us-library-of-congress-api.ipynb

{
 "cells": [
  {
<<<<<<< HEAD
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Useful documentation\n",
    "https://libraryofcongress.github.io/data-exploration/"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 1,
=======
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 39,
>>>>>>> 00c53ba1e348cfb75703c957a8554c36b965d888
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "import requests\n",
    "from collections import Counter"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 2,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "api_url = \"https://www.loc.gov/collections/?fo=json\"\n",
    "r = requests.get(api_url)\n",
    "collections = r.json()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
<<<<<<< HEAD
   "execution_count": 3,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "next_sibling\n",
      "None\n",
      "\n",
      "description\n",
      "Access online collections: view maps & photographs; read letters, diaries & newspapers; hear personal accounts of events; listen to sound recordings & watch historic films. Discover on-site collection materials available through our Research Centers. Access specialized reference databases.\n",
      "\n",
      "views\n",
      "{'list': 'https://www.loc.gov/collections/?fo=json', 'brief': 'https://www.loc.gov/collections/?fo=json&st=brief', 'slideshow': 'https://www.loc.gov/collections/?fo=json&st=slideshow', 'current': '', 'grid': 'https://www.loc.gov/collections/?fo=json&st=grid', 'gallery': 'https://www.loc.gov/collections/?fo=json&st=gallery'}\n",
      "\n",
      "facet_views\n",
      "{'current': 'list', 'calendar': 'https://www.loc.gov/collections/?fo=json&fs=calendar', 'list': 'https://www.loc.gov/collections/?fo=json', 'chart': 'https://www.loc.gov/collections/?fo=json&fs=chart'}\n",
      "\n",
      "search\n",
      "{'union_facets': '', 'dates': None, 'site': {'mode': 'self-discovery', 'facets': {'include': ['subject', 'partof', 'original-format']}, 'style': 'gallery', 'sortBy': 'title_s asc'}, 'in': 'partof:digital collections', 'query': '', 'hits': 369, 'url': 'https://www.loc.gov/collections/?fo=json', 'facet_limits': '', 'sort_by': 'title_s asc', 'field': None, 'recommended': 0, 'type': 'search'}\n",
      "\n",
      "image_urls\n",
      "['/static/research-centers/254_172.jpg']\n",
      "\n",
      "content_is_post\n",
      "False\n",
      "\n",
      "portal\n",
      "True\n",
      "\n",
      "expert_resources\n",
      "None\n",
      "\n",
      "featured_items\n",
      "[{'url': '/collections/historic-american-buildings-landscapes-and-engineering-records', 'image': '/static/collections/historic-american-buildings-landscapes-and-engineering-records/155_155.jpg', 'title': 'Historic American Buildings Survey/Historic American Engineering Record/Historic American Landscapes'}, {'url': 'http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/', 'image': '/static/portals/collections/images/chronam_feature.jpg', 'title': 'Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers'}, {'url': '/collections/fsa-owi-black-and-white-negatives', 'image': '/static/collections/fsa-owi-black-and-white-negatives/155_155.jpg', 'title': 'Farm Security Administration/Office of War Information Black-and-White Negatives'}, {'url': '/collections/cities-and-towns', 'image': '/static/collections/cities-and-towns/155_155.jpg', 'title': 'Cities and Towns'}, {'url': '/collections/civil-war-maps', 'image': '/static/collections/civil-war-maps/155_155.jpg', 'title': 'Civil War Maps '}, {'url': '/collections/detroit-publishing-company', 'image': '/static/collections/detroit-publishing-company/155_155.jpg', 'title': 'Detroit Publishing Company '}, {'url': '/collections/civil-war', 'image': '/static/collections/civil-war/155_155.jpg', 'title': 'Civil War'}, {'url': '/collections/panoramic-maps', 'image': '/static/collections/panoramic-maps/155_155.jpg', 'title': 'Panoramic maps'}, {'url': '/collections/country-studies/', 'image': '/static/collections/country-studies/155_155.jpg', 'title': 'Country Studies'}, {'url': '/collections/general-maps', 'image': '/static/collections/general-maps/155_155.jpg', 'title': 'General Maps'}, {'url': '/collections/popular-graphic-arts', 'image': '/static/collections/popular-graphic-arts/155_155.jpg', 'title': 'Popular Graphic Arts'}, {'url': '/collections/bain', 'image': '/static/collections/bain/155_155.jpg', 'title': 'Bain Collection '}, {'url': '/collections/transportation-and-communication', 'image': '/static/collections/transportation-and-communication/155_155.jpg', 'title': 'Transportation and Communication '}, {'url': '/collections/railroad-maps-1828-to-1900', 'image': '/static/collections/railroad-maps-1828-to-1900/155_155.jpg', 'title': 'Railroad Maps, 1828-1900'}, {'url': '/collections/sanborn-maps ', 'image': '/static/collections/sanborn-maps/155_155.jpg', 'title': 'Sanborn Maps '}, {'url': '/collections/carol-m-highsmith', 'image': '/static/collections/carol-m-highsmith/155_155.jpg', 'title': 'Carol M. Highsmith'}, {'url': '/collections/civil-war-glass-negatives/', 'image': '/static/collections/civil-war-glass-negatives/155_155.jpg', 'title': 'Civil War Glass Negatives and Related Prints'}, {'url': '/collections/stereograph-cards', 'image': '/static/collections/stereograph-cards/155_155.jpg', 'title': 'Stereograph Cards'}, {'url': '/collections/g-eric-and-edith-matson-photographs', 'image': '/static/collections/g-eric-and-edith-matson-photographs/155_155.jpg', 'title': 'Matson Photograph Collection '}, {'url': '/collections/national-photo-company', 'image': '/static/collections/national-photo-company/155_155.jpg', 'title': 'National Photo Company Collection'}, {'url': '/collections/harris-ewing', 'image': '/static/collections/harris-ewing/155_155.jpg', 'title': 'Harris & Ewing Collection '}]\n",
      "\n",
      "form_facets\n",
      "{}\n",
      "\n",
      "pages\n",
      "[{'content': '$search_default|partof:digital collections', 'active': True, 'pagination': '1 of 1', 'link': 'https://www.loc.gov/collections/', 'title': 'Digital Collections', 'url': 'https://www.loc.gov/collections/', 'markup': None, 'slug': '', 'children': [{'pagination': {'from': 1, 'results': '1 - 25', 'last': 'https://www.loc.gov/collections/?fo=json&sp=4', 'total': 15, 'previous': None, 'perpage': 25, 'perpage_options': [25, 50, 100, 150], 'of': 369, 'next': 'https://www.loc.gov/collections/?fo=json&sp=2', 'current': 1, 'to': 25, 'page_list': [{'url': None, 'number': 1}, {'url': 'https://www.loc.gov/collections/?fo=json&sp=2', 'number': 2}, {'url': 'https://www.loc.gov/collections/?fo=json&sp=3', 'number': 3}, {'url': 'https://www.loc.gov/collections/?fo=json&sp=4', 'number': '...'}], 'first': None}, 'title': 'Digital Collections', 'url': 'https://www.loc.gov/collections/', 'markup': None, 'views': {'list': 'https://www.loc.gov/collections/?fo=json', 'brief': 'https://www.loc.gov/collections/?fo=json&st=brief', 'slideshow': 'https://www.loc.gov/collections/?fo=json&st=slideshow', 'current': 'list', 'grid': 'https://www.loc.gov/collections/?fo=json&st=grid', 'gallery': 'https://www.loc.gov/collections/?fo=json&st=gallery'}, 'results': [{'access_restricted': False, 'original_format': ['collection', 'photo, print, drawing', 'manuscript/mixed material'], 'id': 'http://international.loc.gov/intldl/carrollhtml/lchome.html', 'partof': ['rare book and special collections division', 'lewis carroll scrapbooks', 'digital collections'], 'subject': ['social & business history', 'world cultures & history'], 'index': 1, 'group': ['collections-portal'], 'title': 'Lewis Carroll Scrapbooks', '_partof': 'lewis carroll scrapbooks', 'digitized': True, 'description': ['<p>An original scrapbook that was kept  by Charles Lutwidge Dodgson. Better known as Lewis Carroll, the Victorian-era children&rsquo;s  author of <em>Alice&rsquo;s Adventures in Wonderland</em> (1865) and <em>Through the Looking-Glass</em> (1871),  Dodgson was a lecturer in mathematics at the University of Oxford. The scrapbook contains  approximately 130 items, including newspaper clippings, photographs, and a limited number  of manuscript materials, collected between 1855-72. A timeline, authored by Edward Wakeling,  former chairman of the Lewis Carroll Society, helps to place materials found in the scrapbook  in their proper context. </p> <p>Lewis Carroll is the pseudonym for the Reverend Charles Lutwidge Dodgson (1832-1898),  lecturer of mathematics at Oxford University, England. He is best known as the  author of <em>Alice&rsquo;s Adventures in Wonderland</em>, a Victorian Era children&rsquo;s  story. The Lewis Carroll Scrapbook in the Rare Book &amp; Special Collections  Division of the Library of Congress consists of one scrapbook of approximately  200 unnumbered pages, containing 142 pasted and inlaid items. Carroll appears  to have kept the scrapbook between the years 1855 and 1871. Of the approximately  200 unnumbered pages, only 63 pages contain clippings and writing, the remaining  pages are blank. Blank pages are not included in the online collection. There  are seven loose inlaid items that Carroll had presumably not yet pasted into the  scrapbook. These <a href=\"//international.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=lchtml&fileName=lc001/lchtmllc001.db&recNum=63&itemLink=r?intldl/carrollbib:@field%28DOCID+@lit%28carroll000130%29%29\">seven items have been placed on page 64</a> of the scrapbook for  presentation purposes. </p> <p>Users of this online collection have the option of browsing the scrapbook,  page by page; searching bibliographic information (title, subject, notes) or full-text  of items within the scrapbook; or browsing the scrapbook items by author, title,   and subject.</p>'], 'timestamp': '2019-11-22T09:43:42.035Z', 'campaigns': [], 'extract_timestamp': '2019-11-22T09:26:40.115Z', 'shelf_id': 'http://international.loc.gov/intldl/carrollhtml/lchome.html', 'other_title': [], 'count': 1138, 'url': '//international.loc.gov/intldl/carrollhtml/lchome.html', 'items': 'http://international.loc.gov/intldl/carrollhtml/lchome.html', 'hassegments': False, 'image_url': ['https://www.loc.gov/static/collections/lewis-carroll-scrapbooks/155_155.jpg#h=155&w=155', 'https://www.loc.gov/static/collections/lewis-carroll-scrapbooks/500_500.jpg#h=500&w=500'], 'aka': ['http://international.loc.gov/intldl/carrollhtml/lchome.html', 'http://www.loc.gov/collections/carroll/']}, {'item': {'digital_id': ['http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.rbc/collrbc.rb000009'], 'call_number': ['DA86.22.D7'], 'language': ['eng'], 'contributors': ['Hans and Hanni Kraus Sir Francis Drake Collection (Library of Congress)', 'Library of Congress.'], 'title': 'The Kraus Collection of Sir Francis Drake', 'notes': ['access level test'], 'format': ['text'], 'summary': [\"Sir Francis Drake, English explorer and naval strategist, circumnavigated the earth from 1577-1580. During these travels, Drake visited the Caribbean and the Pacific claiming a portion of California for Queen Elizabeth and waging battles on the Spanish. This collection comprises important primary and secondary materials accumulated about Drake's voyages throughout the then Spanish territory of the Americas. Texts are in English, Latin, German, Dutch, Italian, Spanish and French.\"], 'subjects': ['Drake, Francis,--approximately 1540-1596--Sources', 'Explorers--Great Britain', 'Explorers--Spain', 'Great Britain--History, Naval--Tudors, 1485-1603', 'Great Britain--History--Elizabeth, 1558-1603', 'Hans and Hanni Kraus Sir Francis Drake Collection (Library of Congress)'], 'location': ['Great Britain', 'Spain'], 'date': '2005'}, 'access_restricted': False, 'number': ['2006570208', '2019-05-06t16:39:45'], 'original_format': ['collection', 'photo, print, drawing'], 'contributor': ['hans and hanni kraus sir francis drake collection (library of congress)', 'library of congress'], 'id': 'http://international.loc.gov/intldl/drakehtml/rbdkhome.html', 'partof': ['rare book and special collections division', 'sir francis drake (kraus collection)', 'digital collections'], 'subject': ['geography & places', 'world cultures & history'], 'index': 2, 'group': ['collections-portal'], 'title': 'Sir Francis Drake (Kraus Collection)', 'number_source_modified': ['2019-05-06t16:39:45'], 'location': ['great britain', 'spain'], '_partof': 'sir francis drake (kraus collection)', 'resources': [], 'digitized': True, 'description': [\"<h2>Sir Francis Drake</h2> <p>Sir Francis Drake's accomplishments as an explorer and naval strategist were unparalleled. His most notable feat was circumnavigating the earth from 1577-80, the first such voyage since Magellan's in 1522 and the only one up to that time captained by the same man from start to finish. Drake's expeditions to the Caribbean and the Pacific, undertaken during the circumnavigation and in subsequent voyages, revealed significant new geographical data about the New World and added greatly to Queen Elizabeth I's [1533-1603] treasury.</p>  <h2>The Collector</h2> <p>Assembled by Hans Peter Kraus and his wife Hanni in only twelve years, these materials reveal a great breadth and scope in the primary and secondary materials that concern Sir Francis Drake. Kraus was one of the foremost booksellers of the second half of the twentieth century. Born in Austria in 1907, he exhibited a precocious mind and a love of collecting from an early age—which soon turned to a love of collecting books. He became a bookseller under the traditional antiquarian Austrian guild system—first becoming an apprentice. In 1939, during the Nazi Occupation, Kraus and his family fled Austria for the United States. Within two weeks of his arrival in New York, Kraus met Hanni, his future wife and business partner. The couple established an antiquarian bookselling firm, H. P. Kraus, Inc., and amassed the stock and the connections needed for success. Their legendary firm opened in the early 1940s and did not close until 2003. The firm collected and sold many first rate editions.</p> <h2>The Collection</h2>  <p>In a 1968 James Ford Bell Lecture, Kraus explained how a chance comment about the enormous profit reaped by Sir Francis Drake and Queen Elizabeth from the around-the-world voyage piqued his interest and led him to study Drake's life. The more that Kraus learned, the more fascinated he became, and he resolved to put together a collection of contemporary materials related to Drake and his journeys. In 1980 Hans and Hanni Kraus generously donated their collection to the Rare Book and Special Collections Division of the Library of Congress. The combination of the Library's other rich collections from this period and the resources of the neighboring Folger Shakespeare Library make Washington a preeminent center for the study of the Elizabethan era.  The Kraus Collection consists of 60 items--16 manuscripts, 29 books, 8 maps and views, and 7 medals and portraits. The materials range in date from 1579 to 1765 and are written in English, Spanish, Latin, Italian, German, French, and Dutch.</p> <h3>Manuscripts</h3>  <p>Manuscripts range in date from 1579 to 1603. They are mostly correspondence between various governing officials and diplomats of the Spanish and English crowns regarding Drake's activities in Spanish America and are written in Spanish, English, Latin, and Italian. Many of the other documents concern legal or financial topics, including the record of Drake's sale of a 71-year lease of a house called the &quot;The Herbar.&quot;</p> <h3>Books</h3>  <p>Books range in date from 1581 to 1695 and are published in Spanish, English, Latin, German, French, and Dutch. Topics include general histories of exploration, trade, and navigation on the high seas including Drake's circumnavigation of the world. Other topics are of a more political nature and either extol Drake's accomplishments or decry his plunders in Spanish America. Still other accounts are biographies of the crowned heads Queen Elizabeth I and King Philip II [1527-1598].</p> <h3>Maps and views</h3>  <p>Maps and views range in date from 1570 to 1765 and were created by Spanish, Belgian, and English cartographers. Spanish America is depicted with drawings of fortresses and harbors as well as with maps of St. Augustine, South America, and the West Indies. There are also drawings depicting the Spanish Armada and the sea battles between the Spanish and the English. There is also a map of the world with an engraving of Drake and a map of Devonshire, England.</p> <h3>Medals and Portraits</h3>  <p>Medals and portraits range in date from 1583 to 1598 and are English, Spanish, and Dutch in origin. Two engraved medals commemorate the defeat of the Spanish Armada and two medals by Michael Mercator depict engravings of the world. There is also an engraving of Drake on paper, a series of portraits of sea explorers, and an oil portrait of Lord William Cecil Burghley, Queen Elizabeth I's secretary from 1558 to 1572.</p>\"], 'timestamp': '2019-11-22T09:43:42.035Z', 'campaigns': [], 'extract_timestamp': '2019-11-22T09:26:50.534Z', 'date': '2005', 'shelf_id': 'http://international.loc.gov/intldl/drakehtml/rbdkhome.html', 'other_title': [], 'count': 60, 'dates': ['2005-01-01T00:00:00Z'], 'number_lccn': ['2006570208'], 'language': ['english'], 'url': '//international.loc.gov/intldl/drakehtml/rbdkhome.html', 'items': 'http://international.loc.gov/intldl/drakehtml/rbdkhome.html', 'hassegments': False, 'image_url': ['https://www.loc.gov/static/collections/sir-francis-drake/155_155.jpg#h=155&w=155', 'https://www.loc.gov/static/collections/sir-francis-drake/500_500.jpg#h=500&w=500'], 'aka': ['http://international.loc.gov/intldl/drakehtml/rbdkhome.html', 'http://www.loc.gov/collections/kskm/', 'http://lccn.loc.gov/2006570208', 'http://www.loc.gov/item/2006570208/', 'http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.rbc/collrbc.rb000009', 'http://www.loc.gov/resource/collrbc.rb000009/']}, {'access_restricted': False, 'original_format': ['collection', 'sound recording'], 'id': 'http://lcweb2.loc.gov/diglib/ihas/html/afccards/afccards-home.html', 'partof': ['digital collections', 'american folklife center', 'traditional music and spoken word'], 'subject': ['local history & folklife', 'performing arts'], 'index': 3, 'group': ['collections-portal'], 'title': 'Traditional Music and Spoken Word', 'location': ['united states'], '_partof': 'traditional music and spoken word', 'digitized': True, 'description': ['<p>The audio recordings represented in the catalog were recorded between 1897 and 1962. The majority of these are lacquer and aluminum-based instantaneous disc recordings made between 1933 and 1950. The handful of collections that fall outside this date range is described at the end of this page.</p>  <p>The card catalog represented in this online database was first created by Work Projects Administration (WPA) workers in the late 1930s and early 1940s, and continued by the Archive of Folk Song (now part of the American Folklife Center) staff into the early 1960s. Its purpose was to provide the public with access to the thousands of individual songs, tunes, folk tales, sermons, monologues, and life stories in the Archive\\'s collections.</p>  <figure class=\"image-align-right\"><img src=\"/static/collections/traditional-music-and-spoken-word/images/afccards-home.jpg\" width=\"275\" alt=\"\" /><figcaption ><em>(clockwise from top)</em>: <a href=\"http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.afc/afcts.p016\">Charles Todd at the recording machine surrounded by a group of Mexican boys and men</a>; <a href=\"http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.afc/afcts.p008 \">Will Neal playing fiddle and being recorded by Charles Todd and Robert Sonkin</a>; <a href=\"http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/ppmsc.00400\">Blind Willie McTell, with 12-string guitar, hotel room, Atlanta, Georgia</a>. <br/><em>(background)</em>: Sample drawer from the American Folklife Center\\'s card catalog. Card shown is catalog number AFS 3762A5, \"Cripple Creek,\" played on the banjo by Wade Ward, recorded by Pete Seeger and Alan Lomax in Galax, Virginia, January, 1939.Photo by Stephen Winick, American Folklife Center, Library of Congress.</figcaption></figure>  <p>Included are the seminal field recordings associated with John A. Lomax and Alan Lomax\\'s Library of Congress collecting work (Leadbelly, Woody Guthrie, Jelly Roll Morton), and Alan Lomax\\'s less well-known field collections in Haiti in 1936 to 1937 and in the upper Midwest of the United States in 1938. There are hundreds of well-known and lesser-known treasures by other notable collectors including Herbert Halpert, Zora Neale Hurston, Henrietta Yurchenco, Vance Randolph, and Helen Creighton, among many others. The catalog also reflects exchange projects with institutions outside the United States, notably the Discoteca Pública Municipal de São Paulo Collection (1938-1943) of field recordings from Brazil; and field recordings collected in Oceania. The researcher may encounter duplicate or multiple cards for some of the non-English recordings in this catalog. The researcher should also be aware that for some non-English recordings from this period, no cards were made. We hope to expand the catalog in the future and add the bibliographic data for the sound recordings that are now represented only as \"Spanish\" or \"Foreign.\"</p> <p>The physical card catalog in the Archive is searchable only by title, performer, state (if U.S.), shelflist number (AFS number), or country/language (other than English). The online version of the catalog searches these areas, plus recording dates, recordist\\'s names, and many others. Our plans are to continue to increase access to individually recorded items in our collections and to grow this database beyond just the cards represented in this online catalog to other collections in the Archive.</p> <p>Please note that this catalog represents only a portion of our recordings; in fact the majority of the Archive\\'s recordings are not represented here. There is also information in the catalog that is incorrect and incomplete. We are continually working to make these corrections, and to add more material to the database. If you see an error please feel free to notify us with corrections. <a href=\"//www.loc.gov/folklife/address.html\">Contact us</a>.</p> <h2>Collections in the catalog that fall outside the bulk date range</h2> <p>AFS 801-810: Ten discs of Walter McClintock\\'s recordings of Blackfoot singers in Montana, recorded in 1898. These are disc copies of wax cylinders. The Archive later received the original cylinders which were duplicated onto AFS 20,237-20,239.</p> <p>AFS 814-815: Two discs of Clark Wissler\\'s recordings of Blackfoot singers in Montana, recorded in 1904. Originally recorded on wax cylinders.</p> <p>AFS 4326-4412: Eighty-five discs of duplicates of wax cylinders in the Percy Grainger collection of English, Danish and Maori songs. Recorded primarily in 1906 and 1908.</p> <p>AFS 9448-9467: Twenty discs of traditional songs of France and French Colonies donated by Phonothèque Nationale. Recorded between 1897-1948. Some originally recorded on wax cylinders.</p> <p>AFS 10,089: One tape of songs sung by Jean Ritchie of Viper, Kentucky. Recorded at the Library of Congress by Herman Norwood, May 1951.</p> <p>AFS 10,095: One tape of folk songs of North Carolina performed by Virgil Sturgill, folk singer of North Carolina, originally from Kentucky. Recorded at the Library of Congress, June 1951.</p> <p>AFS 10,803-10,825: Twenty-three tapes of songs, fiddle tunes, and conversations from Arkansas. Recorded in 1951-52 by Irene Carlisle of the University of Arkansas in Fayetteville.</p> <p>AFS 10,943-10,967: Twenty-five tapes of Greek heroic poetry, folk tales, and folk songs collected by James A. Notopoulos, 1952-1953.</p> <p>AFS 11,683-11,687: Five tapes of traditional folk, art, and popular music of Morocco. Recorded by Paul Bowles, 1959-1962.</p> <h2>Disclaimer</h2> <p>The mission of the Library of Congress is to make its resources available and useful to the Congress and the American people. Through its Web sites, the Library offers broad public access to a wide range of information, including historical materials that may contain offensive language or negative stereotypes. Such materials must be viewed in the context of the relevant time period. The Library of Congress does not endorse the views expressed in such materials.