We'll split the tutorial into two parts: in the first part we'll walk through
compiling C and Rust programs to WASI and executing the compiled WebAssembly module
using wasmtime runtime. In the second part we will discuss the compilation of a
simpler WebAssembly program written using the WebAssembly text format, and executing
this using the wasmtime runtime.
Let's start with a simple C program which performs a file copy, which will show to compile and run programs, as well as perform simple sandbox configuration. The C code here uses standard POSIX APIs, and doesn't have any knowledge of WASI, WebAssembly, or sandboxing.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <errno.h>
int main(int argc, char **argv) {
ssize_t n, m;
char buf[BUFSIZ];
if (argc != 3) {
fprintf(stderr, "usage: %s <from> <to>\n", argv[0]);
exit(1);
}
int in = open(argv[1], O_RDONLY);
if (in < 0) {
fprintf(stderr, "error opening input %s: %s\n", argv[1], strerror(errno));
exit(1);
}
int out = open(argv[2], O_WRONLY | O_CREAT, 0660);
if (out < 0) {
fprintf(stderr, "error opening output %s: %s\n", argv[2], strerror(errno));
exit(1);
}
while ((n = read(in, buf, BUFSIZ)) > 0) {
char *ptr = buf;
while (n > 0) {
m = write(out, ptr, (size_t)n);
if (m < 0) {
fprintf(stderr, "write error: %s\n", strerror(errno));
exit(1);
}
n -= m;
ptr += m;
}
}
if (n < 0) {
fprintf(stderr, "read error: %s\n", strerror(errno));
exit(1);
}
return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}We'll put this source in a file called demo.c.
The wasi-sdk provides a clang
which is configured to target WASI and use the WASI sysroot by default if you put the extracted tree into /, so we can
compile our program like so:
$ clang demo.c -o demo.wasm
If you would want to extract it elsewhere, you can specify the sysroot directory like so
$ clang demo.c --sysroot <path to sysroot> -o demo.wasm
If you're using the wasi-sdk, the sysroot directory is located in opt/wasi-sdk/share/sysroot/ on Linux and mac.
This is just regular clang, configured to use
a WebAssembly target and sysroot. The output name specified with the "-o"
flag can be anything you want, and does not need to contain the .wasm extension.
In fact, the output of clang here is a standard WebAssembly module:
$ file demo.wasm
demo.wasm: WebAssembly (wasm) binary module version 0x1 (MVP)
The same effect can be achieved with Rust. Firstly, go ahead and create a new binary crate:
$ cargo new demo
You can also clone the Rust code with the crate preset for you from here.
Now, let's port the C program defined in From C section to Rust:
use std::env;
use std::fs;
use std::io::{Read, Write};
fn process(input_fname: &str, output_fname: &str) -> Result<(), String> {
let mut input_file =
fs::File::open(input_fname).map_err(|err| format!("error opening input {}: {}", input_fname, err))?;
let mut contents = Vec::new();
input_file
.read_to_end(&mut contents)
.map_err(|err| format!("read error: {}", err))?;
let mut output_file = fs::File::create(output_fname)
.map_err(|err| format!("error opening output {}: {}", output_fname, err))?;
output_file
.write_all(&contents)
.map_err(|err| format!("write error: {}", err))
}
fn main() {
let args: Vec<String> = env::args().collect();
let program = args[0].clone();
if args.len() < 3 {
eprintln!("usage: {} <from> <to>", program);
return;
}
if let Err(err) = process(&args[1], &args[2]) {
eprintln!("{}", err)
}
}Let's put this source in the main file of our crate src/main.rs.
In order to build it, we first need to install a WASI-enabled Rust toolchain:
$ rustup target add wasm32-wasip1
$ cargo build --target wasm32-wasip1
We should now have the WebAssembly module created in target/wasm32-wasip1/debug:
$ file target/wasm32-wasip1/debug/demo.wasm
demo.wasm: WebAssembly (wasm) binary module version 0x1 (MVP)
The resultant WebAssembly module demo.wasm compiled either from C or Rust is simply
a single file containing a self-contained wasm module, that doesn't require
any supporting JS code.
We can execute it with wasmtime directly, like so:
$ wasmtime demo.wasm
usage: demo.wasm <from> <to>
Ok, this program needs some command-line arguments. So let's give it some:
$ echo hello world > test.txt
$ wasmtime demo.wasm test.txt /tmp/somewhere.txt
error opening input test.txt: No such file or directory
Aha, now we're seeing the sandboxing in action. This program is attempting to
access a file by the name of test.txt, however it hasn't been given the
capability to do so.
