Skip to content

Latest commit

 

History

History
282 lines (215 loc) · 16.4 KB

glossary.md

File metadata and controls

282 lines (215 loc) · 16.4 KB

Glossary

Over the years, we've accumulated quite a few terms, platforms, and components that can make it hard for folks (including us) to understand what we're referring to. This document has a list that will help to qualify what we mean by what.

This will also list some aliases. As you'll see the aliases aren't always correct -- they are merely listed to help you find the better and less confusing terminology.

Term Description
AOT Ahead-of-time compiler. Converts the MSIL bytecode to native machine code for a specific target CPU architecture.
BBT Microsoft internal early version of C/C++ PGO. See https://www.microsoft.com/windows/cse/bit_projects.mspx.
BOTR Book Of The Runtime.
BCL Base Class Library. A set of System.* (and to a limited extent Microsoft.*) libraries that make up the lower layer of the .NET library stack.
CLR Common Language Runtime.
COMPlus An early name for the .NET platform, back when it was envisioned as a successor to the COM platform (hence, "COM+"). Used in various places in the CLR infrastructure, most prominently as a common prefix for the names of internal configuration settings. Note that this is different from the product that eventually ended up being named COM+.
COR Common Object Runtime. The name of .NET before it was named .NET.
CoreFX Core Framework. Original project name for open source and cross-platform version of .NET runtime libraries
DAC Data Access Component. An abstraction layer over the internal structures in the runtime.
EE Execution Engine.
GC Garbage Collector.
IPC Inter-Process Communication.
JIT Just-in-Time compiler. RyuJIT is the code name for the next generation Just-in-Time(aka "JIT") for the .NET runtime.
LCG Lightweight Code Generation. An early name for dynamic methods.
MD MetaData.
MDA Managed Debugging Assistant - see details (Note: Not in .NET Core, equivalent diagnostic functionality is made available on a case-by-case basis, e.g. #9418)
NGen Native Image Generator.
NYI Not Yet Implemented.
PAL Platform Adaptation Layer. Provides an abstraction layer between the runtime and the operating system.
PE Portable Executable.
PGO Profile Guided Optimization - see details.
POGO Profile Guided Optimization - see details.
ProjectN Codename for the first version of .NET Native for UWP.
R2R Ready-to-Run. A flavor of native images - command line switch of crossgen.
Redhawk Codename for experimental minimal managed code runtime that evolved into CoreRT.
SOS Son of Strike. The debugging extension for DbgEng based debuggers. Uses the DAC as an abstraction layer for its operation.
SuperPMI JIT component test framework (super fast JIT testing - it mocks/replays EE in EE-JIT interface) - see SuperPMI details.
SVR The CLR used to be built as two variants, with one called "mscorsvr.dll", to mean the "server" version. In particular, it contained the server GC implementation, which was intended for multi-threaded apps capable of taking advantage of multiple processors. In the .NET Framework 2 release, the two variants were merged into "mscorwks.dll". The WKS version was the default, however the SVR version remained available.
TPA Trusted Platform Assemblies used to be a special set of assemblies that comprised the platform assemblies, when it was originally designed. As of today, it is simply the set of assemblies known to constitute the application.
URT Universal Runtime. Ancient name for what ended up being .NET, is used in the WinError facility name FACILITY_URT.
UTC Universal Tuple Compiler. The Microsoft C++ optimizer back-end that that starts by converting the information from the FrontEnd into tuples – a binary stream of instructions.
UWP Universal Windows Platform (UWP) is a platform-homogeneous application architecture available on every device that runs Windows 10.
VSD Virtual Stub Dispatch. Technique of using stubs for virtual method invocations instead of the traditional virtual method table.
VM Virtual machine.
WKS The CLR used to be built as two variants, with one called "mscorwks.dll", to mean the "workstation" version. In particular, it contained the client GC implementation, which was intended for single-threaded apps, independent of how many processors were on the machine. In the .NET Framework 2 release, the two variants were merged into "mscorwks.dll". The WKS version was the default, however the SVR version remained available.
ZAP Original code name for NGen.