</p> <p><em>For more information:</em></p> <ul> <li><a href=\"//www.loc.gov/folklife/index.html\">American Folklife Center (AFC) home</a></li> <li><a href=\"//www.loc.gov/folklife/address.html\">AFC reference assistance</a></li> <li><a href=\"//www.loc.gov/rr/askalib/ask-folklife.html\">Ask a Librarian service</a></li> <li><a href=\"//www.loc.gov/folklife/rec.html\">About published recordings from the Archive of Folk Culture</a></li> <li><a href=\"//www.loc.gov/folklife/recordering.html\">Can I order copies of archival recordings?</a></li> </ul>'], 'timestamp': '2019-11-22T09:43:42.035Z', 'campaigns': [], 'extract_timestamp': '2019-11-22T09:26:40.115Z', 'date': '1897', 'shelf_id': 'http://lcweb2.loc.gov/diglib/ihas/html/afccards/afccards-home.html', 'other_title': [], 'count': 1, 'dates': ['1897-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1898-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1899-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1900-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1901-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1902-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1903-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1904-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1905-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1906-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1907-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1908-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1909-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1910-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1911-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1912-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1913-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1914-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1915-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1916-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1917-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1918-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1919-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1920-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1921-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1922-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1923-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1924-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1925-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1926-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1927-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1928-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1929-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1930-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1931-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1932-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1933-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1934-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1935-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1936-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1937-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1938-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1939-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1940-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1941-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1942-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1943-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1944-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1945-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1946-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1947-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1948-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1949-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1950-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1951-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1952-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1953-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1954-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1955-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1956-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1957-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1958-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1959-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1960-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1961-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1962-01-01T00:00:00Z'], 'url': '//lcweb2.loc.gov/diglib/ihas/html/afccards/afccards-home.html', 'items': 'http://lcweb2.loc.gov/diglib/ihas/html/afccards/afccards-home.html', 'hassegments': False, 'image_url': ['https://www.loc.gov/static/collections/traditional-music-and-spoken-word/155_155.jpg#h=155&w=155', 'https://www.loc.gov/static/collections/traditional-music-and-spoken-word/500_500.jpg#h=500&w=500'], 'aka': ['http://lcweb2.loc.gov/diglib/ihas/html/afccards/afccards-home.html', 'http://www.loc.gov/collections/word/']}, {'item': {'digital_id': ['http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.law/colllaw.la000001'], 'call_number': ['KF35'], 'language': ['eng'], 'contributors': ['Law Library of Congress (U.S.)', 'Library of Congress. National Digital Library Program.'], 'title': 'A century of lawmaking for a new nation U.S. Congressional documents and debates, 1774-1875', 'notes': ['System requirements: World Wide Web (WWW) browser software.', 'Mode of access: World Wide Web.', 'Title from title screen dated April 29, 2005.', 'Changed Ldr/06 per OCLC request, updated title, desc., etc. ta15 2005-04-20'], 'format': ['text'], 'summary': [\"Consists of a linked set of published congressional records of the United States of America from the Continental Congress through the 43rd Congress, 1774-1875. It includes the Journals of the Continental Congress (1774-89); the Letters of Delegates to Congress (1774-89); the Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, or Farrand's Records, and the Debates in the Several State Conventions on the Adoption of the Federal Constitution (1787-88), or Elliot's Debates; the Journals of the House of Representatives (1789-1875) and the Senate (1789-1875), including the Senate Executive Journal (1789-1875); the Journal of William Maclay (1789-91), senator from Pennsylvania in the 1st Congress; the debates of Congress as published in the Annals of Congress (1789-1824), the Register of Debates (1824-37), Congressional Globe (1833-73), and Congressional Record (1873-75); the Statutes at Large (1789-1875); the American State Papers (1789-1838); and congressional bills and resolutions for selected sessions beginning with the 6th Congress (1799) in the House of Representatives and the 16th Congress (1819) in the Senate. A select number of documents and reports from the monumental U.S. Congressional Serial Set are available as well. This online collection houses the records of the U.S. Congress up to 1875, which includes the first three volumes of the Congressional Record, published by the Government Printing Office.\"], 'subjects': ['United States.--Congress--History--Sources', 'Law--United States--Sources', 'United States--Politics and government--1783-1809--Sources', 'United States--Politics and government--19th century--Sources'], 'location': ['United States'], 'date': '1998', 'created_published': ['[Washington, D.C.] : Library of Congress, [1998-]'], 'other_title': ['U.S. Congressional documents and debates, 1774-1875', 'U.S. Congressional documents and debates, 1774-1873']}, 'access_restricted': False, 'number': ['2006-01-19t11:45:01', '98803272'], 'original_format': ['collection', 'book', 'manuscript/mixed material'], 'contributor': ['library of congress. national digital library program', 'law library of congress (u.s.)'], 'id': 'http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/amlaw/lawhome.html', 'partof': ['a century of lawmaking for a new nation: u.s. congressional documents and debates 1774-1875', 'digital collections'], 'subject': ['government, law & politics', 'american history', 'world cultures & history'], 'index': 4, 'group': ['collections-portal'], 'title': 'A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation: U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates 1774-1875', 'number_source_modified': ['2006-01-19t11:45:01'], 'location': ['united states'], '_partof': 'a century of lawmaking for a new nation: u.s. congressional documents and debates 1774-1875', 'resources': [], 'digitized': True, 'description': [\"<p>Beginning with the Continental Congress in 1774, America's national legislative bodies have kept records of their proceedings. The records of the Continental Congress, the Constitutional Convention, and the United States Congress make up a rich documentary history of the construction of the nation and the development of the federal government and its role in the national life. These documents record American history in the words of those who built our government.</p>\"], 'timestamp': '2019-11-22T09:43:42.035Z', 'campaigns': [], 'extract_timestamp': '2019-11-22T09:26:40.115Z', 'date': '1998', 'shelf_id': 'http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/amlaw/lawhome.html', 'other_title': ['U.S. Congressional documents and debates, 1774-1875', 'U.S. Congressional documents and debates, 1774-1873'], 'count': 637, 'dates': ['1774-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1775-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1776-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1777-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1778-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1779-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1780-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1781-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1782-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1783-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1784-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1785-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1786-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1787-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1788-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1789-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1790-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1791-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1792-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1793-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1794-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1795-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1796-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1797-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1798-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1799-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1800-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1801-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1802-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1803-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1804-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1805-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1806-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1807-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1808-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1809-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1810-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1811-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1812-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1813-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1814-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1815-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1816-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1817-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1818-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1819-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1820-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1821-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1822-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1823-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1824-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1825-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1826-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1827-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1828-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1829-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1830-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1831-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1832-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1833-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1834-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1835-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1836-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1837-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1838-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1839-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1840-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1841-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1842-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1843-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1844-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1845-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1846-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1847-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1848-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1849-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1850-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1851-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1852-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1853-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1854-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1855-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1856-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1857-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1858-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1859-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1860-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1861-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1862-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1863-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1864-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1865-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1866-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1867-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1868-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1869-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1870-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1871-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1872-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1873-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1874-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1875-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1998-01-01T00:00:00Z'], 'number_lccn': ['98803272'], 'language': ['english'], 'url': '//memory.loc.gov/ammem/amlaw/lawhome.html', 'items': 'http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/amlaw/lawhome.html', 'hassegments': False, 'image_url': ['https://www.loc.gov/static/collections/century-of-lawmaking/155_155.jpg#h=155&w=155', 'https://www.loc.gov/static/collections/century-of-lawmaking/500_500.jpg#h=500&w=500'], 'aka': ['http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/amlaw/lawhome.html', 'http://www.loc.gov/collections/lawmaking/', 'https://lccn.loc.gov/98803272', 'https://www.loc.gov/item/98803272', 'http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.law/colllaw.la000001', 'http://www.loc.gov/item/98803272/', 'http://lccn.loc.gov/98803272', 'http://www.loc.gov/resource/colllaw.la000001/']}, {'access_restricted': False, 'original_format': ['collection', 'book', 'photo, print, drawing', 'manuscript/mixed material'], 'id': 'http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/amrvhtml/conshome.html', 'partof': ['the evolution of the conservation movement', 'law library of congress', 'manuscript division', 'prints and photographs division', 'digital collections', 'geography and map division'], 'subject': ['government, law & politics', 'science & technology', 'american history'], 'index': 5, 'group': ['collections-portal'], 'title': 'The Evolution of the Conservation Movement', 'location': ['united states'], '_partof': 'the evolution of the conservation movement', 'digitized': True, 'description': ['<p><em>The Evolution of the Conservation Movement, 1850-1920</em> documents  the historical formation and cultural foundations of the movement to  conserve and protect America\\'s natural heritage, through books,  pamphlets, government documents, manuscripts, prints, photographs, and  motion picture footage drawn from the collections of the Library of  Congress.</p> <p> The collection consists of 62 books and pamphlets, 140 Federal statutes  and Congressional resolutions, 34 additional legislative documents,  excerpts from the <em>Congressional Globe</em> and the <em>Congressional Record</em>, 360 Presidential proclamations, 170 prints and photographs, 2 historic manuscripts, and 2 motion pictures. </p> <h2>Preface: The Early Conservation Movement in Context</h2> <p>Concern for the relationship between humans and the natural world has  been a definitive element in nearly all cultures.  In the United  States, however, between about 1850 and 1920, a heightened conservation  consciousness first emerged as a complex, broadly popular political and  cultural movement, based largely on a growing appreciation among  newly-urbanized Americans for the importance of nature as an economic,  aesthetic, and spiritual resource, together with a newly urgent  conviction that nature\\'s resources were increasingly imperilled.  This  movement led to unprecedented public and private initiatives intended to  ensure the wise and scientific use of natural resources, and the  preservation of wildlife and of landscapes of great natural beauty. </p> <p> From the vantage point of the end of the twentieth century, it is  perhaps natural to regard the development of conservation stewardship as  a single discernible movement in American history, one which came of  age in the decades between 1850 and 1920, though it has continued to  expand and evolve in vital ways in the decades ever since.  To the  cultural historian probing the components of this movement, however, its  unity, and hence its inevitable coming of age in the nation\\'s  consciousness, are far less clear.  On the contrary, what is most  striking is the eclectic nature of the historical trends and cultural  attitudes which coalesced in the development of conservation thought and  policy.  This collection of materials from the Library of Congress  reflects the conservation movement\\'s complexity and heterogeneity. </p> <p> At the broadest level, the development of at least three distinct but  interlocking imperatives guided Americans\\' re-conception of their  relation to their natural environment in the 1850-1920 era, forming the  basic themes that find endless variation in the materials of this  collection: </p> <ul>  <li><strong>Scientific and technological concerns</strong>, including recognition of the human impact on the natural environment, and faith in the human capacity to manage that impact actively and wisely for human benefit;</li>  <li><strong>Philosophical, ethical, and spiritual values and symbolizations</strong>, including those which linked American \"nature\" to the construction of American national identity and character, and redefined the natural world as a moral and spiritual resource for urban and industrial man; </li>  <li><strong>Aesthetic considerations</strong>, including those which celebrated the perception and enjoyment of wildlife, wilderness, and natural beauty as legitimate and necessary recreational resources in American life. </li> </ul> <p>These fundamental preoccupations intersected with a cluster of deep  historical transformations--the triumph of large-scale  industrialization, urbanization, full-fledged commercial agriculture and  natural-resource extraction--all of which amounted to a fourth  formative pattern in the culture of the age: </p> <blockquote>  <p><strong>A profound revision in the man-land and man-nature relationships which had subsisted in America since the European settlement.</strong></p> </blockquote> <p>The development of conservation thought and policy may be traced from  these structural and ideological roots as they ramified throughout  American life to manifest themselves in a host of related phenomena,  including the following: </p> <blockquote>  <p>... a perceived crisis in American national identity and purpose,  expressed in part in the popularity of the \"Turner thesis\" (named for  the historian who developed it, Frederick Jackson Turner), which located  the source of American identity in the pioneer encounter with the  wilderness frontier, and deemed that frontier now \"closed\"</p>  <p> ... expressions of anti-urbanism and anti-modernism among intellectuals and the elite </p>  <p> ... the transformation of the old American pastoral/agrarian ideology  into the new suburban ideal, with its accoutrements of landscape  gardening, country clubs, summer camps, etc. </p>  <p> ... the burgeoning interest in camping and \"woodcraft\" as resources for  recreation and character development, especially for boys, and the  resulting formation of scouting organizations </p>  <p> ... the use of nature as an instrument of education and socialization,  as in the urban parks and playgrounds movement, and the movement for  \"nature study\" in schools </p>  <p> ... the development of landscape architecture as a profession </p>  <p> ... the intellectual mastery of the American landscape and its  resources, particularly in the West, attained by the body of  explorations and surveys in the later decades of the nineteenth century  that brought to a close white men\\'s centuries-long calculation of the  continent </p>  <p> ... the use of photography to fix the image and identity of the  American landscape, especially in the \"wilderness\" west, in the  post-Civil War years </p>  <p> ... the practice of academic (but broadly popular) landscape painting  in the second half of the nineteenth century as a self-conscious  instrument marrying science, spirituality, and the celebration of the  American landscape as the source of the nation\\'s moral identity </p>  <p> ... the development of scenic tourism by railway and (eventually) by  automobile, and the growing recognition of its economic importance </p>  <p> ... the growth of travel literature celebrating natural beauty and the pleasures of wild places </p>  <p> ... a growing body of reflective and analytical writings exploring man\\'s relationship with nature </p>  <p> ... the proliferation of nature essays and nature-based fiction and  poetry in popular periodicals and books, with their implicit perception  of nature as a locus of moral authority </p>  <p> ... the sentimental celebration of nature as a theme in popular music and amateur painting </p>  <p> ... the growth of leisure time for the new urban and suburban middle  class, a function of the diminished temporal demands of  industrially-related as opposed to agricultural labor </p>  <p> ... the growth of hiking, mountaineering, angling, and game-hunting as  recreational activities, and the proliferation of amateur clubs to  sustain them </p>  <p> ... upper-class sportsmen\\'s increasing concern about dwindling game  populations, and their readiness to exercise decisive leadership in many  aspects of the movement to conserve natural resources </p>  <p> ... the growth of \"birding\" as a popular hobby, and the proliferation  of amateur ornithological clubs and bird sanctuaries, whose sponsors  also moved quickly into positions of leadership in conservation advocacy </p>  <p> ... the consequent origins of what the historian Stephen R. Fox calls  the \"radical amateur\" tradition which led the development of American  conservationism into the 1960s </p>  <p> ... debate over the use, control, and distribution of the nation\\'s remaining public lands and their resources </p>  <p> ... growing recognition of the disastrous consequences of deforestation, particularly in the eastern United States </p>  <p> ... increasing public anxiety over the perceived waste of the nation\\'s natural endowment </p>  <p> ... ascendant confidence in the authority of science to guide human  knowledge and action, and in the power of technology to solve human  problems </p>  <p> ... the creative influence of scientists and engineers on the development of government policy concerning natural resources </p>  <p> ... the development of the Progressive Movement, with its characteristic faith in rational public management. </p> </blockquote> <p> These phenomena unfolded at a time in American history when the  now-familiar boundaries between amateur and professional science,  between science and religion, and between elite and popular culture were  in many ways far less fixed than they have since become.  