So let's give it capabilities to access files in the requisite directories:
$ wasmtime --dir=. --dir=/tmp demo.wasm test.txt /tmp/somewhere.txt
$ cat /tmp/somewhere.txt
hello world
Now our program runs as expected!
What's going on under the covers? The --dir= option instructs wasmtime
to preopen a directory, and make it available to the program as a capability
which can be used to open files inside that directory. Now when the program
calls the C/Rust open function, passing it either an absolute or relative path,
the WASI libc transparently translates that path into a path that's relative to
one of the given preopened directories, if possible (using a technique based
on libpreopen). This way, we can have a
simple capability-oriented model at the system call level, while portable
application code doesn't have to do anything special.
As a brief aside, note that we used the path . above to grant the program
access to the current directory. This is needed because the mapping from
paths to associated capabilities is performed by libc, so it's part of the
WebAssembly program, and we don't expose the actual current working
directory to the WebAssembly program. So providing a full path doesn't work:
$ wasmtime --dir=$PWD --dir=/tmp demo.wasm test.txt /tmp/somewhere.txt
error opening input test.txt: No such file or directory
So, we always have to use . to refer to the current directory.
Speaking of ., what about ..? Does that give programs a way to break
out of the sandbox? Let's see:
$ wasmtime --dir=. --dir=/tmp demo.wasm test.txt /tmp/../etc/passwd
error opening output /tmp/../etc/passwd: Operation not permitted
The sandbox says no. And note that this is the capabilities system saying no
here ("Operation not permitted"), rather than Unix access controls
("Permission denied"). Even if the user running wasmtime had write access to
/etc/passwd, WASI programs don't have the capability to access files outside
of the directories they've been granted. This is true when resolving symbolic
links as well.
wasmtime also has the ability to remap directories:
$ wasmtime --dir=. --dir=/var/tmp::/tmp demo.wasm test.txt /tmp/somewhere.txt
$ cat /var/tmp/somewhere.txt
hello world
This maps the name /tmp within the WebAssembly program to /var/tmp in the
host filesystem. So the WebAssembly program itself never sees the /var/tmp path,
but that's where the output file goes.
See here for more information on the capability-based security model.
The capability model is very powerful, and what's shown here is just the beginning. In the future, we'll be exposing much more functionality, including finer-grained capabilities, capabilities for network ports, and the ability for applications to explicitly request capabilities.
In this example we will look at compiling the WebAssembly text format into wasm, and
running the compiled WebAssembly module using the wasmtime runtime. This example
makes use of WASI's fd_write implementation to write hello world to stdout.
First, create a new demo.wat file:
(module
;; Import the required fd_write WASI function which will write the given io vectors to stdout
;; The function signature for fd_write is:
;; (File Descriptor, *iovs, iovs_len, *nwritten) -> Returns 0 on success, nonzero on error
(import "wasi_snapshot_preview1" "fd_write" (func $fd_write (param i32 i32 i32 i32) (result i32)))
(memory 1)
(export "memory" (memory 0))
;; Write 'hello world\n' to memory at an offset of 8 bytes
;; Note the trailing newline which is required for the text to appear
(data (i32.const 8) "hello world\n")
(func $main (export "_start")
;; Creating a new io vector within linear memory
(i32.store (i32.const 0) (i32.const 8)) ;; iov.iov_base - This is a pointer to the start of the 'hello world\n' string
(i32.store (i32.const 4) (i32.const 12)) ;; iov.iov_len - The length of the 'hello world\n' string
(call $fd_write
(i32.const 1) ;; file_descriptor - 1 for stdout
(i32.const 0) ;; *iovs - The pointer to the iov array, which is stored at memory location 0
(i32.const 1) ;; iovs_len - We're printing 1 string stored in an iov - so one.
(i32.const 20) ;; nwritten - A place in memory to store the number of bytes written
)
drop ;; Discard the number of bytes written from the top of the stack
)
)wasmtime can directly execute .wat files:
$ wasmtime demo.wat
hello world
Or, you can compile the .wat WebAssembly text format into the wasm binary format
yourself using the wabt command line tools:
$ wat2wasm demo.wat
The created .wasm file can now be executed with wasmtime directly like so:
$ wasmtime demo.wasm
hello world
To run this example within the browser, simply upload the compiled .wasm file to
the WASI browser polyfill.