Add Backoff Cache Discovery

backoff.go

@@ -0,0 +1,206 @@
+package discovery
+
+import (
+	"math"
+	"math/rand"
+	"time"
+)
+
+type BackoffFactory func() BackoffStrategy
+
+// BackoffStrategy describes how backoff will be implemented. BackoffStratgies are stateful.
+type BackoffStrategy interface {
+	// Delay calculates how long the next backoff duration should be, given the prior calls to Delay
+	Delay() time.Duration
+	// Reset clears the internal state of the BackoffStrategy
+	Reset()
+}
+
+// Jitter implementations taken roughly from https://aws.amazon.com/blogs/architecture/exponential-backoff-and-jitter/
+
+// Jitter must return a duration between min and max. Min must be lower than, or equal to, max.
+type Jitter func(duration, min, max time.Duration, rng *rand.Rand) time.Duration
+
+// FullJitter returns a random number uniformly chose from the range [min, boundedDur].
+// boundedDur is the duration bounded between min and max.
+func FullJitter(duration, min, max time.Duration, rng *rand.Rand) time.Duration {
+	if duration <= min {
+		return min
+	}
+
+	normalizedDur := boundedDuration(duration, min, max) - min
+
+	return boundedDuration(time.Duration(rng.Int63n(int64(normalizedDur)))+min, min, max)
+}
+
+// NoJitter returns the duration bounded between min and max
+func NoJitter(duration, min, max time.Duration, rng *rand.Rand) time.Duration {
+	return boundedDuration(duration, min, max)
+}
+
+type randomizedBackoff struct {
+	min time.Duration
+	max time.Duration
+	rng *rand.Rand
+}
+
+func (b *randomizedBackoff) BoundedDelay(duration time.Duration) time.Duration {
+	return boundedDuration(duration, b.min, b.max)
+}
+
+func boundedDuration(d, min, max time.Duration) time.Duration {
+	if d < min {
+		return min
+	}
+	if d > max {
+		return max
+	}
+	return d
+}
+
+type attemptBackoff struct {
+	attempt int
+	jitter  Jitter
+	randomizedBackoff
+}
+
+func (b *attemptBackoff) Reset() {
+	b.attempt = 0
+}
+
+// NewFixedBackoff creates a BackoffFactory with a constant backoff duration
+func NewFixedBackoff(delay time.Duration) BackoffFactory {
+	return func() BackoffStrategy {
+		return &fixedBackoff{delay: delay}
+	}
+}
+
+type fixedBackoff struct {
+	delay time.Duration
+}
+
+func (b *fixedBackoff) Delay() time.Duration {
+	return b.delay
+}
+
+func (b *fixedBackoff) Reset() {}
+
+// NewPolynomialBackoff creates a BackoffFactory with backoff of the form c0*x^0, c1*x^1, ...cn*x^n where x is the attempt number
+// jitter is the function for adding randomness around the backoff
+// timeUnits are the units of time the polynomial is evaluated in
+// polyCoefs is the array of polynomial coefficients from [c0, c1, ... cn]
+func NewPolynomialBackoff(min, max time.Duration, jitter Jitter,
+	timeUnits time.Duration, polyCoefs []float64, rng *rand.Rand) BackoffFactory {
+	return func() BackoffStrategy {
+		return &polynomialBackoff{
+			attemptBackoff: attemptBackoff{
+				randomizedBackoff: randomizedBackoff{
+					min: min,
+					max: max,
+					rng: rng,
+				},
+				jitter: jitter,
+			},
+			timeUnits: timeUnits,
+			poly:      polyCoefs,
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+type polynomialBackoff struct {
+	attemptBackoff
+	timeUnits time.Duration
+	poly      []float64
+}
+
+func (b *polynomialBackoff) Delay() time.Duration {
+	var polySum float64
+	switch len(b.poly) {
+	case 0:
+		return 0
+	case 1:
+		polySum = b.poly[0]
+	default:
+		polySum = b.poly[0]
+		exp := 1
+		attempt := b.attempt
+		b.attempt++
+
+		for _, c := range b.poly[1:] {
+			exp *= attempt
+			polySum += float64(exp) * c
+		}
+	}
+	return b.jitter(time.Duration(float64(b.timeUnits)*polySum), b.min, b.max, b.rng)
+}
+
+// NewExponentialBackoff creates a BackoffFactory with backoff of the form base^x + offset where x is the attempt number
+// jitter is the function for adding randomness around the backoff
+// timeUnits are the units of time the base^x is evaluated in
+func NewExponentialBackoff(min, max time.Duration, jitter Jitter,
+	timeUnits time.Duration, base float64, offset time.Duration, rng *rand.Rand) BackoffFactory {
+	return func() BackoffStrategy {
+		return &exponentialBackoff{
+			attemptBackoff: attemptBackoff{
+				randomizedBackoff: randomizedBackoff{
+					min: min,
+					max: max,
+					rng: rng,
+				},
+				jitter: jitter,
+			},
+			timeUnits: timeUnits,
+			base:      base,
+			offset:    offset,
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+type exponentialBackoff struct {
+	attemptBackoff
+	timeUnits time.Duration
+	base      float64
+	offset    time.Duration
+}
+
+func (b *exponentialBackoff) Delay() time.Duration {
+	attempt := b.attempt
+	b.attempt++
+	return b.jitter(
+		time.Duration(math.Pow(b.base, float64(attempt))*float64(b.timeUnits))+b.offset, b.min, b.max, b.rng)
+}
+
+// NewExponentialDecorrelatedJitter creates a BackoffFactory with backoff of the roughly of the form base^x where x is the attempt number.
+// Delays start at the minimum duration and after each attempt delay = rand(min, delay * base), bounded by the max
+// See https://aws.amazon.com/blogs/architecture/exponential-backoff-and-jitter/ for more information
+func NewExponentialDecorrelatedJitter(min, max time.Duration, base float64, rng *rand.Rand) BackoffFactory {
+	return func() BackoffStrategy {
+		return &exponentialDecorrelatedJitter{
+			randomizedBackoff: randomizedBackoff{
+				min: min,
+				max: max,
+				rng: rng,
+			},
+			base: base,
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+type exponentialDecorrelatedJitter struct {
+	randomizedBackoff
+	base      float64
+	lastDelay time.Duration
+}
+
+func (b *exponentialDecorrelatedJitter) Delay() time.Duration {
+	if b.lastDelay < b.min {
+		b.lastDelay = b.min
+		return b.lastDelay
+	}
+
+	nextMax := int64(float64(b.lastDelay) * b.base)
+	b.lastDelay = boundedDuration(time.Duration(b.rng.Int63n(nextMax-int64(b.min)))+b.min, b.min, b.max)
+	return b.lastDelay
+}
+
+func (b *exponentialDecorrelatedJitter) Reset() { b.lastDelay = 0 }