Liberally  educated individuals could still speak with authority on scientific  matters, scientific investigation could still be construed as a  complement to religious faith, and instruments of cultural expression  commonly crossed class lines.  These factors, too, complexified the  historical ferment within which conservationism found its beginnings. </p> <p> From this milieu emerged the first great public accomplishments of the  American conservation movement, a constellation of projects in many  areas of the nation\\'s life, devised on widely varying principles for  widely varying ends, that nevertheless succeeded in significantly  reorienting public policy and popular awareness toward the imperatives  of collective stewardship exercised on a scale unprecedented in the  history of the nation and, in some respects, the world.  Between 1850  and 1920, American conservationists invented the idea of the national  park and developed the national park system, establishing an  international model for the preservation of natural beauty and  wilderness; they instituted the practice of scientific forestry on a  broad scale in North America, adopted the principles of forestry as  government policy, established the national forest system, and founded  the Forest Service; they undertook large-scale technological management  of natural resources as a socially beneficent public objective, notably  through irrigation development; they passed state and Federal  legislation to protect certain classes of wildlife, and established a  system of national wildlife refuges; they participated in the beginnings  of systematic effort to control the impact of environmental pollution  on human health and welfare, especially in urban areas; they established  Arbor Day and Bird Day observances as a means of cultivating widespread  conservation awareness and individual conservation effort, especially  among school-children; and they supported President Theodore Roosevelt\\'s  identification of conservation as a central object of national policy.   Even their divisions became definitive: the controversy over San  Francisco\\'s proposal to dam Yosemite\\'s Hetch Hetchy Valley galvanized  public consciousness of conservation issues, and crystallized the  tension between utilitarians and preservationists that has defined the  terms of conservation debate into the late twentieth century. </p> <p> For all its complexities and contradictions, for all its bargains with  greed and expedience and its failures of will or of vision (all of which  are, of course, easier to discern in the luxury of historical  hindsight), the early American conservation movement left a formidable  legacy.  At a time of revolutionary change and conflict in American  society, conservationists reasserted the moral obligation human beings  have to one another in their use of the natural world, and established  that obligation as a primary principle of the nation\\'s public life.  At a  time when fewer and fewer of their fellow-citizens found their identity  in the soil, conservationists reconfigured the character of Americans\\'  moral relationship with nature.  Most fundamentally, perhaps, those who  shaped the early American conservation movement recovered for their  nation the abiding truth that what is human and what is natural are  parts of a single whole, and devised a repertoire of formal structures  and cultural strategies for giving that insight creative and enduring  form.  The materials in this collection are one measure of that  achievement. </p>'], 'timestamp': '2019-11-22T09:43:42.035Z', 'campaigns': [], 'extract_timestamp': '2019-11-22T09:26:50.534Z', 'date': '1850', 'shelf_id': 'http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/amrvhtml/conshome.html', 'other_title': [], 'count': 744, 'dates': ['1850-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1851-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1852-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1853-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1854-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1855-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1856-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1857-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1858-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1859-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1860-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1861-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1862-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1863-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1864-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1865-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1866-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1867-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1868-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1869-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1870-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1871-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1872-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1873-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1874-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1875-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1876-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1877-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1878-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1879-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1880-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1881-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1882-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1883-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1884-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1885-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1886-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1887-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1888-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1889-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1890-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1891-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1892-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1893-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1894-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1895-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1896-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1897-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1898-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1899-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1900-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1901-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1902-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1903-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1904-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1905-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1906-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1907-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1908-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1909-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1910-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1911-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1912-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1913-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1914-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1915-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1916-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1917-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1918-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1919-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1920-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1996-01-01T00:00:00Z'], 'url': '//memory.loc.gov/ammem/amrvhtml/conshome.html', 'items': 'http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/amrvhtml/conshome.html', 'hassegments': False, 'image_url': ['https://www.loc.gov/static/collections/evolution-of-the-conservation-movement/155_155.jpg#h=155&w=155', 'https://www.loc.gov/static/collections/evolution-of-the-conservation-movement/500_500.jpg#h=500&w=500'], 'aka': ['http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/amrvhtml/conshome.html', 'http://www.loc.gov/collections/conserve/']}, {'item': {'digital_id': ['http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/collmss.ms000011', 'http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/eadmss.ms001004', 'http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/eadmss.ms001004.3'], 'medium': ['25,000 items.', '95 containers plus 1 oversize.', '38 linear feet.'], 'repository': ['Library of Congress Manuscript Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA dcu http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/mss.home'], 'contributors': ['Arendt, Hannah, 1906-1975.', 'Blücher, Heinrich, 1899-1970.'], 'title': 'Hannah Arendt papers,', 'notes': ['Arranged in ten series.  Series 1: Family Papers, 1898-1975; Series 2: Correspondence, 1938-1976; Series 3: Adolf Eichmann File, 1938-1968; Series 4: Subject File, 1949-1975; Series 5: Speeches and Writings File, 1923-1975; Series 6: Clippings, 1942-1975; Series 7: Addition I, 1966-1977; Series 8: Addition II, 1906-1975; Series 9: Addition III, 1945; and Series 10: Oversize, 1930-1972.', 'Selected material also available through the Library of Congress Web site under the title, Hannah Arendt Papers at the Library of Congress, at http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/collmss.ms000011', 'Gift and bequest, Hannah Arendt, 1964-2000.', 'Gift, Klaus Loewald, 1981.', 'Gift, Roger Errera, 1994.', 'Gift, Jochen Kölsch, International Verbindungen, 2007.', 'Photographs transferred to Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division.', 'Author, educator, and political philosopher.  Born Johanna Cohn Arendt in 1906; married Heinrich Blücher (after moving to the U.S. the couple primarily used the spelling Bluecher) in 1940 and used her married name Hannah Arendt Blücher for domestic identification.', 'Collection material in English, French, and German.', 'Finding aid available in the Library of Congress Manuscript Reading Room and at http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/eadmss.ms001004'], 'format': ['manuscript', 'collection'], 'summary': [\"Correspondence, speeches and writings, subject files, family papers, clippings, and other papers primarily concerning Arendt's intellectual, social, and professional life as a lecturer and writer after World War II.  Subjects include the Eichmann trial in Jerusalem, Jewish response to the Holocaust, totalitarianism in Germany, and Zionism.  Manuscripts of her works include Between Past and Future; Six Exercises in Political Thought (1961), Eichmann in Jerusalem; A Report on the Banality of Evil (1963), Men in Dark Times (1968), and The Life of the Mind (1978).  Family papers include correspondence and unpublished writings of her husband, Heinrich Blücher.  Many of the letters and papers are in German and other European languages.\", 'Correspondents include W.H. Auden, Hanan J. Ayalti (Hanan Klenbort), Saul Bellow, Walter Benjamin, Rosalie Littell Colie, Joachim C. Fest, Carl J. Friedrich, Elke Gilbert, Robert Gilbert, J. Glenn Gray, Waldemar Gurian, Rolf Hochhuth, Randall Jarrell, Hans Jonas, William Jovanovich, Alfred Kazin, Lotte Köhler, Robert Lowell, Mary McCarthy, Dwight MacDonald, Judah Leon Magnes, Hans Joachim Morgenthau, David Riesman, Ruth H. Rosenau, Gershom Gerhard Scholem, William Shawn, Robert Silvers, Stephen Spender, Paul Tillich, Eric Voegelin, Ernst Vollrath, Anne Weil, Helen Wolff, Kurt Wolff, and University of Chicago faculty members.'], 'language': ['eng', 'fre', 'ger'], 'subjects': ['Auden, W. H.--(Wystan Hugh),--1907-1973--Correspondence', 'Ayalti, Hanan J.,--1910---Correspondence', 'Bellow, Saul--Correspondence', 'Benjamin, Walter,--1892-1940--Correspondence', 'Colie, Rosalie Littell--Correspondence', 'Eichmann, Adolf,--1906-1962--Trials, litigation, etc', 'Fest, Joachim C.,--1926-2006--Correspondence', 'Friedrich, Carl J.--(Carl Joachim),--1901-1984--Correspondence', 'Gilbert, Robert,--1899-1978--Correspondence', 'Gilbert, Elke--Correspondence', 'Gray, J. Glenn--(Jesse Glenn),--1913-1977--Correspondence', 'Gurian, Waldemar,--1902-1954--Correspondence', 'Hochhuth, Rolf--Correspondence', 'Jarrell, Randall,--1914-1965--Correspondence', 'Jonas, Hans,--1903-1993--Correspondence', 'Jovanovich, William--Correspondence', 'Kazin, Alfred,--1915-1998--Correspondence', 'Köhler, Lotte--Correspondence', 'Lowell, Robert,--1917-1977--Correspondence', 'McCarthy, Mary,--1912-1989--Correspondence', 'MacDonald, Dwight--Correspondence', 'Magnes, Judah Leon,--1877-1948--Correspondence', 'Morgenthau, Hans J.--(Hans Joachim),--1904-1980--Correspondence', 'Riesman, David,--1909-2002--Correspondence', 'Rosenau, Ruth H.--Correspondence', 'Scholem, Gershom,--1897-1982--Correspondence', 'Shawn, William--Correspondence', 'Silvers, Robert B.--Correspondence', 'Spender, Stephen,--1909-1995--Correspondence', 'Tillich, Paul,--1886-1965--Correspondence', 'Voegelin, Eric,--1901-1985--Correspondence', 'Vollrath, Ernst--Correspondence', 'Weil, Anne--Correspondence', 'Wolff, Helen,--1906-1994--Correspondence', 'Wolff, Kurt,--1887-1963--Correspondence', 'University of Chicago--Faculty--Correspondence', 'Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945)', 'Jews--Persecutions', 'National socialism', 'Philosophy', 'Political science--Philosophy', 'Totalitarianism', 'War crime trials--Jerusalem', 'Zionism', 'Germany--Politics and government--1933-1945', 'Palestine--Politics and government--1948'], 'location': ['Jerusalem', 'Germany', 'Palestine'], 'date': '||||', 'access_advisory': ['Open to research.', 'Restrictions may apply to unprocessed material.']}, 'access_restricted': False, 'number': ['mm79011056', '2018-09-12t13:09:23'], 'original_format': ['collection', 'manuscript/mixed material'], 'contributor': ['arendt, hannah', 'blücher, heinrich'], 'id': 'http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/arendthtml/arendthome.html', 'partof': ['digital collections', 'manuscript division', 'hannah arendt papers'], 'subject': ['government, law & politics', 'religion & philosophy'], 'index': 6, 'group': ['collections-portal'], 'title': 'Hannah Arendt Papers', 'number_source_modified': ['2018-09-12t13:09:23'], 'location': ['palestine', 'jerusalem', 'germany'], '_partof': 'hannah arendt papers', 'resources': [], 'digitized': True, 'description': ['<p>The papers of the author, educator, and political philosopher Hannah Arendt   (1906-1975) are one of the principal sources for the study of modern   intellectual life. Located in the Manuscript Division at the Library of   Congress, they constitute a large and diverse collection reflecting a complex   career. With over 25,000 items (about 75,000 digital images), the papers contain   correspondence, articles, lectures, speeches, book manuscripts, transcripts of   Adolf Eichmann\\'s trial proceedings, notes, and printed matter pertaining to   Arendt\\'s writings and academic career. The entire collection has been digitized   and is available to researchers in reading rooms at the Library of Congress, the   New School University in New York City, and the Hannah Arendt Center at the   University of Oldenburg, Germany. Parts of the collection and the finding aid   are available for public access on the Internet.</p> <p>The digitization of the Hannah Arendt Papers is made possible through the   generous support of the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation.</p> <h2 name=\"hap\">The Hannah Arendt Papers</h2> <figure class=\"image-align-right\"> <img alt=\"\" src=\"/static/collections/hannah-arendt-papers/images/notes.jpg\" width=\"200\" />  <figcaption>Portion of <a href=\"//memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=mharendt&fileName=04/040420/040420page.db&recNum=0\">notes</a> from Kant lectures delivered at the New School for Social Research, 1970. The Hannah Arendt Papers (The Library of Congress Manuscript Division). </figcaption> </figure> <p>The Library of Congress received the Arendt Papers as a gift and bequest from   Hannah Arendt in various installments from 1965 to 2000. Small additions were   made by Klaus Loewald in 1981 and Roger Errera in 1994. </p> <p>The papers span the years 1898 to 1977, with the bulk of the material   beginning in 1948, three years before Arendt’s naturalization as an American   citizen. The collection is organized in the following series: Family Papers,   Correspondence, Adolf Eichmann File, Subject File, Speeches and Writings File,   Clippings, Addition I, Addition II, and Addition III. Rich in manuscripts and   correspondence for Arendt\\'s productive years as a writer and lecturer after   World War II, the papers are sparse before the mid-1940s because of Arendt\\'s   forced departure from Nazi Germany in 1933 and her escape from occupied France   in 1941. Documentation for the first part of her life includes a few notebooks   and writings; several official and private records relating mainly to her   divorce, family history, and emigration; and a small group of personal   correspondence with her second husband, Heinrich Blücher, some of whose letters   and unpublished writings can be found in the <a href=\"/static/collections/hannah-arendt-papers/articles-and-essays/family-papers/\">Family Papers</a> series. Much of   the material is in German and other European languages.</p> <p>Born Johanna Cohn Arendt, Arendt later used her married name, Blücher, in   private life. Arendt studied with Karl Jaspers at Heidelberg University, but her   career was diverted from teaching and writing for more than a decade as a result   of Adolf Hitler\\'s rise to power and the subsequent persecution of the Jews.   While in France and for several years in the United States, she worked as a   welfare agent in charge of aiding Jews and as a journalist for various Jewish   political and social organizations. Her papers document her support for the   creation of a Palestinian homeland for Jews until 1948, when she dissented from   certain policies of the new state of Israel.</p> <figure class=\"image-align-right\"> <img alt=\"\" src=\"/static/collections/hannah-arendt-papers/images/auden.jpg\" width=\"200\" />  <figcaption>W.H. Auden. Photographed by Arendt in her New York City   apartment, 1967. Courtesy of the Hannah Arendt Trust. </figcaption> </figure> <p>The largest portion of Arendt\\'s papers consists of the <a href=\"/static/collections/hannah-arendt-papers/about-this-collection/correspondence.html\">Correspondence</a> series subdivided under the   headings of General Correspondence, Organizations, Publishers, and Universities   and Colleges. The material traces Arendt\\'s intellectual, social, and   professional life from the late 1940s to her death. Though not a prolific letter   writer, Arendt corresponded with men and women of letters throughout Europe and   America, often for the purpose of giving a reference or arranging conference and   lecture dates, but just as frequently to exchange thoughts and ideas. Her   correspondents include obscure as well as renowned members of the literary and   academic community, many of whom sent her manuscripts in tribute to her   intellectual influence or to solicit her comments. Among the prominent   individuals whose names appear in the general correspondence are poets W. H.   Auden, Randall Jarrell, Robert Lowell, and Stephen Spender; historians Joachim   C. Fest and Carl J. Friedrich; and writers Alfred Kazin, Dwight Macdonald, Mary   McCarthy, and David Riesman. Readers should note that Arendt often typed replies   on the reverse side of the original letters that she received.</p> <p>Among correspondence pertaining to organizations, publishers, and   universities and colleges are occasional personal jottings from individuals who   wrote in an official capacity but were Arendt\\'s friends and acquaintances as   well. Among their letters is correspondence with publishers and editors,   especially Robert B. Silvers of the <em>New York Review of Books</em>, William   Shawn of the <em>New Yorker</em>, and William Jovanovich of Harcourt Brace   Jovanovich, and with Saul Bellow and other faculty members at the University of   Chicago where Arendt was a professor and graduate student adviser on the   Committee on Social Thought.</p> <p>The <a href=\"/static/collections/hannah-arendt-papers/about-this-collection/eichmann.html\">Adolf Eichmann File</a> deals with what was perhaps Arendt\\'s best-known and most controversial work, <em>Eichmann in Jerusalem</em>. Subtitled <em>A Report on the Banality of Evil</em>,   Arendt\\'s conclusions about the nature and character of totalitarian rule in Nazi   Germany, and her interpretation of the Jewish response to the Holocaust,   prompted a strenuous and often emotional debate gathered in folders containing   book reviews, articles, and letters to the editors of the <em>New York Times</em> and the <em>New Yorker</em>. Also in the Eichmann files is material that Arendt   collected while covering the Nazi leader\\'s trial in Jerusalem in 1961, including   incomplete but extensive copies of English and German transcripts of the trial\\'s   proceedings, copies of the final ruling of the Israeli Supreme Court, and   several files of notes and miscellaneous background information. Drafts and   other related material for <em>Eichmann in Jerusalem</em> are located in the   Speeches and Writings series.</p> <p>The <a href=\"/static/collections/hannah-arendt-papers/about-this-collection/subject.html\">Subject File</a> chiefly treats Arendt\\'s role as teacher and lecturer as reflected in the courses   she taught at the New School for Social Research, the University of California   at Berkeley, and the University of Chicago. Numerous lectures and seminar notes   by Arendt include copies of \"Kant\\'s Political Philosophy\" delivered at both the   New School and the University of Chicago. Also included is material relating to   Arendt\\'s students as well as contracts and royalties for her publications.