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feat(generator): Add objects to specify photovoltaics #381

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Jan 3, 2024
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feat(generator): Add objects to specify photovoltaics #381

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140 changes: 140 additions & 0 deletions honeybee_schema/energy/generator.py
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Original file line number Diff line number Diff line change
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"""Schemas for objects that generate electricity."""
from pydantic import Field, constr

from .._base import NoExtraBaseModel
from ._base import EnergyBaseModel
from enum import Enum


class ElectricLoadCenter(NoExtraBaseModel):

type: constr(regex='^ElectricLoadCenter$') = 'ElectricLoadCenter'

inverter_efficiency: float = Field(
0.96,
gt=0,
le=1,
description='A number between 0 and 1 for the load center inverter nominal '
'rated DC-to-AC conversion efficiency. An inverter converts DC power, such '
'as that output by photovoltaic panels, to AC power, such as that distributed '
'by the electrical grid and is available from standard electrical outlets. '
'Inverter efficiency is defined as the inverter rated AC power output divided '
'by its rated DC power output.'
)

inverter_dc_to_ac_size_ratio: float = Field(
1.1,
gt=0,
description='A positive number (typically greater than 1) for the ratio of '
'the inverter DC rated size to its AC rated size. Typically, inverters are '
'not sized to convert the full DC output under standard test conditions (STC) '
'as such conditions rarely occur in reality and therefore unnecessarily add '
'to the size/cost of the inverter. For a system with a high DC to AC size '
'ratio, during times when the DC power output exceeds the inverter rated '
'DC input size, the inverter limits the power output by increasing the '
'DC operating voltage, which moves the arrays operating point down its '
'current-voltage (I-V) curve. In EnergyPlus, this is accomplished by simply '
'limiting the system output to the AC size as dictated by the ratio. The '
'default value of 1.1 is reasonable for most systems. A typical range is '
'1.1 to 1.25, although some large-scale systems have ratios of as high '
'as 1.5. The optimal value depends on the system location, array '
'orientation, and module cost.'
)


class ModuleType(str, Enum):
standard = 'Standard'
premium = 'Premium'
thin_film = 'ThinFilm'


class MountingType(str, Enum):
fixed_open_rack = 'FixedOpenRack'
fixed_roof_mounted = 'FixedRoofMounted'
one_axis = 'OneAxis'
one_axis_backtracking = 'OneAxisBacktracking'
two_axis = 'TwoAxis'


class PVProperties(EnergyBaseModel):

type: constr(regex='^PVProperties$') = 'PVProperties'

rated_efficiency: float = Field(
0.15,
gt=0,
lt=1,
description='A number between 0 and 1 for the rated nameplate efficiency '
'of the photovoltaic solar cells under standard test conditions (STC). '
'Standard test conditions are 1,000 Watts per square meter solar '
'irradiance, 25 degrees C cell temperature, and ASTM G173-03 standard '
'spectrum. Nameplate efficiencies reported by manufacturers are typically '
'under STC. Standard poly- or mono-crystalline silicon modules tend to have '
'rated efficiencies in the range of 14-17%. Premium high efficiency '
'mono-crystalline silicon modules with anti-reflective coatings can have '
'efficiencies in the range of 18-20%. Thin film photovoltaic modules '
'typically have efficiencies of 11% or less. (Default: 0.15 for standard '
'silicon solar cells).'
)

active_area_fraction: float = Field(
0.9,
gt=0,
le=1,
description='The fraction of the parent Shade geometry that is '
'covered in active solar cells. This fraction includes the difference '
'between the PV panel (aka. PV module) area and the active cells within '
'the panel as well as any losses for how the (typically rectangular) panels '
'can be arranged on the Shade geometry. When the parent Shade geometry '
'represents just the solar panels, this fraction is typically around 0.9 '
'given that the framing elements of the panel reduce the overall '
'active area. (Default: 0.9, assuming parent Shade geometry represents '
'only the PV panel geometry).'
)

module_type: ModuleType = Field(
default=ModuleType.standard,
description='Text to indicate the type of solar module. This is used to '
'determine the temperature coefficients used in the simulation of the '
'photovoltaic modules. When the rated_efficiency is between 12-18%, the '
'Standard type is typically most appropriate. When the rated_efficiency is '
'greater than 18%, the Premium type is likely more appropriate. When '
'the rated_efficiency is less than 12%, this likely refers to a case where '
'the ThinFilm module type is most appropriate.'
)

mounting_type: MountingType = Field(
default=MountingType.fixed_open_rack,
description='Text to indicate the type of mounting and/or tracking used '
'for the photovoltaic array. Note that the OneAxis options have an axis '
'of rotation that is determined by the azimuth of the parent Shade '
'geometry. Also note that, in the case of one or two axis tracking, '
'shadows on the (static) parent Shade geometry still reduce the '
'electrical output, enabling the simulation to account for large '
'context geometry casting shadows on the array. However, the effects '
'of smaller detailed shading may be improperly accounted for and self '
'shading of the dynamic panel geometry is only accounted for via the '
'tracking_ground_coverage_ratio property on this object. FixedOpenRack '
'refers to ground or roof mounting where the air flows freely. FixedRoofMounted '
'refers to mounting flush with the roof with limited air flow. OneAxis '
'refers to a fixed tilt and azimuth, which define an axis of rotation. '
'OneAxisBacktracking is the same as OneAxis but with controls to reduce '
'self-shade at low sun angles. TwoAxis refers to a dynamic tilt and '
'azimuth that track the sun.'
)

system_loss_fraction: float = Field(
0.14,
ge=0,
le=1,
description='A number between 0 and 1 for the fraction of the electricity '
'output lost due to factors other than EPW weather conditions, '
'panel efficiency/type, active area, mounting, and inverter conversion from '
'DC to AC. Factors that should be accounted for in this input include '
'soiling, snow, wiring losses, electrical connection losses, manufacturer '
'defects/tolerances/mismatch in cell characteristics, losses from power '
'grid availability, and losses due to age or light-induced degradation. '
'Losses from these factors tend to be between 10-20% but can vary widely '
'depending on the installation, maintenance and the grid to which the '
'panels are connected..'
)
16 changes: 16 additions & 0 deletions honeybee_schema/energy/properties.py
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Original file line number Diff line number Diff line change
Expand Up @@ -32,6 +32,7 @@
WindowAC, GasUnitHeater, Radiant
from .hvac.detailed import DetailedHVAC
from .shw import SHWSystem
from .generator import PVProperties, ElectricLoadCenter


class ShadeMeshEnergyPropertiesAbridged(NoExtraBaseModel):
Expand Down Expand Up @@ -85,6 +86,14 @@ class ShadeEnergyPropertiesAbridged(NoExtraBaseModel):
'be completely opaque.'
)

pv_properties: PVProperties = Field(
default=None,
description='An optional PVProperties object to specify photovoltaic '
'behavior of the Shade. If None, the Shade will have no Photovoltaic '
'properties. Note that the normal of the Shade is important in '
'determining the performance of the shade as a PV geometry.'
)


class DoorEnergyPropertiesAbridged(NoExtraBaseModel):

Expand Down Expand Up @@ -364,3 +373,10 @@ class ModelEnergyProperties(NoExtraBaseModel):
description='An optional parameter to define the global parameters for '
'a ventilation cooling.'
)

electric_load_center: ElectricLoadCenter = Field(
default=None,
description='An optional parameter object that defines the properties '
'of the model electric loads center that manages on site electricity '
'generation and conversion.'
)
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