, DOI and
% other data. Some of these commands, like \cs{title} and \cs{author},
% should be put by the authors. Others, like \cs{acmVolume} and
% \cs{acmDOI}---by the editors. Below we describe these commands and
% mention who should issue them. These macros should be used
% \emph{before} the \cs{maketitle} command. Note that in previous
% versions of ACM classes some of these commands should be used before
% \cs{maketitle}, and some after it. Now they all must be used before
% \cs{maketitle}.
%
%
% This class internally loads the |amsart| class, so many top-matter
% commands are inherited from |amsart|~\cite{Downes04:amsart}.
%
% \DescribeMacro{\acmJournal}%
% The macro \cs{acmJournal}\marg{shortName} sets the name of the
% journal or transaction for journals and transactions. The argument
% is the short name of the publication \emph{in uppercase}, for
% example,
% \begin{verbatim}
% \acmJournal{TOMS}
% \end{verbatim}
% The currently recognized journals are listed in
% Table~\ref{tab:pubs}. Note that conference proceedings published in
% \emph{book} form do not set this macro.
%
%
%
% \DescribeMacro{\acmConference}%
% The macro
% \cs{acmConference}\oarg{short name}\marg{name}\marg{date}\marg{venue} is
% used for conference proceedings published in the book form. The
% arguments are the following:
% \begin{description}
% \item[short name:] the abbreviated name of the conference (optional).
% \item[name:] the name of the conference.
% \item[date:] the date(s) of the conference.
% \item[venue:] the place of the conference.
% \end{description}
% Examples:
% \begin{verbatim}
% \acmConference[TD'15]{Technical Data Conference}{November
% 12--16}{Dallas, TX, USA}
% \acmConference{SA'15 Art Papers}{November 02--06, 2015}{Kobe, Japan}
% \end{verbatim}
%
% \DescribeMacro{\acmBooktitle}%
% By default we assume that conference proceedings are published
% in the book named \emph{Proceedings of \textsc{CONFERENCE}}, where
% \textsc{CONFERENCE} is the name of the conference inferred from the
% command \cs{acmConference} above. However, sometimes the book title
% is different. The command \cs{acmBooktitle} can be used to set this
% title, for example,
% \begin{verbatim}
% \acmBooktitle{Companion to the first International Conference on the
% Art, Science and Engineering of Programming (Programming '17)}
% \end{verbatim}
%
% An ACM paper should have either \cs{acmJournal} or
% \cs{acmConference} command. If it has both (or more) commands, the
% last one takes precedence. Note that if you have the command
% \cs{acmConference} in a journal format like |acmsmall|, the class
% will use conference format for bibstrip and reference citation
% formatting. In the samples directory there is a file
% |sample-acmsmall-conf.tex| with the example of this usage.
%
%
%
% \DescribeMacro{\editor}%
% In most cases, conference proceedings are edited. You can use the
% command \cs{editor}\marg{editor} to set the editor of the volume.
% This command can be repeated, for example,
% \begin{verbatim}
% \editor{Jennifer B. Sartor}
% \editor{Theo D'Hondt}
% \editor{Wolfgang De Meuter}
% \end{verbatim}
%
%
% \DescribeMacro{\title}%
% The command |\title|, as in the |amsart| class, has two arguments: one
% optional, and one mandatory:
% \begin{flushleft}
% |\title[|\meta{ShortTitle}|]{|\meta{FullTitle}|}|
% \end{flushleft}
% The mandatory argument is the full title of the article. The
% optional argument, if present, defines the shorter version of the
% title for running heads. If the optional argument is absent, the
% full title is used instead.
%
% It is expected that this command is inserted by the author of the
% manuscript.
%
% \DescribeMacro{\subtitle}%
% Besides title, ACM classes allow a subtitle, set with the
% \cs{subtitle}\marg{subtitle} macro.
%
% The commands for specifying authors are highly structured.