</p> <p>The <a href=\"/static/collections/hannah-arendt-papers/about-this-collection/speeches.html\">Speeches and Writings   File</a> spans the years 1923-75. Arendt\\'s doctoral dissertation, <em>Der   Liebesbegriff bei Augustin</em>, issued by Springer Verlag in 1929, is present in   the original published version and in a manuscript of an English translation, <em>Love and Saint Augustine</em>. Also in this series are various drafts of   lectures and chapters incorporated into Arendt\\'s two-volume work <em>The Life of   the Mind</em>, published posthumously in 1978. Other book-length manuscripts   include the first and final drafts of <em>Between Past and Future</em>; the first   and final corrected copies of <em>Eichmann in Jerusalem</em>, with additional   drafts of the German translation; and <em>Men in Dark Times</em>. There are also   essays and lectures in the Speeches and Writings series in addition to the   lectures and seminar notes in the Subject File folders designated \"Courses\"   Research material arranged by topic is filed under \"Extracts and Notes\" in the   Speeches and Writings series. </p> <figure class=\"image-align-right\"> <img border=\"0\" alt=\"\" src=\"/static/collections/hannah-arendt-papers/images/mccarthy.jpg\" width=\"200\" />  <figcaption>Hannah Arendt and Mary McCarthy, ca. 1960s. Courtesy of the   Hannah Arendt Trust.</figcaption> </figure> <p><A href=\"/ammem/arendthtml/mharendtFolder07.html\">Addition I</A> supplements   the Speeches and Writings series with extensive material pertaining to the   publication of <em>The Life of the Mind</em>, including drafts annotated by the   work\\'s editor, Mary McCarthy. A small group of lectures is also contained in   this addition. <A href=\"/ammem/arendthtml/mharendtFolder08.html\">Addition II</A> includes correspondence from Arendt to Heinrich Blücher and a notebook kept by   Arendt\\'s mother recording Arendt\\'s development as a child. <A href=\"/ammem/arendthtml/mharendtFolder09.html\">Addition III</A> contains   additional correspondence and notes by Arendt.</p> <p>In addition to the correspondents noted above, the Arendt Papers include   letters to and from Hanan J. Ayalti (pen name of Hanan Klenbort), Walter   Benjamin, Rosalie Littell Colie, Robert and Elke Gilbert, J. Glenn Gray,   Waldemar Gurian, Rolf Hochhuth, Hans Jonas, Lotte Kohler, Judah Leon Magnes,   Hans Joachim Morgenthau, Ruth H. Rosenau, Gershom Gerhard Scholem, Paul Tillich,   Eric Voegelin, Ernst Vollrath, Anne Weil, and Helen and Kurt Wolff.</p> <p>Lotte Kohler\\'s <em>Hannah Arendt/Heinrich Blücher: Briefe 1936-1968</em> (München: Piper, 1996) was consulted during the arrangement of the   correspondence between Arendt and Heinrich Blücher in the Family Papers series.   An English version of Kohler\\'s work entitled <em>Within Four Walls: The   Correspondence between Hannah Arendt and Heinrich Blücher, 1936-1968</em>,   translated by Peter Constantine (New York: Harcourt), was published in 2000.</p> <p>The papers of Hannah Arendt were initially organized and described in 1965   and 1967. A large group of the material received in 1977 was incorporated into   the collection in 1980. Items received in 1982 were processed as Addition I.   Material received between 1985 and 1997 was organized as Addition II in 1998,   and material comprising Addition III was received and organized in 2000. The   entire collection was reprocessed and the register was revised in 2000. The   photographs have been transferred to the Library\\'s Prints and Photographs   Division where they are identified as a part of these papers. These are not   included in the online collection.</p> <p>For reference inquiries, please contact the Library of Congress <a href=\"//lcweb.loc.gov/rr/mss/\">Manuscript Reading Room</a>.</p> <h2 name=\"dgc\">The Digital Collection</h2> <p>In December 1998, the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation awarded the Library of   Congress a grant to support a two-year project to digitize the Hannah Arendt   Papers. The staff of the Manuscript Division at the Library administered the   project, with assistance from the National Digital Library Program (NDLP) and in   cooperation with the New School University in New York City. </p> <p>The digital version of the papers is being made available in two ways. The   collection is available in its entirety onsite at the Library of Congress and   two other research institutions. In addition, major portions of the collection   are available to the public on the Internet.</p> <h2 name=\"cdc\">Onsite Access to the Complete Digital Collection</h2> <p>The complete version of the digitized Arendt Papers (approximately 25,000   items; about 75,000 images) is available to researchers at three locations: the   reading room of the Manuscript Division at the Library of Congress, the New   School University’s Hannah Arendt Center at the Fogelman Library, and the Hannah   Arendt Center at the University of Oldenburg, Germany. Contact these locations   for information about accessing these collections: <h3>Library of Congress Manuscript Division Reading Room</h3> <p>Manuscript Division <br />  Library of Congress <br />  101 Independence Avenue, S.E. <br />  Washington, DC 20540-4680 <br />  Email: <a href=\"mailto:mss@loc.gov\">mss@loc.gov</a> <br />  Administrative Offices: (202)   707-5383 <br />  Reading Room: (202) 707-5387 <br />  Fax: (202)   707-6336</p> <h3>The New School University</h3> <p>Jerome Kohn <br />  Hannah Arendt Center <br />  Department of Philosophy <br />  New   School University <br />  65 Fifth Avenue <br />  New York, NY 10003 <br />  Email: <a href=\"mailto:kohnj@newschool.edu\">kohnj@newschool.edu</a></p> <h3>University of Oldenburg</h3> <p>Prof. Antonia Grunenberg <br />  <a href=\"http://www.uni-oldenburg.de/arendt-zentrum/\">Hannah Arendt Zentrum</a> <br />  Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, BIS <br />  Postfach 2541 <br />  26015   Oldenburg <br />  Germany <br />  Email: <a href=\"mailto:arendt-zentrum@uni-oldenburg.de\">arendt-zentrum@uni-oldenburg.de</a> <br />  Telephone: (+49) 0441/798-2258 <br />  Fax: (+49) 0441/798-5863</p> <h2 name=\"sdi\">Offsite Internet Access to Selected Digital Items</h2> <p>Internet distribution of the Hannah Arendt Papers at the Library of Congress   presented formidable copyright challenges given the quantity and complexity of   the materials involved. In view of the lengthy process that would have been   necessary to secure permission to release the entire collection online the   decision was made to concentrate on sections of the papers most useful for   researchers on Arendt and her work. With the advice of special consultant Jerome   Kohn, director of the Hannah Arendt Center, New School University, the project   staff identified the following series as the top priorities for seeking   copyright permissions: the Adolf Eichmann File, Subject File, Speeches and   Writings File, and Addition I, plus the \"General\" section of the Correspondence   File.</p> <p>The procedure to identify copyright holders of published and unpublished   materials in the collection written by people other than Hannah Arendt was a   complex one. For each document needing copyright permission, the author and   recipient, publisher or corporation, address, date, and biographical information   were recorded when available. This information was entered into a database to   facilitate research to identify and locate copyright holders in order to obtain   permissions. Resources online and in print were examined to locate the addresses   of approximately two thousand correspondents or their heirs in the United States   and numerous other countries. For more information, please refer to <a href=\"/static/collections/hannah-arendt-papers/about-this-collection/rights-access.html\">Copyright and Other Restrictions</a>. Materials with copyright   restrictions or unresolved issues, particularly clippings, are available only at   the three onsite locations. </p>'], 'timestamp': '2019-11-22T09:43:42.035Z', 'campaigns': [], 'extract_timestamp': '2019-11-22T09:26:57.751Z', 'shelf_id': 'http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/arendthtml/arendthome.html', 'other_title': [], 'count': 25001, 'dates': ['1898-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1899-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1900-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1901-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1902-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1903-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1904-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1905-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1906-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1907-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1908-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1909-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1910-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1911-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1912-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1913-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1914-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1915-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1916-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1917-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1918-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1919-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1920-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1921-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1922-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1923-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1924-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1925-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1926-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1927-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1928-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1929-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1930-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1931-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1932-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1933-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1934-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1935-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1936-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1937-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1938-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1939-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1940-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1941-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1942-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1943-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1944-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1945-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1946-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1947-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1948-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1949-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1950-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1951-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1952-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1953-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1954-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1955-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1956-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1957-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1958-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1959-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1960-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1961-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1962-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1963-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1964-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1965-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1966-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1967-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1968-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1969-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1970-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1971-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1972-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1973-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1974-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1975-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1976-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1977-01-01T00:00:00Z'], 'number_lccn': ['mm79011056'], 'language': ['german', 'french', 'english'], 'url': '//memory.loc.gov/ammem/arendthtml/arendthome.html', 'items': 'http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/arendthtml/arendthome.html', 'hassegments': False, 'image_url': ['https://www.loc.gov/static/collections/hannah-arendt-papers/155_155.jpg#h=155&w=155', 'https://www.loc.gov/static/collections/hannah-arendt-papers/500_500.jpg#h=500&w=500'], 'aka': ['http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/arendthtml/arendthome.html', 'http://www.loc.gov/collections/arendt/', 'http://lccn.loc.gov/mm79011056', 'http://www.loc.gov/item/mm79011056/', 'http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/collmss.ms000011', 'http://www.loc.gov/resource/eadmss.ms001004/', 'http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/eadmss.ms001004.3', 'http://www.loc.gov/resource/collmss.ms000011/', 'http://www.loc.gov/resource/eadmss.ms001004.3/', 'http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/eadmss.ms001004']}, {'item': {'digital_id': ['http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.gdc/collgdc.gc000020'], 'call_number': ['F666', 'Z663.1185'], 'language': ['eng'], 'contributors': ['Butcher, Solomon D. (Solomon Devore), 1856-1927.', 'Nebraska State Historical Society.', 'Library of Congress. National Digital Library Program.'], 'title': 'Prairie settlement Nebraska photographs and family letters, 1862-1912.', 'notes': ['Mode of access: World Wide Web.', 'Title from home page as viewed on Aug. 22, 2000.', '\"LC/Ameritech Award Winner\"'], 'format': ['software'], 'summary': ['This digital collection integrates two collections from the holdings of the Nebraska State Historical Society, which illustrate the story of settlement on the Great Plains. Includes approximately 3,000 glass plate negatives by Solomon D. Butcher which record the process of settlement of Nebraska between 1886 and 1912, including Custer, Buffalo, Dawson, and Cherry counties. Also includes approximately 3,000 pages of Oblinger family letters discussing land, work, neighbors, crops, religious meetings, problems with grasshoppers, financial problems, and the Easter Blizzard of 1873. Offered as part of the American Memory online resource compiled by the National Digital Library Program of the Library of Congress.'], 'subjects': ['Frontier and pioneer life--Nebraska--Sources', 'Nebraska--Pictorial works', 'Nebraska--History--Sources', 'Nebraska--Social life and customs--Sources', 'Land settlement--Nebraska--History--Sources', 'Oblinger family--Correspondence', 'Fillmore County (Neb.)--Biography'], 'location': ['Nebraska', 'Fillmore County (Neb.)'], 'date': '2000', 'created_published': ['[Washington, D.C.] : Library of Congress, 2000-']}, 'access_restricted': False, 'number': ['00528680', '2006-01-23t16:55:02'], 'original_format': ['collection', 'photo, print, drawing', 'manuscript/mixed material'], 'contributor': ['butcher, solomon d. (solomon devore)', 'library of congress. national digital library program', 'nebraska state historical society'], 'id': 'http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/award98/nbhihtml/pshome.html', 'partof': ['prairie settlement: nebraska photographs and family letters, 1862-1912', 'digital collections'], 'subject': ['local history & folklife'], 'index': 7, 'group': ['collections-portal'], 'title': 'Prairie Settlement: Nebraska Photographs and Family Letters, 1862-1912', 'number_source_modified': ['2006-01-23t16:55:02'], 'location': ['nebraska', 'fillmore county'], '_partof': 'prairie settlement: nebraska photographs and family letters, 1862-1912', 'resources': [], 'digitized': True, 'description': ['<p>This digital collection integrates two collections from the holdings of the Nebraska State Historical Society, the Solomon D. Butcher photographs and the letters of the Uriah W. Oblinger family. Together they illustrate the story of settlement on the Great Plains. Approximately 3,000 glass plate negatives crafted by Butcher record the process of settlement in Nebraska between 1886 and 1912. Butcher photographed actively in central Nebraska including Custer, Buffalo, Dawson and Cherry counties. The approximately 3,000 pages of Oblinger family letters discuss land, work, neighbors, crops, religious meetings, problems with grasshoppers, financial problems, and the Easter Blizzard of 1873. Uriah Oblinger came from Indiana to Fillmore County, Nebraska in 1873 to claim a homestead for his family. In the eloquent letters exchanged between Uriah and his wife Mattie, and in letters to other family members, Oblinger expresses very personal insight into the joy, despair, and determination in their struggle to establish a home on the prairie. </p>'], 'timestamp': '2019-11-22T09:43:42.035Z', 'campaigns': [], 'extract_timestamp': '2019-11-22T09:26:29.783Z', 'date': '2000', 'shelf_id': 'http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/award98/nbhihtml/pshome.html', 'other_title': [], 'count': 3565, 'dates': ['1862-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1863-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1864-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1865-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1866-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1867-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1868-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1869-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1870-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1871-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1872-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1873-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1874-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1875-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1876-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1877-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1878-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1879-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1880-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1881-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1882-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1883-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1884-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1885-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1886-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1887-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1888-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1889-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1890-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1891-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1892-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1893-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1894-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1895-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1896-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1897-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1898-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1899-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1900-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1901-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1902-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1903-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1904-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1905-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1906-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1907-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1908-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1909-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1910-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1911-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1912-01-01T00:00:00Z', '2000-01-01T00:00:00Z'], 'number_lccn': ['00528680'], 'language': ['english'], 'url': '//memory.loc.gov/ammem/award98/nbhihtml/pshome.html', 'items': 'http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/award98/nbhihtml/pshome.html', 'hassegments': False, 'image_url': ['https://www.loc.gov/static/collections/nebraska-photographs-and-family-letters-1862-to-1912/155_155.jpg#h=155&w=155', 'https://www.loc.gov/static/collections/nebraska-photographs-and-family-letters-1862-to-1912/500_500.jpg#h=500&w=500'], 'aka': ['http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/award98/nbhihtml/pshome.html', 'http://www.loc.gov/collections/nebraska/', 'http://lccn.loc.gov/00528680', 'http://www.loc.gov/item/00528680/', 'http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.gdc/collgdc.gc000020', 'http://www.loc.gov/resource/collgdc.gc000020/']}, {'item': {'digital_id': ['http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.gdc/collgdc.gc000035'], 'call_number': ['HC106.3'], 'language': ['eng'], 'contributors': ['Library of Congress. National Digital Library Program.'], 'title': 'Prosperity and thrift the Coolidge era and the consumer economy 1921-1929.', 'notes': ['Mode of access: World Wide Web.', 'Title from opening screen (viewed April 27, 2000).'], 'format': ['text'], 'summary': [\"Chronicles the economic period of the 1920's in the United States through books, pamphlets, legislative documents, selections from consumer and trade journals, photographs, short films, and audio selections of Coolidge speeches.\"], 'subjects': ['Coolidge, Calvin,--1872-1933', 'United States--Economic conditions--1918-1945'], 'location': ['United States'], 'date': '1999', 'created_published': ['[Washington, D.C.] : Library of Congress, [1999?]-'], 'other_title': ['Coolidge era and the consumer economy 1921-1929']}, 'access_restricted': False, 'number': ['2007-11-14t12:50:34', '00529708'], 'original_format': ['collection', 'manuscript/mixed material', 'photo, print, drawing', 'film, video'], 'contributor': ['library of congress. national digital library program'], 'id': 'http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/coolhtml/coolhome.html', 'partof': ['motion picture, broadcasting and recorded sound division', 'prosperity and thrift: the coolidge era and the consumer economy, 1921-1929', 'digital collections', 'prints and photographs division', 'manuscript division'], 'subject': ['government, law & politics', 'war & military'], 'index': 8, 'group': ['collections-portal'], 'title': 'Prosperity and Thrift: The Coolidge Era and the Consumer Economy, 1921-1929', 'number_source_modified': ['2007-11-14t12:50:34'], 'location': ['united states'], '_partof': 'prosperity and thrift: the coolidge era and the consumer economy, 1921-1929', 'resources': [], 'digitized': True, 'description': ['<p><em>Prosperity and Thrift: The Coolidge Era and the Consumer Economy, 1921-1929</em>, assembles a broad array of Library of Congress source materials documenting the prosperity of the Coolidge years, the nation\\'s transition to a mass-consumer economy, and the role of government in this transition. Many new technologies and the new concept of scientific management in the work place had evolved during the first two decades of the century. In the 1920s these combined with an ability to produce and distribute goods on a mass scale amid widespread electrification of plants, factories, and households. These conditions led to a stabilization of the post-World War I economy that brought prosperity to many sectors.