Two's Complement Format

JavaScript stores numbers as 64 bits floating point numbers, but all bitwise operations are performed on 32 bits binary numbers.
Before a bitwise operation is performed, JavaScript converts numbers to 32 bits signed integers.
After the bitwise operation is performed, the result is converted back to 64 bits JavaScript numbers.
JavaScript binary numbers are stored in two's complement format.
This means that -num = ~(num - 1).
When the most significant (MSB) bit is 1, the number is signed as negative; and when the most significant bit is 0 the number is signed as positive.
4294967295 = Math.pow(2, 32) - 1 is the highest unsigned int that represents -1 in two's complement notation.

`0 === ~(-1)`