% The reason is they serve double duty: the authors' information is
% typeset in the manuscript \emph{and} is used by the metadata
% extraction tools for indexing and cataloguing. Therefore it is very
% important to follow the guidelines exactly.
%
% \DescribeMacro{\author}%
% \DescribeMacro{\orcid}
% \DescribeMacro{\affiliation}%
% \DescribeMacro{\email}%
% The basic commands are \cs{author}, \cs{orcid} (for the researchers
% registered with ORCID, \url{http://www.orcid.org/}), \cs{affiliation} and
% \cs{email}. In the simplest case, you enter them in this order:
% \begin{verbatim}
% \author{...}
% \orcid{...}
% \affiliation{...}
% \email{...}
% \end{verbatim}
% Do \emph{not} use the \LaTeX\ \cs{and} macro or commas, or \verb|\\|
% between the authors! Each author deserves his or
% her own \cs{author} command. An attempt to list several authors or
% their e-mails in one command leads to a warning or an error. This
% is not a bug, but the expected behavior.
%
% Note that some formats do not typeset e-mails or ORCID identifiers.
% Do not worry: the metadata tools will get them.
%
% Sometimes an author has several affiliations. In this case, the
% \cs{affiliation} command should be repeated:
% \begin{verbatim}
% \author{...}
% \orcid{...}
% \affiliation{...}
% \affiliation{...}
% \email{...}
% \end{verbatim}
% Similarly you can repeat the \cs{email} command.
%
% You may have several authors with the same affiliation, different
% affiliations, or overlapping affiliations (author~$A_1$ is affiliated
% with institutions $I_1$ and $I_2$, while author $A_2$ is affiliated
% with $I_2$ only, author $A_3$ is affiliated with
% $I_1$ and $I_3$, etc.). The recommended solution is to put the
% \cs{affiliation} commands after each author, possibly repeating them:
% \begin{verbatim}
% \author{...}
% \orcid{...}
% \affiliation{...}
% \affiliation{...}
% \email{...}
% \author{...}
% \orcid{...}
% \affiliation{...}
% \email{...}
% \author{...}
% \orcid{...}
% \affiliation{...}
% \affiliation{...}
% \email{...}
% \end{verbatim}
% In some cases, when several authors share the same affiliation, you can
% try to save space using the format
% \begin{verbatim}
% \author{...}
% \email{...}
% \author{...}
% \email{...}
% \affiliation{...}
% \end{verbatim}
% However, this format is not generally recommended.
%
% \DescribeMacro{\additionalaffiliation}%
% In some cases, too many affiliations can take too much space. The
% command \cs{additionalaffiliation}\marg{affiliation} creates a
% footnote after an author's name with the words ``Also with
% \marg{affiliation}''. You should use this command only as a last
% resort. An example of usage is:
% \begin{verbatim}
% \author{G. Tobin}
% \author{Ben Trovato}
% \additionalaffiliation{%
% \institution{The Th{\o}rv{\"a}ld Group}
% \streetaddress{1 Th{\o}rv{\"a}ld Circle}
% \city{Hekla}
% \country{Iceland}}
% \affiliation{%
% \institution{Institute for Clarity in Documentation}
% \streetaddress{P.O. Box 1212}
% \city{Dublin}
% \state{Ohio}
% \postcode{43017-6221}}
% \end{verbatim}
% Here Trovato and Tobin share their affiliation with the Institute
% for Clarity in Documentation, but only Ben Trovato is affiliated
% with The Th{\o}rv{\"a}ld Group.
%
%
% \DescribeMacro{\position}%
% \DescribeMacro{\institution}%
% \DescribeMacro{\department}%
% \DescribeMacro{\streetaddress}%
% \DescribeMacro{\city}%
% \DescribeMacro{\state}%
% \DescribeMacro{\postcode}%
% \DescribeMacro{\country}%
% The \cs{affiliation} and \cs{additionalaffiliation} commands are
% further structured to interact with the metadata extraction tools.