</p> <p>The materials in this digital collection highlight on the one hand business concerns, such as advertising, marketing, merchandising, and industrialization; and on the other popular notions about responsible consumerism, thriftiness, and efficiency in the home. The collection also focuses on President Coolidge\\'s idea of government and on Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover\\'s standardization initiatives. Lastly, the materials document groups that did not participate fully in the emergent consumer economy, notably farmers, both white and black, and immigrants. Far from exhaustive on any subject, the collection nonetheless suggests connections among some of the key technological developments, government structures, social organizations, and cultural assumptions that worked together to reinforce the mass-consumer economy.</p> <p>The themes of the collection were identified by the American Memory project team in collaboration with Library of Congress staff members and an advisory panel of historians. After reviewing the 1920s materials available at the Library, the project team selected materials for digitization from: the Manuscript Division, for personal and organizational papers; the General Collections, for books and periodicals; the Prints and Photographs Division, for photographs; and the Motion Picture, Broadcasting, and Recorded Sound Division, for films and recorded speeches. For additional information on the making of the collection and the people who made the collection, see <a href=\"/collections/coolidge-era-and-the-consumer-economy-1921-to-1929/about-this-collection/digitizing-the-collection/\">\"Digitizing the Collection\"</a>.</p> <h2>The Elements of the Collection</h2> <p>The collection draws upon the holdings of four custodial divisions   in the Library of Congress and reproduces materials from a variety of original   formats.</p> <p>From the <a href=\"http://lcweb.loc.gov/rr/mss/\">Manuscript Division</a>, 146 <a href=\"http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/coolbib:@field%28NUMBER+@band%28amrlm*%29%29\">selections</a> from twelve collections of personal papers and two collections of organizational papers  as well as <a href=\"http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/coolbib:@field%28NUMBER+@band%28amrlm+mb02%29%29+@field%28NUMBER+@band%28amrlm+mn01%29%29\">two photographs</a>.The personal and professional papers of President Coolidge\\'s private secretaries include printed copies of 62 <a href=\"http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/coolbib:@field%28NUMBER+@band%28amrlm+mt03%29%29+@field%28NUMBER+@band%28amrlm+mz01%29%29+@field%28NUMBER+@band%28amrlm+@syn%28ms01+ms02+ms03+ms04+ms05+ms06+ms07+ms08+ms09+ms10+ms11+ms12+ms13+ms14+ms15+ms16+ms17+ms18+ms19+ms20+ms21+ms22+ms23+ms24+ms25+ms26+ms27+ms28+ms29+ms30+ms31+ms32+ms33+ms34+ms35+ms36+ms37+ms38+ms39+ms40+ms41+ms42+ms43+ms44+ms45+ms46+ms47+ms48+ms49+ms50+ms51+ms52+ms53+ms54+ms55+ms56+ms57+ms58+ms59+ms60%29%29%29\">speeches</a> made by the president, some of which have not been previously published. File folders selected from the Coolidge presidential papers feature papers from the White House that contain correspondence from citizens, revealing what people were thinking about the administration and the economy. Selections from the personal and professional papers of social scientists, consumer activists, <a href=\"http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/coolbib:@field%28NUMBER+@band%28amrlm+mn*%29%29\">a governor of the Federal Reserve system</a>, journalists, <a href=\"http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/coolbib:@field%28NUMBER+@band%28amrlm+me*%29%29\">a pioneer of public relations</a>, and businessmen pertain to the economy and a variety of consumer issues. Other selections relate to congressional debates over the Federal Highway Act of 1921, the <a href=\"http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/coolbib:@field%28NUMBER+@band%28amrlm+mc13%29%29\">McNary-Haugen agricultural support legislation,</a> and, Andrew Mellon\\'s tax reform proposals. Documents from the <a href=\"http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/coolbib:@field%28NUMBER+@band%28amrlm+%28mg*%29%29%29\">National Consumers League</a> and the <a href=\"http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/coolbib:@field%28NUMBER+@band%28amrlm+@syn%28mw02+mw03+mw04+mw08+mw09%29%29%29\">National Negro Business League</a> shed light on consumer protection issues and the growth of African American entrepreneurship. </p> <p>From the <a href=\"http://lcweb.loc.gov/rr/main/\">General Collections</a>:   74 books, pamphlets, and legislative documents, together with 53 issues   and articles selected from consumer and trade journals. Included are books,   pamphlets, and brochures that describe elements of consumerism ranging   from department stores to product marketing to guidance for homemakers.   Significant chapters have been excerpted from a pair of important social science   studies: <em><a href=\"http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/coolbib:@field%28NUMBER+@band%28amrlg+lg38%29%29\">Recent Economic Changes in the United States</a></em> (1929), and <em><a href=\"http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/coolbib:@field%28NUMBER+@band%28amrlg+lg71%29%29\">Recent Social Trends in the United States</a></em> (1933). The popular magazines of the period are represented by sample issues   that include advertisements and articles suggesting the availability and   desirability of consumer goods, while periodicals like the <em><a href=\"http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/coolbib:@field%28NUMBER+@band%28amrlgs+@syn%28vi1+vi2+vi3%29%29%29\">Villager</a></em> and the <em><a href=\"http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/coolbib:@field%28NUMBER+@band%28amrlgs+@syn%28me1+me2+me3%29%29%29\">Messenger</a></em> feature   critiques of the consumer culture or present the opinions of minority groups.   Trade journals such as <em><a href=\"http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/coolbib:@field%28NUMBER+@band%28amrlgs+@syn%28aa1+aa2%29%29%29\">Associated Advertising</a></em> and <em><a href=\"http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/coolbib:@field%28NUMBER+@band%28amrlgs+dg1%29%29\">Dry Goods Economist</a></em> offer the viewpoints   of those who produced and sold consumer goods. Selections from the <em><a href=\"http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/coolbib:@field%28NUMBER+@band%28amrlgs+@syn%28ts1+ts2+ts3%29%29%29\">Bulletin of the Taylor Society</a></em> expound \"the Science   and the Art of Administration and of Management.\" <p>From the <a href=\"http://lcweb.loc.gov/rr/print/\">Prints and Photographs   Division</a>: 183 photographs, most of which are from the National Photo   Company Collection. Many images portray Calvin Coolidge\\'s administration   and its key players, while others document such subjects as <a href=\"/item/95500783/\">automobiles</a> and <a href=\"/item/94507450/\">show windows</a>.  A more complete list of photographic subjects may be obtained by  searching the collection using the term \"National Photo Company  Collection.\"</p> <p>From the <a href=\"http://lcweb.loc.gov/rr/mopic/\">Motion Picture, Broadcasting</a>,   and <a href=\"http://lcweb.loc.gov/rr/record/\">Recorded Sound Division</a>:   5 motion pictures, 7 sound recordings, 2 issues or articles from speciality   periodicals, 2 phonograph record catalogs, and 2 manuscript selections.   The motion pictures include <a href=\"http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/coolbib:@field%28NUMBER+@band%28amrlv+4007%29%29%22\">filmed advertisements</a> for   consumer goods, of the type shown in movie theaters before the main feature,   and a film, <a href=\"http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/coolbib:@field%28NUMBER+@band%28amrlv+coolidg2%29%29\"><em>Visitin\\' round at Coolidge Corners</em></a>, about Coolidge at his family   home in Vermont, which was presumably used in the presidential election   campaign of 1924. The <a href=\"http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/coolbib:@field%28NUMBER+@band%28amrlrs+@syn%289000048+9000010+9000049+9000042+9000041+9000040+9000018%29%29%29\">sound recordings</a> feature speeches delivered by President Coolidge.</p>'], 'timestamp': '2019-11-22T09:43:42.035Z', 'campaigns': [], 'extract_timestamp': '2019-11-22T09:26:40.115Z', 'date': '1999', 'shelf_id': 'http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/coolhtml/coolhome.html', 'other_title': ['Coolidge era and the consumer economy 1921-1929'], 'count': 488, 'dates': ['1999-01-01T00:00:00Z'], 'number_lccn': ['00529708'], 'language': ['english'], 'url': '//memory.loc.gov/ammem/coolhtml/coolhome.html', 'items': 'http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/coolhtml/coolhome.html', 'hassegments': False, 'image_url': ['https://www.loc.gov/static/collections/coolidge-era-and-the-consumer-economy-1921-to-1929/155_155.jpg#h=155&w=155', 'https://www.loc.gov/static/collections/coolidge-era-and-the-consumer-economy-1921-to-1929/500_500.jpg#h=500&w=500'], 'aka': ['http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/coolhtml/coolhome.html', 'http://www.loc.gov/collections/coolidge/', 'https://lccn.loc.gov/00529708', 'https://www.loc.gov/item/00529708', 'http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.gdc/collgdc.gc000035', 'http://lccn.loc.gov/00529708', 'http://www.loc.gov/item/00529708/', 'http://www.loc.gov/resource/collgdc.gc000035/']}, {'item': {'digital_id': ['http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.gdc/collgdc.gc000048'], 'call_number': ['PN1968.U5'], 'contents': ['Houdini -- Theater playbills and programs -- Sound recordings (coming soon) -- Motion pictures -- English playscripts -- Yiddish playscripts'], 'language': ['eng'], 'contributors': ['Library of Congress. National Digital Library Program.'], 'title': 'American variety stage vaudeville and popular entertainment, 1870-1920', 'notes': ['System requirements: World Wide Web (WWW) browser software.', 'Mode of access: Internet.', 'Title from title screen dated Oct. 31, 1996.', '\"Groups of theater posters and sound recordings will be added to this anthology in the future.\"', 'Cataloged using WebExplorer browser software.'], 'format': ['software'], 'summary': ['Multimedia collection containing digitized versions of selected Library of Congress holdings. Represents diverse forms of popular entertainment, especially vaudeville, that thrived from 1870-1920. Includes 334 English and Yiddish language playscripts, 146 theater playbills and programs, sixty-one motion pictures, and 143 photographs and twenty-nine memorabilia items documenting the life and career of Harry Houdini.'], 'subjects': ['Vaudeville--United States--History--20th century', 'Vaudeville--United States--History--19th century', 'Vaudeville--United States--Film catalogs', 'American drama--20th century', 'American drama--19th century', 'Yiddish drama--20th century', 'Yiddish drama--19th century', 'Theater programs--United States', 'Playbills--United States', 'Houdini, Harry,--1874-1926'], 'location': ['United States', '20th century', '19th century'], 'date': '1996', 'created_published': ['[Washington, D.C. : Library of Congress], 1996-'], 'other_title': ['Vaudeville and popular entertainment, 1870-1920']}, 'access_restricted': False, 'number': ['96802670', '2006-01-23t17:37:13'], 'original_format': ['collection', 'photo, print, drawing', 'manuscript/mixed material', 'film, video'], 'contributor': ['library of congress. national digital library program'], 'id': 'http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/vshtml/vshome.html', 'partof': ['rare book and special collections division', 'digital collections', 'american variety stage: vaudeville and popular entertainment, 1870-1920', 'motion picture, broadcasting and recorded sound division', 'prints and photographs division'], 'subject': ['performing arts'], 'index': 9, 'group': ['collections-portal'], 'title': 'American Variety Stage: Vaudeville and Popular Entertainment, 1870-1920', 'number_source_modified': ['2006-01-23t17:37:13'], 'location': ['united states'], '_partof': 'american variety stage: vaudeville and popular entertainment, 1870-1920', 'resources': [], 'digitized': True, 'description': ['<p> This collection illustrates the vibrant and diverse forms of popular entertainment, especially vaudeville, that thrived from 1870-1920. Included are 334 English- and Yiddish-language playscripts, 146 theater playbills and programs, 61 motion pictures, 10 sound recordings and 143 photographs and 29 memorabilia items documenting the life and career of Harry Houdini. Groups of theater posters and additional sound recordings will be added to this anthology in the future.  </p>  <figure class=\\'image-align-left\\'><img      src=\"/static/collections/vaudeville-and-popular-entertainment/images/brca5001.jpg\"      width=\"150\" alt=\"\" /></a>     <figcaption>The Casino</figcaption> </figure> <p>The period 1870 to 1920 was a dynamic time of change in the United  States.  It was  marked by massive European immigration and major population shifts  between regions of the  country, including migration from rural to urban centers that led to the  dramatic growth of cities.   During these fifty years, the nation\\'s urban population increased from a  total of less than ten  million to more than fifty million people.  Blue-collar and white-collar  working people alike  benefited from an increase in personal income and leisure time.  Tourism  developed as an  American pastime, annual vacations became a national habit, and city  dwellers began taking half-holidays on Saturday.  Public amusements  appealed to growing numbers of people from many  walks of life.</p>   <p>Popular, live entertainment gained momentum in the late nineteenth century and reached  a peak in the first decade of the twentieth.  During the fifty-year period covered by this  collection, minstrel shows were eclipsed by the unprecedented success of variety theater and an  ever-increasing diversity of popular entertainment.  Burlesque developed into a full-fledged  theatrical form and modern amusement parks attracted huge crowds.  In 1909, for example,  Coney Island drew over 20 million visitors.  (After adjusting for population differentials, this is a  greater number than the combined attendance at Disneyland and Disney World in 1989.)        World\\'s fairs, the three-ring circus, nightclubs, and the ballpark also flourished.  Theatrical road       shows traveled into the American hinterlands.  The cinema was born.</p> <p>The American Variety Stage Collection features materials that illustrate the diverse forms of variety theater that dominated the burgeoning entertainment world in the United States.  Variety stage, in this era, drew greater audiences than the \"legitimate\" theater which presented serious literary works.  Compared to the legitimate theater, which appealed, for the most part, to elite audiences, the variety stage was democratic and broad in approach.  The variety stage strove to attract all classes of people from every cultural background by offering varied programs and relatively low admission fees.</p> <p>To succeed at show business (as all forms of variety theater were called), entrepreneurs  provided public entertainment that transcended the specific tastes of a particular class or ethnicity.  It emphasized action and caricature.  Nevertheless, however broad or vulgar its humor,      it sought an aura of moral respectability.  Even burlesque shows attempted to do this by billing  themselves  as \"vaudeville\" and \"extravaganza\" and playing in theaters that had previously been  certified as \"respectable.\" </p> <figure  class=\\'image-align-right\\'><a href=\"/item/var95-000382/\"><img      src=\"/static/collections/vaudeville-and-popular-entertainment/images/s1751701.jpg\"      width=\"150\" alt=\"\" /></a>     <figcaption><a href=\"/item/var95-000382/\">The Lone Hand Four Aces</a></figcaption> </figure> <p>Of all the types of variety entertainment, comedy is the best represented in this collection.   The English-language playscripts provide a wealth of information about what audiences found  amusing, or at least what writers thought the audience would find funny.  One can also learn  about such things as comedic techniques used, the structure of comic sketches, subjects used for  comedic purposes, and how material was customized for specific entertainers.  As well, the  collection can help shed light on the ways that vaudevillians tried to deal with contemporary  topics and concerns, especially those that now seem inappropriate (such as ethnic stereotypes,  gender and race prejudices, etc.), a topic that is especially ripe for study.</p> <p> Comedians often migrated, along with their jokes and skits, from minstrelsy to  vaudeville, from burlesque to recordings, to radio, and even to television.  Veteran performers  such as Bob Hope, George Burns, and Milton Berle have credited their early days in variety for  their subsequent success.</p> <p> The variety theater, in its most inclusive sense,  provided the American public with a  range of live entertainment:  comedy, musical presentations, novelty and specialty acts, stage magic, and stage spectacles.  American musical comedy was also in its formative stages during the fifty-year period covered by this collection.  Many early musical comedies of the period were glorified variety shows, more akin to European operettas than to what we now think of as musical comedy.  The <a href=\"/collections/vaudeville-and-popular-entertainment/articles-and-essays/forms-of-variety-theater/\">forms of variety theater</a> represented in this collection draw from several genres, including  vaudeville, minstrel show, burlesque, extravaganza, spectacle, musical  revue, and musical comedy.</p>'], 'timestamp': '2019-11-22T09:43:42.035Z', 'campaigns': [], 'extract_timestamp': '2019-11-22T09:26:29.783Z', 'date': '1996', 'shelf_id': 'http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/vshtml/vshome.html', 'other_title': ['Vaudeville and popular entertainment, 1870-1920'], 'count': 726, 'dates': ['1870-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1871-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1872-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1873-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1874-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1875-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1876-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1877-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1878-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1879-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1880-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1881-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1882-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1883-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1884-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1885-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1886-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1887-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1888-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1889-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1890-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1891-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1892-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1893-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1894-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1895-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1896-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1897-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1898-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1899-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1900-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1901-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1902-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1903-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1904-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1905-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1906-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1907-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1908-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1909-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1910-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1911-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1912-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1913-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1914-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1915-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1916-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1917-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1918-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1919-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1920-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1996-01-01T00:00:00Z'], 'number_lccn': ['96802670'], 'language': ['english'], 'url': '//memory.loc.gov/ammem/vshtml/vshome.html', 'items': 'http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/vshtml/vshome.html', 'hassegments': False, 'image_url': ['https://www.loc.gov/static/collections/vaudeville-and-popular-entertainment/155_155.jpg#h=155&w=155', 'https://www.loc.gov/static/collections/vaudeville-and-popular-entertainment/500_500.jpg#h=500&w=500'], 'aka': ['http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/vshtml/vshome.html', 'http://www.loc.gov/collections/var/', 'http://www.loc.gov/collections/varst/', 'http://www.loc.gov/collections/american-variety-stage/', 'http://www.loc.gov/collections/vaudeville/', 'http://lccn.loc.gov/96802670', 'http://www.loc.gov/item/96802670/', 'http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.gdc/collgdc.gc000048', 'http://www.loc.gov/resource/collgdc.gc000048/']}, {'number_oclc': ['86114510'], 'item': {'call_number': ['Z6951', 'AI3'], 'language': ['eng'], 'contributors': ['Library of Congress.', 'National Endowment for the Humanities.', 'National Digital Newspaper Program (U.S.)'], 'format': ['text'], 'notes': ['Began in 2006.', 'Title from title screen (viewed July 7, 2009).', '\"Chronicling America is sponsored jointly by the National Endowment for the Humanities and the Library of Congress as part of the National Digital Newspaper Program (NDNP)\"--Title screen.'], 'title': 'Chronicling America : historic American newspapers.', 'summary': ['This database allows you to search and view public domain newspaper pages (1690-1963) and find information about American newspapers published between 1690-present. The National Endowment for the Humanities aims to have every state and U.S. territory represented in Chronicling America. One organization within each state or territory will receive an award to collaborate with relevant state partners in this effort. This rich digital resource will be developed and permanently maintained at the Library of Congress.'], 'date': '2006', 'subjects': ['American newspapers--Databases', 'American newspapers--Directories', 'United States--History--Sources', 'American newspapers', 'United States', 'Newspapers', 'Databases', 'Press'], 'location': ['United States'], 'genre': ['Directories', 'Databases', 'History', 'Sources'], 'created_published': ['Washington, D.C. : Library of Congress'], 'medium': ['1 online resource'], 'other_title': ['Historic American newspapers']}, 'access_restricted': False, 'number': ['2475-2703', '2009251126', '2019-09-18t07:57:40', '86114510'], 'original_format': ['collection', 'newspaper'], 'contributor': ['library of congress', 'national digital newspaper program (u.s.)', 'national endowment for the humanities'], 'id': 'https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/', 'partof': ['digital collections', 'chronicling america', 'serial and government publications division'], 'subject': ['social & business history', 'sources', 'directories', 'general', 'local history & folklife', 'databases', 'american history', 'history'], 'index': 10, 'group': ['collections-portal'], 'title': 'Chronicling America', 'number_source_modified': ['2019-09-18t07:57:40'], 'location': ['united states'], '_partof': 'chronicling america', 'resources': [], 'digitized': True, 'description': ['<p>Chronicling America (ISSN 2475-2703) is a Website providing access to information about historic newspapers and select digitized newspaper pages, and is produced by the National Digital Newspaper Program (NDNP). NDNP, a partnership between the National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH) and the Library of Congress (LC), is a long-term effort to develop an Internet-based, searchable database of U.S. newspapers with descriptive information and select digitization of historic pages. Supported by NEH, this rich digital resource will be developed and permanently maintained at the Library of Congress. An NEH award program will fund the contribution of content from, eventually, all U.S. states and territories.