backoff_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,125 @@
+package discovery
+
+import (
+	"math/rand"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+)
+
+func checkDelay(bkf BackoffStrategy, expected time.Duration, t *testing.T) {
+	t.Helper()
+	if calculated := bkf.Delay(); calculated != expected {
+		t.Fatalf("expected %v, got %v", expected, calculated)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestFixedBackoff(t *testing.T) {
+	startDelay := time.Second
+	delay := startDelay
+
+	bkf := NewFixedBackoff(delay)
+	delay *= 2
+	b1 := bkf()
+	delay *= 2
+	b2 := bkf()
+
+	if b1.Delay() != startDelay || b2.Delay() != startDelay {
+		t.Fatal("incorrect delay time")
+	}
+
+	if b1.Delay() != startDelay {
+		t.Fatal("backoff is stateful")
+	}
+
+	if b1.Reset(); b1.Delay() != startDelay {
+		t.Fatalf("Reset does something")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestPolynomialBackoff(t *testing.T) {
+	rng := rand.New(rand.NewSource(0))
+	bkf := NewPolynomialBackoff(time.Second, time.Second*33, NoJitter, time.Second, []float64{0.5, 2, 3}, rng)
+	b1 := bkf()
+	b2 := bkf()
+
+	if b1.Delay() != time.Second || b2.Delay() != time.Second {
+		t.Fatal("incorrect delay time")
+	}
+
+	checkDelay(b1, time.Millisecond*5500, t)
+	checkDelay(b1, time.Millisecond*16500, t)
+	checkDelay(b1, time.Millisecond*33000, t)
+	checkDelay(b2, time.Millisecond*5500, t)
+
+	b1.Reset()
+	b1.Delay()
+	checkDelay(b1, time.Millisecond*5500, t)
+}
+
+func TestExponentialBackoff(t *testing.T) {
+	rng := rand.New(rand.NewSource(0))
+	bkf := NewExponentialBackoff(time.Millisecond*650, time.Second*7, NoJitter, time.Second, 1.5, -time.Millisecond*400, rng)
+	b1 := bkf()
+	b2 := bkf()
+
+	if b1.Delay() != time.Millisecond*650 || b2.Delay() != time.Millisecond*650 {
+		t.Fatal("incorrect delay time")
+	}
+
+	checkDelay(b1, time.Millisecond*1100, t)
+	checkDelay(b1, time.Millisecond*1850, t)
+	checkDelay(b1, time.Millisecond*2975, t)
+	checkDelay(b1, time.Microsecond*4662500, t)
+	checkDelay(b1, time.Second*7, t)
+	checkDelay(b2, time.Millisecond*1100, t)
+
+	b1.Reset()
+	b1.Delay()
+	checkDelay(b1, time.Millisecond*1100, t)
+}
+
+func minMaxJitterTest(jitter Jitter, t *testing.T) {
+	rng := rand.New(rand.NewSource(0))
+	if jitter(time.Nanosecond, time.Hour*10, time.Hour*20, rng) < time.Hour*10 {
+		t.Fatal("Min not working")
+	}
+	if jitter(time.Hour, time.Nanosecond, time.Nanosecond*10, rng) > time.Nanosecond*10 {
+		t.Fatal("Max not working")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestNoJitter(t *testing.T) {
+	minMaxJitterTest(NoJitter, t)
+	for i := 0; i < 10; i++ {
+		expected := time.Second * time.Duration(i)
+		if calculated := NoJitter(expected, time.Duration(0), time.Second*100, nil); calculated != expected {
+			t.Fatalf("expected %v, got %v", expected, calculated)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestFullJitter(t *testing.T) {
+	rng := rand.New(rand.NewSource(0))
+	minMaxJitterTest(FullJitter, t)
+	const numBuckets = 51
+	const multiplier = 10
+	const threshold = 20
+
+	histogram := make([]int, numBuckets)
+
+	for i := 0; i < (numBuckets-1)*multiplier; i++ {
+		started := time.Nanosecond * 50
+		calculated := FullJitter(started, 0, 100, rng)
+		histogram[calculated]++
+	}
+
+	for _, count := range histogram {
+		if count > threshold {
+			t.Fatal("jitter is not close to evenly spread")
+		}
+	}
+
+	if histogram[numBuckets-1] > 0 {
+		t.Fatal("jitter increased overall time")
+	}
+}