% Inside these commands you should use the \cs{position},
% \cs{institution}, \cs{department}, \cs{city}, \cs{streetaddress},
% \cs{state}, \cs{postcode} and \cs{country} macros to indicate the
% corresponding parts of the affiliation. Note that in some cases
% (for example, journals) these parts are not printed in the resulting
% copy, but they \emph{are} necessary since they are used by the XML
% metadata extraction programs. Do \emph{not} put commas or |\\|
% between the elements of \cs{affiliation}. They will be provided
% automatically.
%
%
% An example of the author block:
% \begin{verbatim}
% \author{A. U. Thor}
% \orcid{1234-4564-1234-4565}
% \affiliation{%
% \institution{University of New South Wales}
% \department{School of Biomedical Engineering}
% \streetaddress{Samuels Building (F25), Kensington Campus}
% \city{Sidney}
% \state{NSW}
% \postcode{2052}
% \country{Australia}}
% \email{author@nsw.au.edu}
% \author{A. N. Other}
% \affiliation{%
% \institution{University of New South Wales}
% \city{Sidney}
% \state{NSW}
% \country{Australia}}
% \author{C. O. Respondent}
% \orcid{1234-4565-4564-1234}
% \affiliation{%
% \institution{University of Pennsylvania}
% \city{Philadelphia}
% \state{PA}
% \country{USA}}
% \affiliation{%
% \institution{University of New South Wales}
% \city{Sidney}
% \state{NSW}
% \country{Australia}}
% \end{verbatim}
%
% Note that the old ACM conference formats did not allow more than six
% authors and required some effort from authors to achieve
% alignment. The new format is much better in this.
%
% Sometimes an author works in several departments within the same
% insitution. There could be two situations: the departments are
% independent, or one department is within another. In the first
% case, just repeat the command \cs{department} several times. To
% handle the second case the command has an optional numerical
% parameter. The departments with higher numbers are higher in the
% organizational chart. Compare
% \begin{verbatim}
% \affiliation{%
% \department[0]{Department of Lunar Studies} % 0 is the default
% \department[1]{John Doe Institute} % higher than 0
% \institution{University of San Serriffe}
% \country{San Serriffe}}
% \end{verbatim}
% and
% \begin{verbatim}
% \affiliation{%
% \department{Department of Lunar Studies} % Not in the John Doe Institute!
% \department{John Doe Institute}
% \institution{University of San Serriffe}
% \country{San Serriffe}}
% \end{verbatim}
%
%
% The command \cs{affiliation} formats its output according to
% American conventions. This might be wrong for some cases.
% Consider, for example, a German address. In Germany, the postcode is
% put before the city and is not separated by a comma. We can handle this
% order using
% \begin{verbatim}
% \affiliation{%
% \institution{Fluginstitut}
% \streetaddress{Sonnenallee 17}
% \postcode{123456}
% \city{Helm}
% \country{Germany}}
% \end{verbatim}
% However, the comma after the postcode is unfortunate: the address will
% be typeset (in some formats) as
% \begin{verbatim}
% Fluginstitut
% Sonenallee 17
% 123456, Helm, Germany
% \end{verbatim}
%
%
% To overcome this problem, the command \cs{affiliation} has an
% optional parameter |obeypunctuation|, which can be |false| (the
% default) or |true|. If this parameter is |true|, \cs{afffiliation}
% obeys the author's command. Thus
% \begin{verbatim}
% \affiliation[obeypunctuation=true]{%
% \institution{Fluginstitut}\\
% \streetaddress{Sonnenallee 17}\\
% \postcode{123456}
% \city{Helm},
% \country{Germany}}
% \end{verbatim}
% will be typeset as
% \begin{verbatim}
% Fluginstitut
% Sonenallee 17
% 123456 Helm, Germany
% \end{verbatim}
%
% Note that you should \emph{not} use this option for journals.