</p> <p>More information on program guidelines, participation, and technical information can be found at <a href=\"https://www.neh.gov/projects/ndnp.html\">https://www.neh.gov/projects/ndnp.html</a> or <a href=\"https://www.loc.gov/ndnp/\">https://www.loc.gov/ndnp/</a>.</p>  <h2>Building the Digital Collection</h2> <h3>Newspaper Title Directory</h3> <p>The Newspaper Title Directory is derived from the library catalog records created by state institutions during the NEH-sponsored United States Newspaper Program (<a href=\"https://www.neh.gov/projects/usnp.html\">https://www.neh.gov/projects/usnp.html</a>), 1982-2011. This program funded state-level projects to locate, describe (catalog), and selectively preserve (via treatment and microfilm) historic newspaper collections in that state, published from 1690 to the present. Under this program, each institution created machine-readable cataloging (MARC) via the Cooperative ONline SERials Program (CONSER) for its state collections, contributing bibliographic descriptions and library holdings information to the Newspaper Union List, hosted by the Online Computer Library Center (OCLC). This data, approximately 140,000 bibliographic title entries and 600,000 separate library holdings records, was acquired and converted to MARCXML format for use in the Chronicling America Newspaper Title Directory. Contact a CONSER member for updates and corrections to bibliographic records (see <a href=\"https://www.loc.gov/acq/conser/conmembs.html\">https://www.loc.gov/acq/conser/conmembs.html</a> ) through CONSER. The Chronicling America Directory bibliographic records are updated annually from the CONSER dataset hosted by OCLC.</p> <h3>Selected Digitized Newspaper Pages</h3>  <p>Each NDNP participant receives an award to select and digitize approximately 100,000 newspaper pages representing that state\\'s regional history, geographic coverage, and events of note. </p> <p>Participants are expected to digitize primarily from microfilm holdings for reasons of efficiency and cost, encouraging selection of technically-suitable film, bibliographic completeness, diversity and &quot;orphaned&quot; newspapers (newspapers that have ceased publication and lack active ownership) in order to decrease the likelihood of duplicative digitization by other organizations.</p> <p>These newspaper materials were digitized to technical specifications designed by the Library of Congress. These specifications include the following basic elements (profiles describing the full set of specifications can be found at <a href=\"https://www.loc.gov/ndnp/guidelines/\">https://www.loc.gov/ndnp/guidelines/</a>) : </p> <ul>     <li>TIFF 6.0, 8-bit grayscale, 400 dpi, uncompressed, with specified tag values</li>     <li>JPEG2000, Part 1; 8-bit component; 6 decomposition layers; 25 quality layers; 8:1 compression; with XML Box with specified RDF metadata</li>     <li>Single page PDF with hidden text; downsampled to 150 dpi, using JPEG compression; with XMP containing specified RDF metadata.</li>     <li>Single page machine-readable text encoded in ALTO, v. 2.0 XML; in column-reading order (created with Optical Character Recognition).</li>     <li>METS XML data objects describing newspaper issues, pages, and microfilm reels; incorporating elements in MODS, PREMIS, and MIX formats.</li> </ul>  <p>Chronicling America provides access to these digitized historic materials primarily through a Web interface enhanced with dynamic HTML interactivity for magnification and navigation. Searches are available for both full-text newspaper pages and bibliographic newspaper records (the Newspaper Directory). Pages are displayed in JPEG format, dynamically-created from source files on user request and presented through the browser interface using a combination of Javascript, DHTML and AJAX Web programming.</p> <h3>Preservation Data Repository and Dissemination Application</h3> <p>The NDNP repository developed for Chronicling America is based on the Open Archive Information System (OAIS) Reference Model for preservation repository architecture and supported by a variety of modular components to enable long-term sustainability of data ingestion, archival management and data dissemination. The public website is built using the Python programming language, Django Web framework, RDFLib, Apache Solr search server, Apache Web server, and MySQL database engine. For more information, see <a href=\"https://www.loc.gov/ndnp/\">https://www.loc.gov/ndnp/</a> or contact <a href=\"mailto:ndnptech@loc.gov\">ndnptech@loc.gov</a>.</p> <h3>Related Resources</h3>  <ul>     <li>National Endowment for the Humanities - <a href=\"https://www.neh.gov/index.html\">https://www.neh.gov/index.html</a></li>     <li>Newspaper and Periodicals Reading Room (Serial and Government Publication Division), Library of Congress - <a href=\"https://www.loc.gov/rr/news/\">https://www.loc.gov/rr/news/</a></li>     <li>Collections with Newspapers at the Library of Congress - <a href=\"https://www.loc.gov/newspapers/collections/?st=gallery&sb=title_s\">https://www.loc.gov/newspapers/collections/?st=gallery&sb=title_s</a></li>     <li>List of Awardee Institutions and Web sites <a href=\"https://www.loc.gov/ndnp/listawardees.html\">https://www.loc.gov/ndnp/listawardees.html</a></li> </ul>  <h3>Rights and Reproductions</h3>  <p>The Library of Congress believes that the newspapers in Chronicling America are in the public domain or have no known copyright restrictions. Newspapers published in the United States prior to 1924 are in the public domain in their entirety. Any newspapers in Chronicling America that were published after 1923 are also believed to be in the public domain, but may contain some copyrighted third party materials. Researchers using post-1923 newspapers should be alert for modern content (for example, registered and renewed for copyright and published with notice) that may be copyrighted. Responsibility for making an independent legal assessment of an item and securing any necessary permissions ultimately rests with persons desiring to use the item.</p> <p>The NEH awardee responsible for producing each digital object is presented in the Chronicling America page display, above the page image – e.g. Image produced by the Library of Congress. For more information on current NDNP awardees, see <a href=\"https://www.loc.gov/ndnp/listawardees.html\">https://www.loc.gov/ndnp/listawardees.html</a>.</p> <p>For more information on Library of Congress policies and disclaimers regarding rights and reproductions, see <a href=\"https://www.loc.gov/homepage/legal.html\">https://www.loc.gov/homepage/legal.html</a></p>'], 'timestamp': '2019-11-22T09:43:51.212Z', 'number_issn': ['2475-2703'], 'campaigns': [], 'extract_timestamp': '2019-11-22T09:26:29.783Z', 'date': '2006', 'shelf_id': 'https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/', 'other_title': ['Historic American newspapers'], 'count': 2103648, 'dates': ['2006-01-01T00:00:00Z'], 'number_lccn': ['2009251126'], 'language': ['english'], 'url': 'https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/', 'items': 'https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/', 'hassegments': False, 'image_url': ['https://www.loc.gov/static/collections/chronicling-america/155_155.jpg#h=155&w=155', 'https://www.loc.gov/static/collections/chronicling-america/500_500.jpg#h=500&w=500'], 'aka': ['https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/', 'http://www.loc.gov/collections/hnews/', 'http://lccn.loc.gov/2007618519', 'http://www.loc.gov/item/2007618519/', 'http://www.loc.gov/item/2009251126/', 'http://lccn.loc.gov/2009251126']}, {'item': {'digital_id': ['http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.music/eadmus.mu002006', 'http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.music/eadmus.mu002006.3', 'http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.music/collmus.mu000006'], 'call_number': ['ML31 .C7'], 'repository': ['Library of Congress Music Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA dcu http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.music/perform.home'], 'contributors': ['Copland, Aaron, 1900-1990.', 'Kraft, Victor, 1915-1976.'], 'title': 'Aaron Copland collection,', 'notes': ['Composer Aaron Copland was born on Nov. 14, 1900, in Brooklyn, N.Y. From 1921-1924 he studied composition and orchestration with Nadia Boulanger in Paris. Copland was the recipient of the 1925-1926 Guggenheim Memorial Fellowship, the first in music. Many awards followed throughout his life. Copland performed his own music as pianist and conductor and also conducted music of other composers. He was the author of articles and books and of oral presentations on music. He was also active as an administrator, founding festivals and concert series and in publishing contemporary music. Copland died on Dec. 2, 1990, in North Tarrytown, N.Y.', 'Digitized images along with identifying information and a narrative introduction are also available through the Library of Congress Web site under the title: The Aaron Copland Collection.', 'Some mss. Gifts Aaron Copland ca. 1940-1970.', 'Bulk of the collection Gift Aaron Copland 1989.', 'Some mss. Gifts Nadia Boulanger estate July 18, 1980, and Mar. 6, 1981.', 'Libretto material for The tender land Gift Erik Johns.', 'Some mss. Gift Bennett Lerner.', 'Sound recordings and moving images transferred to Library of Congress Motion Picture, Broadcasting and Recorded Sound Division.', \"Books from Copland's library transferred to Library of Congress Rare Book and Special Collections Division.\", '1154 published scores by North and South American composers (not including Copland) located in Performing Arts Library in the New York Public Library a microfilm is available in the Library of Congress Performing Arts Reading Room: Microfilm 93/20010.', 'Finding aid available in the Library of Congress Performing Arts Reading Room and at http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.music/eadmus.mu002006', 'Aaron Copland Collection, Music Division, Library of Congress.'], 'format': ['manuscript', 'collection'], 'rights_advisory': ['Certain restrictions to use or copying of materials may apply.'], 'summary': [\"The Aaron Copland collection consists of published and unpublished music by Copland and other composers,  correspondence, writings, biographical material, datebooks,  journals, professional papers, including legal and financial material, photographs, awards, art work, and books. Of particular interest is the correspondence with Nadia Boulanger, which extend over 50 years, and with his long-time friend, Harold Clurman. Other significant correspondents are Leonard Bernstein, Paul Bowles, Benjamin Britten, Carlos Chávez, David Diamond, Roy Harris, Charles Ives, Claire Reis, Arnold Schoenberg, Roger Sessions, and Virgil Thomson. The photographic collection of Copland's friend and confidant Victor Kraft, a professional photographer, forms part of the collection.\"], 'language': ['eng'], 'subjects': ['Copland, Aaron,--1900-1990', 'Copland, Aaron,--1900-1990--Autographs', 'Copland, Aaron,--1900-1990--Portraits', 'Copland, Aaron,--1900-1990--Correspondence', 'Boulanger, Nadia--Correspondence', 'Clurman, Harold,--1901-1980--Correspondence', 'Bernstein, Leonard,--1918-1990--Correspondence', 'Bowles, Paul,--1910-1999--Correspondence', 'Britten, Benjamin,--1913-1976--Correspondence', 'Chávez, Carlos,--1899-1978--Correspondence', 'Diamond, David,--1915-2005--Correspondence', 'Harris, Roy,--1898-1979--Correspondence', 'Ives, Charles,--1874-1954--Correspondence', 'Reis, Claire R.--(Claire Raphael)--Correspondence', 'Schoenberg, Arnold,--1874-1951--Correspondence', 'Sessions, Roger,--1896-1985--Correspondence', 'Thomson, Virgil,--1896-1989--Correspondence', 'Musicians--Correspondence'], 'date': '1841', 'medium': ['around 400,000 items (563 boxes, 306 linear feet).'], 'other_title': ['Copland collection,'], 'access_advisory': ['Open to research.', 'Not all materials in this collection may be readily accessible; please request accessibility information well in advance of your visit http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.music/perform.contact']}, 'access_restricted': False, 'number': ['2003561015', '2016-07-11t10:38:51'], 'original_format': ['collection', 'manuscript/mixed material', 'photo, print, drawing', 'notated music'], 'contributor': ['kraft, victor', 'copland, aaron'], 'id': 'http://www.loc.gov/collections/aaron-copland/about-this-collection/', 'partof': ['music division', 'digital collections', 'aaron copland collection'], 'subject': ['performing arts'], 'index': 11, 'group': ['collections-portal'], 'title': 'Aaron Copland Collection', 'number_source_modified': ['2016-07-11t10:38:51'], 'location': ['united states'], 'resources': [], 'digitized': True, 'description': ['<p>The first release of the online collection contains approximately 1,000 items that yield a total of about 5,000 images. These items date from 1899 to 1981, with most from the 1920s through the 1950s, and were selected from Copland\\'s\\xa0music sketches,\\xa0correspondence,\\xa0writings, and\\xa0photographs.</p> <p>Celebrating the centennial of the birth of the American composer Aaron Copland (1900-1990), the multi-format Aaron Copland Collection, from which the online collection derives, spans the years 1910 to 1990 and includes approximately 400,000 items documenting the multifaceted life of an extraordinary person who was composer, performer, teacher, writer, conductor, commentator, and administrator. It comprises both manuscript and printed music, personal and business correspondence, diaries, writings, scrapbooks, programs, newspaper and magazine clippings, photographs, awards, books, sound recordings, and motion pictures.</p>   <h2>Introduction</h2> <p>Aaron Copland devoted his life as a twentieth-century composer to fostering, developing, creating, and establishing distinctive \"American\" music. He became known as the \"Dean of American Music,\" a sobriquet with which he was uncomfortable. His name is synonymous with\\xa0<a href=\"/collections/aaron-copland/articles-and-essays/works-listing-by-title/a/#work0030\"><em>Appalachian Spring</em></a>\\xa0—the winner of the 1945 Pulitzer Prize in Music—and\\xa0<a href=\"/collections/aaron-copland/articles-and-essays/works-listing-by-title/f/#work0021\"><em>Fanfare for the Common Man</em></a>.</p> <p>Copland extensively documented the many facets of his life in music, and the<em>Aaron Copland Collection</em>\\xa0at the Library of Congress reflects the entire breadth of his endeavors. Beginning in the late 1950s and early &lsquo;60s, Copland periodically deposited his original music manuscripts at the Library of Congress and subsequently converted them to gifts. In the fall of 1989, he donated all his papers to the Library. The collection numbers approximately four hundred thousand items, dating from 1910 to 1990 with a few nineteenth-century photographs, and includes his music manuscripts, printed music, personal and business correspondence, diaries and writings, photographic materials, awards, honorary degrees, programs, and other biographical materials. It is the primary resource for research on Aaron Copland and a major resource for the study of musical life in twentieth-century America generally, particularly from the 1920s to the 1960s.</p> <p>The online\\xa0Aaron Copland Collection\\xa0comprises approximately one thousand items selected from Copland\\'s\\xa0music sketches,\\xa0correspondence,\\xa0writings, and photographs. The items are represented in about five thousand digitized images, the earliest an 1899 photograph and the latest a 1986 letter. While the original collection contains almost all Copland\\'s music manuscripts and printed scores, the online collection presents the original music sketches that Copland used in composing thirty-one works spanning the years 1924 to 1967 and covering every medium in which he composed: orchestral, ballet, opera, film, chamber, solo piano, and vocal music.</p> <p>The correspondence in the online collection comprises images of approximately eight hundred letters, postcards, and telegrams from Copland that have been selected from the Aaron Copland Collection and other collections in the\\xa0<a href=\"//www.loc.gov/rr/perform/\">Music Division</a>\\xa0at the Library of Congress. Besides letters to his parents and other family members in the 1920s and 30s, the correspondence includes Copland\\'s letters to his Parisian teacher Nadia Boulanger, the conductor Serge Koussevitzky, and others such as Nicolas Slonimsky, Roger Sessions, Carlos Chávez, Walter Piston, Leonard Bernstein, and Benjamin Britten.</p> <p>As an advocate and supporter of American music and American composers, Copland frequently wrote articles, presented lectures, and delivered speeches. The online\\xa0<em>Aaron Copland Collection</em>\\xa0presents eighty-six of Copland\\'s previously unpublished drafts. These show the creative process through which he wrote about his own music, other composers and their music, and other people who played important roles in his musical life.</p> <p>Of the twelve thousand photographic materials in the Library\\'s Aaron Copland Collection, 111 items have been chosen for online presentation. Many were created by Copland\\'s friend Victor Kraft, a professional photographer. They include portraits of Aaron Copland at various ages and places, with family members, with other composers, and with other people associated with his career as a composer and conductor, as well as images from his worldwide travels.</p>  <h2>The Copland Letters</h2>  <p>\"The man is in the letters,\" said Vivian Perlis of Aaron Copland, whose autobiography she helped to write. The online\\xa0<em>Aaron Copland Collection</em>\\xa0contains digitized images of over eight hundred letters, postcards, and telegrams from Aaron Copland covering the years from 1921 to 1986. Searchable texts of all published letters, postcards, and telegrams in the collection are also available.</p> <p>The letters reproduced in the collection represent, though they do not exhaust, the holdings of Copland\\'s correspondence in the\\xa0<a href=\"//www.loc.gov/rr/perform/\">Music Division</a>\\xa0of the Library of Congress. In general they constitute significant runs of letters to people important in Copland\\'s life. (Problems of copyright and volume preclude making letters to Copland available online.) Every attempt has been made to include all the letters in the Music Division that Copland wrote to each correspondent represented, the one exception being the letters to Harold Spivacke, which constitute only a part of Copland\\'s voluminous and largely business-related correspondence with the Music Division\\'s former chief.</p> <p>These letters come from many collections in the Music Division. Besides material from the Aaron Copland Collection, they contain material from the Leonard Bernstein Collection, the Elizabeth Sprague Coolidge Collection, the Jacobo Ficher Collection, the Irving Fine Collection, the Louis Kaufman Collection, the Serge Koussevitzky Collection, the\\xa0<em>Modern Music</em>\\xa0Archives, the Walter Piston Collection, the Nicolas Slonimsky Collection, the William Strickland Collection, and the papers of the Joint Army and Navy Committee on Welfare and Recreation, Sub-Committee on Music.</p> <p>The letters Copland wrote that are in the Copland Collection proper came back to him in various ways. He inherited his letters to his parents after their deaths. In the 1970s, when he began to think of writing his autobiography, he asked several of his friends and colleagues to send him photocopies of his letters. Some replied with photocopies, some by returning the letters themselves. Some responded with many letters, some with just a few.</p> <p>Copland seldom made carbons copies of his outgoing correspondence. The few periods in his life for which the Copland Collection is rich in carbon copies are the brief intervals when he had a secretary: in 1943 while working on the film\\xa0<em>The North Star</em>; during his South American tour in 1947; in the fall of 1958 when he was staying in London and presumably was provided with a secretary by his publisher, Boosey &amp; Hawkes. Because they were obviously dictated to a secretary, these letters have the flavor of Copland\\'s post-1940 correspondence but are not particularly trenchant, lacking the distinctive qualities that came forth when Copland himself sat down to write.</p>  <p>The following individuals are the major correspondents represented in the letters portion of this online collection. They are listed with the source collection for Copland\\'s letters to them or, in the case of material in the Copland Collection itself, with an indication of whether the letters are originals or photocopies.</p> <p><strong>Arthur Berger</strong>\\xa0(Copland Collection; photocopy). The online collection contains a <a href=\"/resource/copland.corr0796?sp=1\">single letter</a>\\xa0to this writer of the first book-length study of Copland; it is perhaps the most evocative of Copland\\'s letters describing his Mexican visits.</p> <p><strong>Leonard Bernstein</strong>\\xa0(Bernstein Collection). Copland\\'s protégé in the late 1930s and early 1940s,\\xa0Bernstein\\xa0became one of the leading champions and interpreters of Copland\\'s music.</p> <p><strong>Nadia Boulanger</strong>\\xa0(Copland Collection; originals). Copland\\'s principal teacher and mentor. His Nonet is dedicated to her.</p> <p><strong>Paul Bowles</strong>\\xa0(Copland Collection; originals). Composer and novelist. The two letters in the Copland Collection seem to have been part of a voluminous and regular correspondence.</p> <p><strong>Benjamin Britten</strong>\\xa0(Copland Collection; photocopies). English composer. The first set of\\xa0<a href=\"/collections/aaron-copland/articles-and-essays/works-listing-by-title/o/#work0041\"><em>Old American Songs</em></a>\\xa0was written for Britten and his collaborator Peter Pears. Britten\\'s side of the correspondence is published in Donald Mitchell et al., eds.,\\xa0<em>Letters from a Life: The Selected Letters and Diaries of Benjamin Britten, 1913-1976\\xa0</em>(2 vols., Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991).</p> <p><strong>Carlos Chávez</strong>\\xa0(Copland Collection; photocopies). Mexican composer; one of Copland\\'s principal composer friends. As a conductor, Chávez performed Copland\\'s <a href=\"/collections/aaron-copland/articles-and-essays/works-listing-by-title/s/#work0012\"><em>Short Symphony</em></a>\\xa0when American conductors had declared it unperformable. Chávez\\'s side of the correspondence and slightly abridged versions of Copland\\'s letters are published in Spanish translation in Gloria Carmona, ed.,\\xa0<em>Epistolario selecto de Carlos Chávez</em>\\xa0(México: Fondo de Cultura Económica, 1989).</p> <p><strong>Israel Citkowitz\\xa0</strong>(Copland Collection; originals). Citkowitz was a slightly younger composer (1909-1974), gifted in song and chamber music, for whom Copland had high hopes. The online collection contains all Copland\\'s letters to Citkowitz in the Copland Collection.</p> <p><strong>Elizabeth Sprague Coolidge</strong>\\xa0(Coolidge Collection). American patron of chamber music. She commissioned from Copland (and thus had dedicated to her) <a href=\"/collections/aaron-copland/articles-and-essays/works-listing-by-title/a/#work0030\"><em>Appalachian Spring</em></a>\\xa0and the\\xa0<a href=\"/collections/aaron-copland/articles-and-essays/works-listing-by-title/q/#work0067\">Piano Quartet</a>.