Terms

In this document, the following terms are used:

  • IL. Intermediate language. Higher level .NET languages, such as C#, compile down to a hardware agnostic instruction set, which is called Intermediate Language (IL). IL is sometimes referred to as MSIL (Microsoft IL) or CIL (Common IL).

  • GC. Garbage collector. Garbage collection is an implementation of automatic memory management. .NET Framework and .NET Core currently uses a generational garbage collector, i.e. it groups objects into generations to limit the number of nodes it has to walk for determining which objects are alive. This speeds up collection times.

  • JIT. Just in time compiler. This technology compiles IL to machine code that the processor understands. It's called JIT because compilation happens on demand and is performed on the same machine the code needs to run on. Since JIT compilation occurs during execution of the application, compile time is part of the run time. Thus, JIT compilers have to trade spending more time optimizing code with the savings the resulting code can produce. But a JIT knows the actual hardware and can free developers from having to ship different implementations. For instance, our vector library relies on the JIT to use the highest available SIMD instruction set.

  • CLI. Command Line Interface --or-- Common Language Infastructure.

    • Command Line Interface: A tool that has no graphical interface and is intended to be used completely from a console/terminal. Also is commonly used as shorthand for the .NET tooling.
    • Common Language Infastructure: The open specification that defines IL, how to store IL as binary (assemblies), and how the runtime works. AKA: ECMA-355.
  • CLR. Common Language Runtime: The runtime/environment that .NET code executes in. It is also commonly used to refer to the Microsoft .NET Framework Windows-only implementation.

.NET Runtimes

.NET Core / .NET

.NET Core has been the name for the open source, cross-platform stack that ASP.NET Core and UWP applications are built on. For more details, read Introducing .NET Core.

.NET Core has become future of the platform, and we refer to it just as .NET today. For more details, read Introducing .NET 5.

.NET Framework

Also referred to as: Desktop, full framework

.NET Framework was the very first .NET runtime. It first shipped in 2002, and it has been updated on a regular basis since then.

The .NET Framework was designed to run on Windows only. Some versions of the .NET Framework come pre-installed with Windows, some require to be installed. However, in both cases the .NET Framework is a system-wide component.

Rotor

Also referred to as: Shared Source Common Language Infrastructure (SSCLI)

Pretty much at the same time the .NET Framework was released, Microsoft also published Rotor, which is the source code for an implementation of ECMA 335 (Common Language Infrastructure), which is the specification behind .NET.

While parts of the source were identical with the .NET Framework, many pieces had prototypical implementations instead: the purpose of Rotor wasn't to provide a production ready .NET implementation but to provide a platform for research, academia, and validation that the ECMA 335 specification itself can be implemented.

It's also worth pointing out that the source code of Rotor was not released under an open source license (i.e. not approved by OSI) and has not been officially updated since .NET Framework 2.0.

Mono

Mono is an open source alternative to the .NET Framework. Mono started around the same time the .NET Framework was first released. Since Microsoft didn't release Rotor as open source, Mono was forced to start from scratch and was thus a complete re-implementation of the .NET Framework with no shared code.

Today, the Mono VM is part of the unified .NET platform. It is optimized for mobile (e.g. Xamarin) and browser (e.g. Blazor) scenarios.

"C# powered by Mono" has been scripting engine of choice for a number of game engines. Unity - the world's most popular game engine - is scripted by C#, powered by a customized Mono runtime.

CoreCLR

Originally, CoreCLR was the runtime of Silverlight and was designed to run on multiple platforms, specifically Windows and OS X.

Today, the CoreCLR runtime is part of unified .NET platform. It is optimized for cloud (e.g. ASP.NET) and desktop (e.g. WinForms, WPF) scenarios.