%
% It is expected that these commands are inserted by the author of the
% manuscript.
%
% \DescribeMacro{\thanks}%
% Like |amsart| (and unlike standard \LaTeX{}), we allow
% |\thanks| only \emph{outside} of the commands |\title| and |\author|.
% This command is obsolete and should \emph{not} be used in most
% cases. Do not list your acknowledgments or grant sponsors here.
% Put this information in the |acks| environment (see
% Section~\ref{sec:ug_acks}).
%
% \DescribeMacro{\authorsaddresses}%
% In some formats, addresses are printed as a footnote on the first
% page. By default \LaTeX\ typesets them itself using the information
% you give it. However, you can override its choice using the
% commmand \cs{authorsaddresses}\marg{contact addresses}, for example,
% \begin{verbatim}
% \authorsaddresses{%
% Authors' addresses: G.~Zhou, Computer Science Department, College of
% William and Mary, 104 Jameson Rd, Williamsburg, PA 23185, US;
% V.~B\'eranger, Inria Paris-Rocquencourt, Rocquencourt, France;
% A.~Patel, Rajiv Gandhi University, Rono-Hills, Doimukh, Arunachal
% Pradesh, India; H.~Chan, Tsinghua University, 30 Shuangqing Rd,
% Haidian Qu, Beijing Shi, China; T.~Yan, Eaton Innovation Center,
% Prague, Czech Republic; T.~He, C.~Huang, J.~A.~Stankovic University
% of Virginia, School of Engineering Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA;
% T. F. Abdelzaher, (Current address) NASA Ames Research Center,
% Moffett Field, California 94035.}
% \end{verbatim}
% You can \emph{suppress} printing authors' addresses by setting them
% to an empty string: |\authorsaddresses{}|. Please note that
% authors' addresses are mandatory for journal articles.
%
% \DescribeMacro{\titlenote}%
% \DescribeMacro{\subtitlenote}%
% \DescribeMacro{\authornote}%
% While the command \cs{thanks} generates a note without a footnote
% mark, sometimes the authors might need notes more tightly connected
% to the title, subtitle or author. The commands \cs{titlenote},
% \cs{subtitlenote} and \cs{authornote} that follow the corresponding
% commands (\cs{title}, \cs{subtitle} and \cs{author}) generate such
% notes. For example,
% \begin{verbatim}
% \title{This is a title}
% \titlenote{This is a titlenote}
% \author{A. U. Thor}
% \authornote{This is an authornote}
% \end{verbatim}
%
% Please never use a \cs{footnote} inside an \cs{author} or \cs{title}
% command since this confuses the metadata extraction software. (Actually
% these commands now produce errors.)
%
% \DescribeMacro{\authornotemark}%
% Sometimes one may need to have the same footnote connected to
% several authors. The command \cs{authornotemark}\oarg{number} adds
% just the footnote mark, for example,
% \begin{verbatim}
% \author{A. U. Thor}
% \authornote{Both authors contributed equally to the paper}
% ...
% \author{A. N. Other}
% \authornotemark[1]
% \end{verbatim}
% The correct numbering of these marks is the responsibility of the
% user.
%
% \DescribeMacro{\acmVolume}%
% \DescribeMacro{\acmNumber}%
% \DescribeMacro{\acmArticle}%
% \DescribeMacro{\acmYear}%
% \DescribeMacro{\acmMonth}%
% The macros \cs{acmVolume}, \cs{acmNumber}, \cs{acmArticle},
% \cs{acmYear} and \cs{acmMonth} are inserted by the editor and set
% the journal volume, issue, article number, year and month
% corrspondingly. The arguments of all these commands, including
% \cs{acmMonth}, is numerical. For example,
% \begin{verbatim}
% \acmVolume{9}
% \acmNumber{4}
% \acmArticle{39}
% \acmYear{2010}
% \acmMonth{3}
% \end{verbatim}
% Note that \cs{acmArticle} is used not only for journals but also
% for some conference proceedings.