</p> <p><strong>Jacobo Ficher</strong>\\xa0(Ficher Collection). Argentinian composer. Copland\\'s letters to him document his interest in South American music.</p> <p><strong>Irving and Verna Fine</strong>\\xa0(Irving Fine Collection). Irving Fine was a composer and younger colleague of Copland whose choral arrangements of several of Copland\\'s <a href=\"/collections/aaron-copland/articles-and-essays/works-listing-by-title/o/#work0041\"><em>Old American Songs</em></a>\\xa0have given them a life as choral works. Copland shared houses with Irving and Verna Fine for several summers at Tanglewood. After Irving Fine\\'s death in 1962 Copland continued to be supportive of Verna Fine, and his letters to her retain warmth and sparkle to the end of his letter-writing years. Copland dedicated \"Sleep Is Supposed to Be,\" one of the two central songs of his<em> </em><a href=\"/collections/aaron-copland/articles-and-essays/works-listing-by-title/t/#work0074\"><em>Twelve Poems of Emily Dickinson</em></a>, to Irving Fine. The Irving Fine Collection also contains letters from Copland to Verna Fine\\'s mother, Florence Rudnick, in whose Boston apartment he sequestered himself to write\\xa0<a href=\"/collections/aaron-copland/articles-and-essays/works-listing-by-title/i/#work0065\"><em>In the Beginning</em></a>.</p> <p><strong>Serge, Natalie, and Olga Koussevitzky</strong>\\xa0(Koussevitzky Collection). Serge Koussevitzky, conductor of the Boston Symphony from 1924 to 1949, was the first performer to champion Copland\\'s music in America and remained a supporter of Copland (and of many other American composers) until his death. Copland, in turn, was a major help to Koussevitzky from 1940 on in the running of the Berkshire Music Festival at Tanglewood. Copland\\'s letters to Koussevitzky\\'s first wife, Natalie, are, for the most part, social; his letters to Koussevitzky\\'s second wife, Olga (Olga Naumoff, Koussevitzky\\'s secretary, until 1947), concern the running of Tanglewood. Copland\\'s\\xa0<a href=\"/collections/aaron-copland/articles-and-essays/works-listing-by-title/t/#work0025\">Third Symphony</a>\\xa0is dedicated \"To the memory of Natalie Koussevitzky.\"</p> <p><strong>Minna Lederman</strong>\\xa0(<em>Modern Music</em>\\xa0Archives). Lederman was editor of the journal of the League of Composers,\\xa0<em>Modern Music</em>, which was published from 1924 to 1946. Copland was a major contributor to the magazine and a trusted advisor to Lederman.</p> <p><strong>Marcelle de Manziarly</strong>\\xa0(Copland Collection; originals). French composer, Boulanger student. Copland dedicated \"Heart, We Will Forget Him,\" the fifth of his<em>Twelve Poems of Emily Dickinson</em>, to de Manziarly.</p>  <p><strong>Olga Naumoff:</strong>\\xa0see Serge, Natalie, and Olga Koussevitzky.</p> <p><strong>Walter Piston</strong>\\xa0(Piston Collection). American composer. The body of Piston\\'s correspondence is in the Boston Public Library; the one letter in this online collection represents the small but important collection of letters to Piston from the years 1931-55 that is in the Music Division of the Library of Congress.</p> <p><strong>Florence Rudnick:</strong>\\xa0see Irving and Verna Fine.</p> <p><strong>Roger Sessions</strong>\\xa0(Copland Collection; photocopies) American composer; co-producer with Copland of the Copland-Sessions Concerts during the years 1928-31.</p> <p><strong>Nicolas Slonimsky</strong>\\xa0(Slonimsky Collection; some early letters in the Koussevitzky Collection). Musical polymath. During most of the period in which Copland corresponded with him he was musical secretary to Koussevitzky; the jokey letters to the incorrigibly humorous Slonimsky serve to balance Copland\\'s oh-so-serious letters to Koussevitzky himself.</p> <p><strong>Harold Spivacke</strong>\\xa0(Coolidge Collection; Joint Army and Navy Committee on Welfare and Recreation, Sub-Committee on Music). Chief of the Music Division of the Library of Congress, 1937-1972. Spivacke\\'s tact and unflappable serenity kept the commissioning of\\xa0<a href=\"/collections/aaron-copland/articles-and-essays/works-listing-by-title/a/#work0030\"><em>Appalachian Spring</em></a>\\xa0on course.</p> <p><strong>William Strickland</strong>\\xa0(Strickland Collection). American conductor. Some of the letters in this online collection are concerned with Strickland\\'s editorship of the H. W. Gray organ series, for which Copland wrote his\\xa0<a href=\"/collections/aaron-copland/articles-and-essays/works-listing-by-title/e/#work0097\"><em>Episode</em></a>.</p> <p>\"The man is in the letters.\" It might then seem as though a collection of more than eight hundred letters, postcards, and telegrams from Aaron Copland would give a complete portrait of the man and the composer. However, users of this online collection should remember that these letters represent only the holdings of the Music Division of the Library of Congress. At least equally important are Copland\\'s letters to Virgil Thomson (at Yale University); Claire Reis and William Schuman (at the New York Public Library); Howard Clurman, David Diamond, and Walter Piston (at the Boston Public Library); and several others. To each of his correspondents Copland shows a slightly different aspect of his personality, so the letters in this online collection provide a detailed self-portrait if not a complete one.</p>  <h2>The Copland Sketches</h2>  <p>This online collection contains approximately 2500 pages of Aaron Copland\\'s sketches\\xa0for his music, representing thirty-one of his works—thirty-three if one includes the\\xa0<em>Sextet</em>\\xa0and the\\xa0<em>Orchestra Variations</em>, covered by the sketches for the <a href=\"/resource/copland.sket0010?sp=1\"><em>Short Symphony</em></a>\\xa0and\\xa0<a href=\"/resource/copland.sket0011?sp=1\"><em>Piano Variations</em></a>\\xa0respectively. Representing many of Copland\\'s best-known and most significant works, the sketches are often revelatory. Except for some miscellaneous accompanying material, the online collection includes all the sketches for the works in the online collection.</p> <p>There are works for which the Library of Congress\\'s archival Copland Collection contains no sketches. These include some of the early works and the\\xa0<em>Lincoln Portrait</em>. Those who are interested in finding out whether the Library has sketches for a particular work not represented in the online collection, or curious about whether one of the works included has any material not presented online, should consult the Copland Collection Finding Aid.</p> <p>Within the sections of the online collection, the sketches are presented as much as possible in the order in which they were received from Aaron Copland or his estate. They have been much used by scholars, and they represent Copland\\'s not always systematic use of music-paper. Some sets of sketches have been numbered by stamp at their top left- or right-hand corner; this numeration was done by the Library of Congress when the sketches were filmed in the mid-1970s and do not represent Copland\\'s numbering. When two separate sets of sketches exist for a single work, they are presented here as two separate items. (Note: The page numbers of some of these sketches may not appear in numerical order online. However, they are presented here in exactly the order that Copland produced them.)</p> <p>The sketches reveal to scholars the history of Copland\\'s work on the compositions, but they can also mean something to the general reader. The sketches for the <a href=\"/resource/copland.sket0011?sp=1\"><em>Piano Variations</em></a>, the\\xa0<a href=\"/resource/copland.sket0010?sp=1\"><em>Short Symphony</em></a>, and the\\xa0<a href=\"/resource/copland.sket0022?sp=1\"><em>Fanfare for the Common Man</em></a>\\xa0show Copland searching for titles to do justice to three of his most characteristic works; the sketches for\\xa0<a href=\"/resource/copland.sket0032?sp=1\"><em>Twelve Poems of Emily Dickinson</em></a>\\xa0show him deciding what poems to include in the cycle; the sketches for\\xa0<a href=\"/resource/copland.sket0015?sp=1\"><em>Billy the Kid</em></a> show that the opening music was first intended to be the start of\\xa0<a href=\"/resource/copland.sket0014?sp=1\"><em>Music for Radio</em></a>— which now begins with much more complex music.</p>  <h2>The Copland Photographs</h2>  <p>The photographic materials in the Library of Congress\\'s\\xa0<em>Aaron Copland Collection</em>number more than twelve thousand items spanning the years 1889 to 1985 and include both black and white and color prints, contact sheets, 35-mm negatives, color slides, and photograph albums. A substantial number of photographs were taken by Copland\\'s lifelong friend, the professional photographer Victor Kraft. Widely known photographers whose work can be found in the collection include Carl Van Vechten, Irving Penn, Gordon Parks, and Margaret Bourke-White. The subject material comprises an inclusive chronology of Copland\\'s life and includes Copland\\'s family; Copland himself throughout his life; friends; acquaintances; fellow composers and other people with whom he worked; places where he studied, composed, or visited; and special events.</p> <p>From this vast collection, 111 photographs have been initially selected for the online collection. The digitized images fall into five broad categories: Family ; Copland Alone; Copland\\'s Music; Copland with Other Composers and People; and Places and Events. Photographs that cannot be dated precisely or approximately have been given the designation of \"middle\" or \"late.\"</p> <h2>Family</h2> <p>Of the seven family photographs, one is a formal sitting of Copland\\'s paternal grandparents and three of their children, while another shows Copland\\'s parents, Sarah and Harris Copland, in front of their department store in Brooklyn, New York, in 1922. The other five capture Copland with other family members.</p> <h2>Aaron Copland Alone</h2> <p>The twenty-four photographs of Copland alone show him both formally and informally and at a range of ages from six to his seventies. Several feature Copland at his home, Rock Hill, in Courtlandt near Peekskill, New York.</p>  <h2>Copland\\'s Music</h2> <p>Twenty-one photographs capture performances or rehearsals of thirteen musical works. The orchestral works represented are the\\xa0<em>Piano Concerto</em>, in a photograph showing Copland at the piano and André Previn conducting; the\\xa0<em>Clarinet Concerto</em>with Benny Goodman as the soloist and Copland conducting the Los Angeles Philharmonic; and the\\xa0<em>Lincoln Portrait</em>\\xa0in two rehearsal photographs, one in color with Marian Anderson as the speaker and the other with Adlai Stevenson, both with Copland conducting. The two ballets represented are scenes from the premiere performance of\\xa0<em>Appalachian Spring</em>\\xa0at the Library of Congress and\\xa0<em>Billy the Kid</em>, which was premiered by Lincoln Kirstein and the Ballet Caravan.</p> <p>Three of the eight films for which Copland wrote music scores are illustrated in this online collection. Production stills represent\\xa0<em>The North Star</em>\\xa0and\\xa0<em>The Red Pony</em>. There are also two informal photographs of the making of\\xa0<em>The Red Pon</em>y depicting Copland with the pony and the young boy and one studio-recording shot of Copland conducting the music for\\xa0<em>Something Wild</em>\\xa0that shows the star, Carroll Baker, in a television monitor.</p> <p>One chamber work is represented in a rehearsal of the\\xa0<em>Nonet</em>\\xa0at the Library of Congress with Copland conducting. Two photographs depict William Warfield with Copland during rehearsals of\\xa0<em>Old American Songs</em>. There is also a stage shot of the opera\\xa0<em>The Tender Land</em>.</p>  <h2>Copland with Other Composers and People</h2> <p>Numerous photographs capture Copland with fellow composers, including Leonard Bernstein, Carlos Chávez, Norman Dello Joio, Samuel Barber, Gian Carlo Menotti, Irving Fine, Arthur Berger, Douglas Moore, Benjamin Britten, Darius Milhaud, Philip Ramey, Walter Piston, Domingo Santa Cruz, Virgil Thomson, Roger Sessions, and Igor Stravinsky. He is also shown with such notable cultural figures and musicians as Artur Rubinstein, Claire Booth Luce, Clarence Adler, Nadia Boulanger, Victor Kraft, Vivian Perlis, Claire Reis, Jack Garfein, Thorton Wilder, Serge Koussevitzky, Agnes de Mille, and Oliver Smith.</p> <h2>Places and Events</h2> <p>The group of photographs entitled Places and Events shows Coplan Fontainebleau and Aldeburgh; in Paris, Germany, England, Peru, Israel, and Mexico; at Nadia Boulanger\\'s studio with other students; at the MacDowell Colony, Yaddo, and Tanglewood; and at the University of Kansas, Brown University and Columbia University.</p> <h2>The Copland Writings</h2>  <p>Aaron Copland was best known first as a composer and later, in the 1960s and \\'70s, as a conductor. His name is less frequently associated with literary endeavors. The\\xa0Writings\\xa0portion of the\\xa0Aaron Copland Collection\\xa0suggests that in this respect his reputation should perhaps be revised: it includes a vast array of articles, lectures, speeches, book drafts, and radio and television commentaries that span the years 1925 to 1988. The long stream of Copland\\'s literary efforts began with an article written for publication in 1925, shortly after his return to the United States from three years in Paris, and continued into the late 1970s and early 1980s. He displayed the same technique in his writings that he did in his music: that is, a frequent self-borrowing in which he used the same material in different media.</p> <p>The writings selected for this online collection comprise eighty-six items. The selections represent unpublished drafts of material for articles, lectures, and speeches. Some selections display Copland\\'s literary processes in thoughtful revisions, word changes, rearranging, and other editorial techniques. He usually began with handwritten notes or drafts and proceeded through several typewritten drafts before creating a final unmarked typewritten version. (Example: \"A Visit to Snape,\"\\xa0<a href=\"/resource/copland.writ0026?sp=1\">Version 2</a>\\xa0and\\xa0<a href=\"/resource/copland.writ0027?sp=1\">Version 3</a>\\xa0) Not every literary work in the Aaron Copland Collection illustrates this transformation, however. The lectures and speeches display another aspect of Copland\\'s literary endeavors: the fact that he underscored almost every word in red or blue pencil. Because he probably made these markings to help him deliver his speeches, they recapture something of the sound as well as the thought of his vocal presentations. They also add a colorful element to the handwritten and typed drafts.</p> <p>Like many conductors, Copland used a similar device in his conducting scores, where red and blue pencil markings draw the eye to changes in time signature, dynamics, and the entrances of instruments. [Example:\\xa0<a href=\"/resource/copland.writ0092?sp=1\">\"Talk on Leonard Bernstein\"</a>]</p> <p>Whatever their intended uses, the online examples of Copland\\'s unpublished writings can be grouped into four categories: autobiographical, about Copland\\'s music, about other composers, and about other people.</p> <p>The two autobiographical titles contrast the esoteric concerns of\\xa0<a href=\"/resource/copland.writ0005?sp=1\">\"Music and the Human Spirit\"</a>, in which Copland addresses \"the creation of an art music\" as one of \"humanity\\'s truly unique achievements,\" with the practicality of\\xa0<a href=\"/resource/copland.writ0003?sp=1\">\"The Composer as Conductor\"</a>\\xa0in which he recalls that \"Some twenty years ago, during the course of a memorable evening at the Stravinskys\\' home in Los Angeles, the venerable maestro turned to me and said in no uncertain terms: \\'My dear, you should conduct your own music. All composers should conduct their own music!\\'\"</p> <p>The writings about Copland\\'s music highlight eleven of Copland\\'s compositions in five different media. Writings on two ballets describe his collaboration with Martha Graham (<a href=\"/resource/copland.writ0007?sp=1\"><em>Appalachian Spring</em></a>) and his work with Lincoln Kirstein on the story for<em>Billy the Kid</em>, (<a href=\"/resource/copland.writ0008?sp=1\">\"About\\xa0<em>Billy the Kid</em></a>\" and\\xa0<a href=\"/resource/copland.writ0018?sp=1\">\"Notes on a Cowboy Ballet\"</a>). Copland discusses the creation of his three major solo piano works,\\xa0<em>Piano Fantasy</em>\", \"<em>Piano Sonata</em>,\" and \"<em>Piano Variations</em>,\" in two different lectures under the title <a href=\"/resource/copland.writ0011?sp=1\">Compositional Phases [on My Three Piano Works]</a>.\" An article about the 1925 orchestral work\\xa0<a href=\"/resource/copland.writ0017?sp=1\"><em>Music for the Theatre</em></a>\\xa0summarizes the reaction of audiences, musicians, and reviewers in the United States and Europe, including the performance by the New York Symphony Orchestra in which its conductor, Dr. Walter Damrosch, had \"revenge in the end.\" Copland wrote\\xa0<a href=\"/resource/copland.writ0028?sp=1\">A Visit to Snape</a>\\xa0for a tribute to Benjamin Britten on his fiftieth birthday; in it, he extols the \"kind of composer rapport\" between them and the \"exchange of musical impressions\" between his own \"The Second Hurricane\" and Britten\\'s Piano Concerto No. 1.</p> <p>As the composer of several film scores, Copland was frequently asked to lecture or write about composing for the movies. In his discussions on the subject, Copland speaks not only about his experiences and the scores he wrote, but about other film composers and working in Hollywood. In\\xa0<a href=\"/resource/copland.writ0012?sp=1\">\"Film Music\"</a>, a lecture given at the Museum of Modern Art Film Library in 1940, Copland briefly describes Hollywood and the mysterious nature of film music. He talks about the music he wrote for the film\\xa0<a href=\"/collections/aaron-copland/articles-and-essays/works-listing-by-title/o/#work0049\"><em>Of Mice and Men</em></a>; four film composers, Eric Korngold, Max Steiner, Alfred Newman, and Herbert Stoddard; and some of their film scores. By the time he gave the lecture\\xa0<a href=\"/resource/copland.writ0015?sp=1\">\"Film Talk\"</a>\\xa0at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in 1971, Copland\\'s credentials as a film composer included six feature films and two documentaries. On that occasion, excerpts from three features (<em>Something Wild</em>,\\xa0<em>The Red Pony</em>, and\\xa0<em>The Heiress</em>) and one documentary (<em>The City</em>) were screened as he commented on how music may help a film and how one sets music to a film.</p> <p>The largest category of writings in this online collection centers on Copland\\'s views about other composers. In these works, Copland speaks not only about his American contemporaries but about Mozart\\xa0<a href=\"/resource/copland.writ0037?sp=1\">(\"At the Thought of Mozart\")</a>, Berlioz\\xa0<a href=\"/resource/copland.writ0039?sp=1\">(\"Berlioz - from the Composer\\'s Standpoint\")</a>, and\\xa0<a href=\"/resource/copland.writ0040?sp=1\">Pierre Boulez</a>;<a href=\"/resource/copland.writ0049?sp=1\">Composers in Russia</a>\\xa0and the\\xa0<a href=\"/resource/copland.writ0051?sp=1\">Composers of South America</a>; Michael Tippett (<a href=\"/resource/copland.writ0055?sp=1\">\"Cousin Michael\"</a>),\\xa0<a href=\"/resource/copland.writ0057?sp=1\">Darius Milhaud</a>, Dmitri Shostakovitch (<a href=\"/resource/copland.writ0059?sp=1\">\"Dmitri Shostakovitch and the New Simplicity\"</a>),\\xa0<a href=\"/resource/copland.writ0060?sp=1\">Gabriel Fauré</a>,\\xa0<a href=\"/resource/copland.writ0062?sp=1\">Franz Liszt</a>, Gustav Mahler\\xa0<a href=\"/resource/copland.writ0077?sp=1\">(\"Mahler (XX Cent[ury]\")</a>,\\xa0<a href=\"/resource/copland.writ0091?sp=1\">Igor Stravinsky</a>, Serge Prokofieff [Sergey Prokofiev]\\xa0<a href=\"/resource/copland.writ0087?sp=1\">(\"On the Occasion of the 70th Birthday of Serge Prokofieff\")\\xa0</a>, Benjamin Britten\\xa0<a href=\"/resource/copland.writ0090?sp=1\">(\"Special Fondness for B.B. [Benjamin Britten]\")\\xa0</a>, and\\xa0<a href=\"/resource/copland.writ0097?sp=1\">Zoltán Kodály</a>. Copland was concerned above all with educating others about composers and their music, and in these writings he sometimes presents his personal viewpoints and reflections. At the National Arts Club in 1968, for example, he spoke about Leonard Bernstein\\'s gifts and how it was \"impossible to imagine the American musical scene in the last quarter century without him.\" [Example:\\xa0<a href=\"/resource/copland.writ0075?sp=1\">\"LB\"</a>]</p> <p>As Copland lived on through the century, he was asked to write celebratory epistles or obituaries about many of his contemporaries, whether they were composers or others who had influenced his life. These writings about other people offer Copland\\'s portraits of his Parisian teacher, Nadia Boulanger\\xa0<a href=\"/resource/copland.writ0099?sp=1\">(\"Intro[duction] of N[adia] Boulanger as Teacher\")</a>; his early theory teacher, Rubin Goldmark<a href=\"/resource/copland.writ0112?sp=1\">(\"Rubin Goldmark: A Tribute\")</a>; his publisher, Ralph Hawkes\\xa0<a href=\"/resource/copland.writ0111?sp=1\">(\"Ralph Hawkes: In Memoriam\")\\xa0</a>; his friend and colleague at the League of Composers,<a href=\"/resource/copland.writ0109?sp=1\">Claire Reis</a>; and his long-time supporter, the conductor of the Boston Symphony Orchestra, Serge Koussevitzky\\xa0<a href=\"/resource/copland.writ0114?sp=1\">(\"Serge Koussevitzky - The 100th Anniversary [unpublished writings]\")</a>. \"It is almost forty years since first I rang the bell at Nadia Boulanger\\'s Paris apartment . . . \" begins the 1960 tribute to his teacher,\\xa0<a href=\"/resource/copland.writ0102?sp=1\">(\"The Teacher: Nadia Boulanger\")</a>, the person who was most influential in molding and forming the composer Aaron Copland.</p>'], 'timestamp': '2019-11-22T09:43:42.035Z', 'campaigns': [], 'extract_timestamp': '2019-11-22T09:26:57.751Z', 'date': '1841', 'shelf_id': '~/collections/aaron-copland/about-this-collection/', 'other_title': ['Copland collection,'], 'count': 982, 'dates': ['1841-01-01T00:00:00Z'], 'number_lccn': ['2003561015'], 'language': ['english'], 'url': 'https://www.loc.gov/collections/aaron-copland/about-this-collection/', 'items': 'https://www.loc.gov/collections/aaron-copland/', 'hassegments': False, 'image_url': ['https://www.loc.gov/static/collections/aaron-copland/155_155.jpg#h=155&w=155', 'https://www.loc.gov/static/collections/aaron-copland/500_500.jpg#h=500&w=500'], 'aka': ['http://www.loc.gov/collections/aaron-copland/about-this-collection/', 'http://www.loc.gov/collections/copland/', 'http://lccn.loc.gov/2003561015', 'http://www.loc.gov/item/2003561015/', 'http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.music/eadmus.mu002006', 'http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.music/collmus.mu000006', 'http://www.loc.gov/resource/eadmus.mu002006.3/', 'http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.music/eadmus.mu002006.3', 'http://www.loc.gov/resource/collmus.mu000006/', 'http://www.loc.gov/resource/eadmus.mu002006/']}, {'access_restricted': False, 'original_format': ['collection', 'book'], 'id': 'http://www.loc.gov/collections/abdul-hamid-ii-books/about-this-collection/', 'partof': ['african and middle eastern division', 'digital collections', 'abdul-hamid ii collection of books and serials gifted to the library of congress'], 'subject': ['world cultures & history'], 'index': 12, 'group': ['collections-portal'], 'title': 'Abdul-Hamid II Collection of Books and Serials Gifted to the Library of Congress', 'digitized': True, 'description': ['<p>In 1884 Sultan Abdul-Hamid II gifted the Library of Congress with a collection of Ottoman Turkish, Persian, Arabic works that he had richly embossed with this inscription in English, French and Ottoman: \"Gift made by H.I. M. the Sultan Abdul-Hamid II to the national library of the United States of America through the Honorable A.S. Hewitt Member of the House of Representatives A.H. 1302-1884 A.D.