Ahead-Of-Time Compilation (AOT)

Most flavors of .NET runtime come with at least partial AOT compilation. A variety of AOT technologies with unique characteristics were developed for .NET runtimes over the years.

ReadyToRun

Also referred to as: R2R

ReadyToRun is a file format used by the CoreCLR runtime to store AOT compiled code. crossgen is the AOT compiler that produces binaries in the ReadyToRun file format.

NGen

NGen is AOT technology included in .NET Framework. It usually compiles code at install time on the machine where the code will be executed.

Full AOT

Full AOT is used by Mono runtime in environments that prohibit fallback to JIT.

Hybrid AOT

Hybrid AOT is used by Mono runtime in environments that allow fallback to JIT or need IL interpreter.

Native AOT

Native AOT is a .NET runtime form factor with key performance characteristics (startup time, binary size and steady state throughput and predictability) competitive with statically compiled languages. A .NET runtime flavor based on CoreCLR with these characteristics is being developed as experimental project in dotnet/runtimelab repo.

Frameworks

Language-Integrated Query

Also referred to as: LINQ

Introduced in .NET Framework 3.5, Language-Integrated Query's (LINQ) goal to make data processing easier. LINQ is primarily a collection of methods that extend IEnumerable and IEnumerable<T>. LINQ is intended to be used with extension methods and Lambda functions (added in C# 3.0 and VB 9.0 at the same time as .NET Framework 3.5 was released) allowing for a function style of programming.

A simple example of LINQ is

var odds = source.Where(obj => obj.Id == 1).ToArray();

IQueryable<T> and Expressions

One of the big advantages of using LINQ over more common data processing patterns is that the function given to the LINQ function can be converted to an expression and then executed in some other form, like SQL or on another machine across the network. An expression is a in-memory representation of some logic to follow.

For example, in the above sample source could actually be a database connection and the function call Where(obj => obj.Id == 1) would be converted to a SQL WHERE clause: WHERE ID = 1, and then executed on the SQL server.

Parallel LINQ

Also referred to as: PLINQ

Also introduced in .NET Framework 3.5 Parallel LINQ. Parallel LINQ has a subset of the methods the LINQ does but may execute the iterations on different threads in any order. Generally to use Parallel LINQ you would just call the AsParallel() method on a collection implementing IEnumerable. And if at any point you wanted to return to "normal LINQ you can just call AsSequential().

Windows Forms

Also referred to as: WinForms

Windows Forms is an API provided by the .NET Framework (mostly in the System.Windows.Forms namespace) for creating desktop applications. Windows Forms provides an event-driven model for application development on top of the native loop-driven Win32 model. Mono has an implementation of Windows Forms, though it is not complete, since some parts of Windows Forms are tied to the Windows platform.

Microsoft has Open Sourced Windows Forms. This included moving the code to GitHub under the stewardship of the .NET Foundation and enabling support for running Windows Forms on .NET Core (Windows Only).

Windows Presentation Foundation

Also referred to as: WPF, Avalon

Introduced in .NET Framework 3.0, Windows Presentation Foundation (WPF) was a new API for creating desktop applications. Like Windows Forms, WPF is event-driven. However, instead of using GDI/GDI+ for drawing applications, WPF used DirectX. Using DirectX allowed WPF applications to use the GPU for rendering, freeing the CPU for other tasks. WPF also introduced XAML, an XML-based language which allows a declarative way to describe user interfaces and data binding to models (XAML is used by Silverlight, UWP, and Xamarin as well).

Microsoft has Open Sourced WPF. This included moving the code to GitHub under the stewardship of the .NET Foundation and enabling support for running WPF on .NET Core (Windows Only).

Engineering system

  • Helix. It's a massively-parallel, general-purpose job processing and result aggregation system running in the cloud. The work items that corefx sends to Helix are xunit tests. Test results are shown through the Mission Control reporting site; to go to the test results in a PR from Azure DevOps, you can click on the Send to Helix step in the build, and the logs will have the URL.