%
% \DescribeMacro{\acmArticleSeq}%
% The articles in the same issue of a journal have a \emph{sequence
% number}. It is used to vertically position the black blob on the first
% page of some formats. By default it is the same as the article number,
% but the command \cs{acmArticleSeq}\marg{n} can be used to change it:
% \begin{verbatim}
% \acmArticle{39} % The sequence number will be 39 by default
% \acmArticleSeq{5} % We redefine it to 5
% \end{verbatim}
% Setting this number to zero suppresses the blob.
%
% \DescribeMacro{\acmSubmissionID}%
% If your paper got a Submission~ID from the Conference Management
% System, put it here:
% \begin{verbatim}
% \acmSubmissionID{123-A56-BU3}
% \end{verbatim}
%
%
% \DescribeMacro{\acmPrice}%
% The macro \cs{acmPrice}\marg{price} sets the price for the article,
% for example,
% \begin{verbatim}
% \acmPrice{25.00}
% \end{verbatim}
% Note that you do not need to put the dollar sign here, just the
% amount. By default the price is \$15.00, unless the copyright is
% set to |usgov|, |rightsretained|, |iw3c2w3|, or |iw3c2w3g|, when it
% is suppressed. Note that to override the defaults you need to set
% the price \emph{after} the \cs{setcopyright} command. Also, the
% command |\acmPrice{}| suppresses the printing of the price.
%
% \DescribeMacro{\acmISBN}%
% Book-like volumes have ISBN numbers attached to them. The macro
% \cs{acmISBN}\marg{ISBN} sets it. Normally it is set by the
% typesetter, for example,
% \begin{verbatim}
% \acmISBN{978-1-4503-3916-2}
% \end{verbatim}
% Setting it to the empty string, as |\acmISBN{}|, suppresses printing the
% ISBN.
%
% \DescribeMacro{\acmDOI}%
% The macro \cs{acmDOI}\marg{DOI} sets the DOI of the article, for
% example,
% \begin{verbatim}
% \acmDOI{10.1145/9999997.9999999}
% \end{verbatim}
% It is normally set by the typesetter. Setting it to the empty
% string, as |\acmDOI{}|, suppresses the DOI.
%
%
% \DescribeMacro{\acmBadgeR}%
% \DescribeMacro{\acmBadgeL}%
% Some conference articles get special distinctions, for example, the
% artifact evaluation for PPoPP~2016
% (see~\url{http://ctuning.org/ae/ppopp2016.html}). These articles
% display special badges supplied by the conference organizers. This
% class provides commands to add these badges:
% \cs{acmBadgeR}\oarg{url}\marg{graphics} and
% \cs{acmBadgeL}\oarg{url}\marg{graphics}. The first command puts the
% badge to the right of the title, and the second one---to the left.
% The arguments have the following meaning: \oarg{url}, if provided,
% sets the link to the badge authority in the screen version, while
% \marg{graphics} sets the graphics file with the badge image. The
% file must be a cropped square, which is scaled to a standard size in
% the output. For example, if the badge image is |ae-logo.pdf|, the
% command is
% \begin{verbatim}
% \acmBadgeR[http://ctuning.org/ae/ppopp2016.html]{ae-logo}
% \end{verbatim}
%
%
%
% \DescribeMacro{\startPage}%
% The macro \cs{startPage}\marg{page} sets the first page of the
% article in a journal or book. It is used by the typesetter.
%
%
% \DescribeMacro{\terms}%
% \DescribeMacro{\keywords}%
% The command
% \cs{keywords}\marg{keyword, keyword,\ldots} sets keywords for the
% article. They must be
% separated by commas, for example,
% \begin{verbatim}
% \keywords{wireless sensor networks, media access control,
% multi-channel, radio interference, time synchronization}
% \end{verbatim}
%
% \DescribeEnv{CCSXML}%
% \DescribeMacro{\ccsdesc}%
% ACM publications are classified according to the ACM Computing
% Classification Scheme (CCS). CCS codes are used both in the typeset
% version of the publications \emph{and} in the metadata in various
% databases. Therefore you need to provide both \TeX\ commands and XML
% metadata with the paper.
%
% The tool at \url{http://dl.acm.org/ccs.cfm} can be used to generate
% CCS codes. After you select the topics, click on ``Generate CCS
% codes'' to get results like the following:
% \begin{verbatim}
% \begin{CCSXML}
% <ccs2012>
% <concept>
% <concept_id>10010520.10010553.10010562</concept_id>
% <concept_desc>Computer systems organization~Embedded systems</concept_desc>
% <concept_significance>500</concept_significance>
% </concept>
% <concept>
% <concept_id>10010520.10010575.10010755</concept_id>
% <concept_desc>Computer systems organization~Redundancy</concept_desc>
% <concept_significance>300</concept_significance>
% </concept>
% <concept>
% <concept_id>10010520.10010553.10010554</concept_id>
% <concept_desc>Computer systems organization~Robotics</concept_desc>
% <concept_significance>100</concept_significance>
% </concept>
% <concept>
% <concept_id>10003033.10003083.10003095</concept_id>
% <concept_desc>Networks~Network reliability</concept_desc>
% <concept_significance>100</concept_significance>
% </concept>
% </ccs2012>
% \end{CCSXML}
%
% \ccsdesc[500]{Computer systems organization~Embedded systems}
% \ccsdesc[300]{Computer systems organization~Redundancy}
% \ccsdesc{Computer systems organization~Robotics}
% \ccsdesc[100]{Networks~Network reliability}
% \end{verbatim}
%
% You just need to copy this code and paste it in your paper anywhere
% before \verb|\maketitle|.
%
% CCS Concepts and user-defined keywords are required for all articles
% over two pages in length, and are optional for one- and two-page
% articles (or abstracts).
%
% \DescribeMacro{\setcopyright}
% There are several possibilities for the copyright of the papers
% published by the ACM: the authors may transfer the rights to the ACM,
% license them to the ACM, some or all authors might be employees of the
% US or Canadian governments, etc. Accordingly the command
% \verb|\setcopyright{...}| is introduced. Its argument is the
% copyright status of the paper, for example,
% \verb|\setcopyright{acmcopyright}|. The possible values for this
% command are listed in Table~\ref{tab:setcopyright}. This command
% must be placed in the preamble, before |\begin{document}|.
%
% \begin{table}
% \centering
% \caption{Parameters for the \texttt{\textbackslash setcopyright} command}
% \label{tab:setcopyright}
% \begin{tabularx}{\textwidth}{lX}
% \toprule
% Parameter & Meaning\\
% \midrule
% \texttt{none} & The copyright and permission information is not
% typeset. (This is the option for some ACM conferences.) \\
% \texttt{acmcopyright} & The authors transfer the copyright to the
% ACM (the ``traditional'' choice).\\
% \texttt{acmlicensed} & The authors retain the copyright but
% license the publication rights to ACM\@. \\
% \texttt{rightsretained} & The authors retain the copyright and
% publication rights to themselves or somebody else. \\
% \texttt{usgov} & All the authors are employees of the US
% government. \\
% \texttt{usgovmixed} & Some authors are employees of the US
% government. \\
% \texttt{cagov} & All the authors are employees of the Canadian
% government. \\
% \texttt{cagovmixed} & Some authors are employees of the Canadian
% government. \\
% \texttt{licensedusgovmixed} & Some authors are employees of the US
% government, and the publication rights are licensed to ACM\@. \\
% \texttt{licensedcagov} & All the authors are employees of the Canadian
% government, and the publication rights are licensed to ACM\@. \\
% \texttt{licensedcagovmixed} & Some authors are employees of the