\" </p>  <p>The Sultan\\'s gift arrived in the U.S. Capitol, where the Library of Congress was housed, until the Jefferson Building was completed and they could be unpacked and shelved.</p>  <p>In the 1907 Annual Report of the Librarian of Congress, Herbert Putnam stated: \"About 400 volumes, bound in red Morocco with gilt edges, have been given by the present Sultan, Ghasee Abdul-Hamid II. They comprise works of native authorship, also translations from European languages of works on Medicine, History, Law, Mathematics, Arts, Drama, Fiction, etc.\"</p>  <p>The remarkable story of how the Sultan met and befriended Abram Stevens Hewitt (1822-1903), Member from New York\\'s 10th district, reported in the <em>New York Tribune </em>(July 13, 1884), began while Hewitt and his young son were touring around St. Sophia and palace grounds in Constantinople during a very hot day. When the young boy fainted, he was taken to the guard house where two other boys his age observed all the excitement and reported back to their father, the Sultan, what they had seen.\\xa0Their father dispatched his emissaries to Hewitt\\'s hotel to inquire about his son\\'s well-being and to request that he and his son visit the palace the next day.</p>  <p>During the visit, the Sultan noticed Hewitt\\'s indelible pencil and special cigarettes which resulted in a gift shipment to Abdul-Hamid II when Hewitt returned home. Shortly thereafter, Hewitt received a notice that he owed $1,480 in customs duties on a shipment of Ottoman books. He wrote back to the Sultan that he didn\\'t deserve such an honor and that the Sultan should give the books to the Library of Congress. The Sultan agreed and had the special collection prepared for the Library and invited Hewitt to keep the first set for himself. Hewitt paid the duty and this set is now in the New York University Elmer Holmes Bobst Library.</p>  <p>By 1984, it was determined that the Abdul-Hamid II gift books had become very brittle with paper that was too fragile to serve to researchers and a decision was made to microfilm the collection. 309 books and serials have been scanned from this microfilm for this digital collection. There are 26 existent Abdul-Hamid II books which also have been digitized.</p>'], 'timestamp': '2019-11-22T09:43:42.035Z', 'campaigns': [], 'extract_timestamp': '2019-11-22T09:26:29.783Z', 'shelf_id': '~/collections/abdul-hamid-ii-books/about-this-collection/', 'other_title': [], 'count': 323, 'url': 'https://www.loc.gov/collections/abdul-hamid-ii-books/about-this-collection/', 'items': 'https://www.loc.gov/collections/abdul-hamid-ii-books/', 'hassegments': False, 'image_url': ['https://www.loc.gov/static/collections/abdul-hamid-ii-books/155_155.jpg#h=155&w=155', 'https://www.loc.gov/static/collections/abdul-hamid-ii-books/500_500.jpg#h=500&w=500'], 'aka': ['http://www.loc.gov/collections/abdul-hamid-ii-books/about-this-collection/', 'http://www.loc.gov/collections/hamidbooks/']}, {'item': {'digital_id': ['http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/pp.ahii'], 'call_number': ['Guide Record'], 'contributors': ['Abdülhamid II, Sultan of the Turks, 1842-1918 donor.', 'Abdullah frères, photographer.', 'Sebah & Joaillier, photographer.'], 'language': ['ota'], 'title': 'Abdul-Hamid II collection of photographs of the Ottoman Empire', 'notes': ['Albums generally arranged by subject. Each album assigned a LOT number and photographs numbered within each LOT.', 'Well-known Ottoman commercial photographers such as Abdullah Frères, Sebah & Joaillier, and Phèbus took the bulk of the photographs. Turkish military photographer Ali Rıza Pasa and the Photographic Unit of the Imperial School of Engineering also contributed numerous images.', 'Collection title devised by Library staff.', 'Albums include four major subject categories: Category I: views, buildings, monuments and antiquities (LOTS 9515, 9516, 9517, 9518, 9523, 9524, 9528, 9529, 9532, 9533, 9534, 9535, 9541, 11907, 11910, 11912, 11913); Category II: military, naval, rescue services and military and industrial facilities (LOTS 9521, 9522, 9536, 9537, 9539, 9540, 9543, 9545, 11905, 11906, 11909, 11911, 11914, 11915, 11917, 11918, 11919); Category III: educational facilities (LOTS 9511, 9512, 9513, 9514, 9519, 9520, 9525, 9526, 9527, 9530, 9531, 9538, 9542, 9544, 11908); and Category IV: horses and imperial stables (LOTS 9546, 11916)', 'Photographs are chiefly albumen, some gelatin silver.', 'Black-and-white copy photographs are also available for reference purposes under LOT call numbers.', 'Digitized images of all items in the collection display with their associated catalog records in the Prints & Photographs Division Online Catalog, hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/pp.ahii', 'Guide to the Special Collections of Prints & Photographs in the Library of Congress / compiled by Paul Vanderbilt. Washington, D.C. : 1955, no. 2', 'Special Collections in the Library of Congress / compiled by Annette Melville. Washington, D.C. : Library of Congress, 1980, no. 1', 'Gift; Abdülhamid II; 1893-1894.', 'Collection profile available online hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/pp.ahii', 'A set of catalog records describing each item is available through the Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting. See http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.gdc/lcoa1.about', 'Abdul-Hamid II (1842-1918), an avid collector and promoter of photography, appears to have conceived this collection as a portrait of his empire for a western audience. He presented a copy of the survey to the Library of Congress in 1893 or 1894. He also gave another almost identical collection to the British Museum (now in the British Library).', \"The Abdul Hamid II (1842-1918) Collection of 402 volumes in Turkish and Arabic on a variety of topics was presented to the Library of Congress by the Ottoman monarch.  Many of the books are available on microfilm in the African & Middle Eastern Division. Some of the fragile volumes are preserved in the Near East Section's rare materials collection.\", 'Abdulhamid II gave over 400 books printed in the Ottoman Empire to U.S. Representative and New York City Mayor Abram S. Hewitt. Hewitt later donated this collection to New York University where they are located in the Elmer Holmes Bobst Library.', \"Imperial self-portrait: The Ottoman Empire as revealed in the Sultan Abdul Hamid II's Photographic Albums. Edited by Carney E.S. Gavin and the Harvard Semitic Museum. Journal of Turkish Studies, v. 12, 1988. [Cambridge, Mass] : Harvard University, 1988.\"], 'format': ['still image', 'collection'], 'rights_advisory': ['No known restrictions on publication.'], 'summary': [\"These photographic albums portray the Ottoman Empire during the reign of one of its last sultans, Abdul-Hamid  II. They highlight the modernization of numerous aspects of the Ottoman Empire. Most of the places depicted are within the boundaries of modern-day Turkey, but buildings and sites in Iraq, Lebanon, Greece and other countries are also included. The images show students and educational facilities, including law, medical and military schools; well-equipped army and navy personnel and facilities; technologically advanced lifesaving and fire fighting brigades; factories; mines; harbors; hospitals; and government buildings. The     collection also documents historic Byzantine and Ottoman monuments, mosques, mosaics, fountains, palaces, and mausoleums, and includes panoramic landscapes and urban scenes. Other photographs depict Abdul Hamid's Yildiz Palace, yacht, and horses.\"], 'repository': ['Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA dcu'], 'date': '1880', 'subjects': ['Abdülhamid--II,--Sultan of the Turks,--1842-1918--Associated objects', 'Government facilities--Turkey--1880-1900', 'Educational facilities--Turkey--1880-1900', 'Military facilities--Turkey--1880-1900', 'Lifesaving--Turkey--1880-1900', 'Students--Turkey--1880-1900', 'Mosaics--Turkey--1880-1900', 'Fountains--Turkey--1880-1900', 'Tombs & sepulchral monuments--Turkey--1880-1900', 'Horses--Turkey--1880-1900', 'Mosques--Turkey--1880-1900', 'Castles & palaces--Turkey--1880-1900', 'Hospitals--Turkey--1880-1900', 'Ships--Turkey--1880-1900', 'Fire fighting--Turkey--1880-1900', 'Forts & fortifications--Turkey--1880-1900', 'City walls--Turkey--1880-1900', 'Yachts--Turkey--1880-1900', 'Factories--Turkey--1880-1900', 'Navies--Turkey--1880-1900', 'Military personnel--Turkey--1880-1900', 'Military life--Turkey--1880-1900', 'Greece--1880-1900', 'Middle East--1880-1900', 'Turkey--History--Ottoman Empire, 1288-1918', 'Turkey--History--1878-1909', 'Bosporus (Turkey)--1880-1900', 'Istanbul (Turkey)--1880-1900', 'Bursa (Turkey)--1880-1900'], 'location': ['Turkey', 'Greece', 'Middle East', 'Bosporus (Turkey)', 'Istanbul (Turkey)', 'Bursa (Turkey)'], 'genre': ['Cityscapes--1880-1900', 'Photograph albums--1880-1900', 'Portrait photographs--1880-1900', 'Group portraits--1880-1900', 'Albumen prints--1880-1900'], 'created_published': ['1880-1893.'], 'medium': ['51 albums ; 19 x 32 in. or smaller.'], 'access_advisory': ['Please use digital and print surrogates instead originals, following preservation policy.', 'Original albums; Restricted access: Materials extremely fragile; Served by appointment only.']}, 'access_restricted': False, 'number': ['2016-04-15t16:13:07', '2003652945'], 'original_format': ['collection', 'photo, print, drawing'], 'contributor': ['sebah & joaillier', 'abdullah frères', 'abdülhamid ii'], 'id': 'http://www.loc.gov/collections/abdul-hamid-ii/about-this-collection/', 'partof': ['digital collections', 'prints and photographs division', 'abdul hamid ii collection'], 'subject': ['portrait photographs', 'photograph albums', 'cityscapes', 'world cultures & history', 'group portraits', 'albumen prints'], 'index': 13, 'group': ['collections-portal'], 'title': 'Abdul Hamid II Collection', 'number_source_modified': ['2016-04-15t16:13:07'], 'location': ['turkey', 'istanbul', 'bosporus', 'ottoman empire', 'bursa', 'middle east', 'greece'], 'resources': [], 'digitized': True, 'description': [\"<p>This collection contains 1,819  photographs in 51 large-format albums date from about 1880 to 1893. They portray the Ottoman  Empire during the  reign of one of its last sultans,  Abdul-Hamid II and highlight the  modernization of numerous aspects  of the Ottoman  Empire.   Most of the places depicted are within the boundaries of  modern-day Turkey, but buildings and sites in Iraq, Lebanon, Greece and  other countries are also included.</p>  <p>Abdul-Hamid (1842-1918),  an avid collector and promoter of  photography, appears to have conceived the work as a portrait of his  empire for a western audience.  He presented a copy of the survey to the  Library of Congress in 1893 or 1894.  He also gave another almost  identical collection to the British Museum (now in the British Library). </p>  <p>Well-known Ottoman commercial photographers such as Abdullah Frères,  Sébah &amp; Joaillier, and Phébus took the bulk of the photographs.  Turkish military photographer Ali Riza Pasa and the Photographic Unit of  the Imperial School of Engineering also contributed numerous images. </p>  <p>The images show students and educational facilities, including law,  medical and military schools; well-equipped army and navy personnel and  facilities; technologically advanced lifesaving and fire fighting  brigades; factories; mines; harbors; hospitals; and government  buildings. The collection also documents historic Byzantine and Ottoman  monuments, mosques, mosaics, fountains, palaces, and mausoleums, and  includes panoramic landscapes and urban scenes. Other photographs depict  Abdul Hamid's Yildiz Palace, yacht, and horses.</p>\"], 'timestamp': '2019-11-22T09:43:42.035Z', 'campaigns': [], 'extract_timestamp': '2019-11-22T09:26:29.783Z', 'date': '1880', 'shelf_id': '~/collections/abdul-hamid-ii/about-this-collection/', 'other_title': [], 'count': 1819, 'dates': ['1880-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1881-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1882-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1883-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1884-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1885-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1886-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1887-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1888-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1889-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1890-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1891-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1892-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1893-01-01T00:00:00Z'], 'number_lccn': ['2003652945'], 'language': ['turkish, ottoman (1500-1928)'], 'url': 'https://www.loc.gov/collections/abdul-hamid-ii/about-this-collection/', 'items': 'https://www.loc.gov/collections/abdul-hamid-ii/', 'hassegments': False, 'image_url': ['https://www.loc.gov/static/collections/abdul-hamid-ii/155_155.jpg#h=155&w=155', 'https://www.loc.gov/static/collections/abdul-hamid-ii/500_500.jpg#h=500&w=500'], 'aka': ['http://www.loc.gov/collections/abdul-hamid-ii/about-this-collection/', 'http://www.loc.gov/collections/ahii/', 'http://lccn.loc.gov/2003652945', 'http://www.loc.gov/item/2003652945/', 'http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/pp.ahii', 'http://www.loc.gov/resource/pp.ahii/']}, {'item': {'digital_id': ['http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/collmss.ms000005', 'http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/eadmss.ms009304', 'http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/eadmss.ms009304.3', 'http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.gdc/scd0001.20101124004al.1', 'http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.gdc/scd0001.20101124004al.2'], 'medium': ['40,550 items.', '221 containers plus 11 oversize.', '98 microfilm reels.', '48 linear feet.'], 'repository': ['Library of Congress Manuscript Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA dcu http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/mss.home'], 'contributors': ['Lincoln, Abraham, 1809-1865.'], 'title': 'Abraham Lincoln papers,', 'notes': ['Arranged in five series.  Series 1: General Correspondence and Related Documents, 1833-1916; Series 2: Additional Correspondence, 1858-1865; Series 3: Miscellaneous, 1837-1897; Series 4: Addenda, 1774-1948; and Series 5: Oversize, 1776-1865.', 'Abraham Lincoln Papers at the Library of Congress : Series 1-3 available through the Library of Congress Web site at http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/collmss.ms000005', 'Microfilm edition (J.F. Alexander) available, no. 5,075 (1N).', 'Microfilm edition of Series 1-3 available, no. 12,005-97N (no. 12,088-97P; 2nd copy: no. 12,088.1-97P).', 'Microfilm produced from originals in the Manuscript Division. Washington, D.C. : Library of Congress Photoduplication Service, 1960.', 'Gift, Robert Todd Lincoln, 1923.', 'Gift, Helen Nicolay, 1947.', 'Other gifts, transfers, deposits, purchases, and reproductions, 1901-2013.', 'Selected materials transferred to appropriate custodial divisions of the Library of Congress.', 'U.S. president and representative and lawyer from Illinois.', 'Collection material in English.', 'Finding aid available in the Library of Congress Manuscript Reading Room and at http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/eadmss.ms009304', 'Index published by the Library of Congress in 1960 available in the Library of Congress Manuscript Reading Room and at http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.gdc/scd0001.20101124004al.2'], 'format': ['manuscript', 'collection'], 'summary': [\"Correspondence and other papers relating primarily to Abraham Lincoln's presidency and the Civil War.  Includes two drafts of the Gettysburg address, material preserved by John G. Nicolay in his capacities as Lincoln's secretary and editor of the Complete Works of Abraham Lincoln (1905), a letter of condolence from Queen Victoria to Mary Todd Lincoln, and a small amount of material about Lincoln dated after 1865.\", 'Correspondents include Nathaniel Prentiss Banks, Edward Bates, Montgomery Blair, Benjamin Harris Brewster, Salmon P. Chase, Schuyler Colfax, David Davis, Ulysses S. Grant, John Hay, Andrew Johnson, Reverdy Johnson, George Brinton McClellan, George Gordon Meade, Edwin D. Morgan, John G. Nicolay, William S. Rosecrans, William Henry Seward, Horatio Seymour, Caleb B. Smith, James Speed, Edwin McMasters Stanton, Charles Sumner, Lyman Trumbull, Lew Wallace, E.B. Washburne, and Gideon Welles.'], 'language': ['eng'], 'subjects': ['Banks, Nathaniel Prentiss,--1816-1894--Correspondence', 'Bates, Edward,--1793-1869--Correspondence', 'Blair, Montgomery,--1813-1883--Correspondence', 'Brewster, Benjamin Harris,--1816-1888--Correspondence', 'Chase, Salmon P.--(Salmon Portland),--1808-1873--Correspondence', 'Colfax, Schuyler,--1823-1885--Correspondence', 'Davis, David,--1815-1886--Correspondence', 'Grant, Ulysses S.--(Ulysses Simpson),--1822-1885--Correspondence', 'Hay, John,--1838-1905--Correspondence', 'Johnson, Andrew,--1808-1875--Correspondence', 'Johnson, Reverdy,--1796-1876--Correspondence', 'Lincoln, Mary Todd,--1818-1882--Correspondence', 'McClellan, George B.--(George Brinton),--1826-1885--Correspondence', 'Meade, George Gordon,--1815-1872--Correspondence', 'Morgan, Edwin D.--(Edwin Denison),--1811-1883--Correspondence', 'Nicolay, John G.--(John George),--1832-1901', 'Nicolay, John G.--(John George),--1832-1901--Correspondence', 'Rosecrans, William S.--(William Starke),--1819-1898--Correspondence', 'Seward, William H.--(William Henry),--1801-1872--Correspondence', 'Seymour, Horatio,--1810-1886--Correspondence', 'Smith, Caleb B.--(Caleb Blood),--1808-1864--Correspondence', 'Speed, James,--1812-1887--Correspondence', 'Stanton, Edwin M.--(Edwin McMasters),--1814-1869--Correspondence', 'Sumner, Charles,--1811-1874--Correspondence', 'Trumbull, Lyman,--1813-1896--Correspondence', 'Victoria,--Queen of Great Britain,--1819-1901--Correspondence', 'Wallace, Lew,--1827-1905--Correspondence', 'Washburne, E. B.--(Elihu Benjamin),--1816-1887--Correspondence', 'Welles, Gideon,--1802-1878--Correspondence', 'United States--History--Civil War, 1861-1865', 'United States--Politics and government--1861-1865'], 'location': ['United States', 'Illinois'], 'date': '||||', 'access_advisory': ['Open to research.']}, 'access_restricted': False, 'number': ['mm78030189', '2016-10-07t07:52:38'], 'original_format': ['collection', 'manuscript/mixed material'], 'contributor': ['lincoln, abraham'], 'id': 'http://www.loc.gov/collections/abraham-lincoln-papers/about-this-collection/', 'partof': ['abraham lincoln papers at the library of congress', 'digital collections', 'manuscript division'], 'subject': ['government, law & politics', 'american history', 'war & military'], 'index': 14, 'group': ['collections-portal'], 'title': 'Abraham Lincoln Papers at the Library of Congress', 'number_source_modified': ['2016-10-07t07:52:38'], 'location': ['united states', 'illinois'], 'resources': [], 'digitized': True, 'description': ['<p>The papers of  Abraham Lincoln (1809-1865), lawyer, representative from Illinois, and  sixteenth president of the United States, contain approximately 40,550  documents dating from 1774 to 1948, although most of the collection spans from the 1850s through Lincoln&rsquo;s presidency  (1861-1865). \\xa0Roughly half of the  collection, more than 20,000 documents, comprising 62,000 images, as well as  transcriptions of approximately 10,000 documents, is online. Included on this  website in their entirety are Series 1-3 of the Lincoln Papers and the original  materials in Series 4. Excluded from this online presentation is a sizeable  portion of Series 4, which consists of printed material and reproductions of government  and military documents made from originals in the holdings of the National  Archives and Records Administration.</p>  <p>Treasures in the  collection include Lincoln&rsquo;s first and second inaugural addresses, his  preliminary draft of the Emancipation Proclamation, the two earliest known  copies of the Gettysburg Address (the Nicolay and Hay copies), his August 23,  1864, memorandum expressing his expectation of being defeated for re-election  in the upcoming presidential contest, and a condolence letter written to Mary  Todd Lincoln by Queen Victoria following the assassination of Abraham Lincoln  in 1865. The Lincoln Papers are characterized by a large number of  correspondents, including friends and associates from Lincoln&rsquo;s Springfield  days, well-known political figures and reformers, and local people and  organizations writing to their president.</p>  <p>Notable  correspondents include Nathaniel Prentiss Banks, Edward Bates, Montgomery  Blair, Salmon P. Chase, Schuyler Colfax, David Davis, Ulysses S. Grant, John  Hay, Andrew Johnson, Reverdy Johnson, Mary Todd Lincoln, George Brinton  McClellan, George Gordon Meade, Edwin D. Morgan, John G. Nicolay, William S.  Rosecrans, William Henry Seward, Horatio Seymour, Caleb B. Smith, Edwin  McMasters Stanton, Charles Sumner, Lyman Trumbull, E. B. Washburne, and Gideon  Welles.</p>  <p>The <em>Index to the  Abraham Lincoln Papers</em> (<a href=\"http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.gdc/scd0001.20101124004al.1\">PDF</a> and <a href=\"http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.gdc/scd0001.20101124004al.2\">page view</a>) created by the Manuscript Division in 1960 after the bulk of the  collection was microfilmed, provides a full list of the correspondents and  notes the series number, dates, and mounting-sheet numbers for items in Series  1-3 of the Abraham Lincoln Papers. This information, in addition to the keyword  search capability in the online presentation, is helpful in finding individual  letters or documents in the online version. Additional letters received by the  Library after 1960 are not listed in this index.</p>  <p>A current finding aid  (<a href=\"http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/eadmss.ms009304.3\">PDF</a> and <a href=\"http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/eadmss.ms009304\">HTML</a>) to the Abraham Lincoln Papers is also available online.</p>  <h2>Brief History of the Lincoln Papers</h2>  <p>Abraham Lincoln&rsquo;s papers were acquired by gifts, transfers, deposits, purchases, and reproductions  during the years 1901-2013. The Lincoln Papers came to the Library of  Congress from Lincoln\\'s oldest son, Robert Todd Lincoln (1843-1926), who  arranged for their organization and care shortly after his father was  assassinated on April 14, 1865. At that time, Robert Todd Lincoln had the  Lincoln Papers removed to Illinois, where they were first organized under the  direction of Judge David Davis of Bloomington, Illinois, Abraham Lincoln\\'s  longtime associate. Later, Lincoln&rsquo;s presidential secretaries, John G. Nicolay  and John Hay, assisted in the project. In 1874, most of the Lincoln Papers  returned to Washington, D.C., and Nicolay and Hay used them in the research and  writing of their ten-volume biography, <em>Abraham Lincoln: A History</em> (New  York, 1890). Robert Todd Lincoln deposited the Lincoln Papers with the Library  of Congress in 1919, and deeded them to the Library on January 23, 1923. The  deed stipulated that the Lincoln Papers remain sealed until twenty-one years  after Robert Todd Lincoln&rsquo;s death. On July 26, 1947, the Lincoln Papers were  officially opened to the public. </p>  <p>The most complete account  of the early history of the Abraham Lincoln Papers appears in volume 1 of David  C. Mearns, <em>The Lincoln Papers</em> (Garden City, N.Y., 1948), 3-136. An  article by the same author which appeared in the December 1947 issue of the <a href=\"http://quod.lib.umich.edu/a/alajournals/\" target=\"_blank\"><em>Abraham Lincoln Quarterly</em> <i class=\"icon icon-external-link\"><span>External</span></i></a> contains the substance of the story. An additional  history of the provenance of the collection was prepared for the <em>Index to  the Abraham Lincoln Papers</em>, pp. v-vi (<a href=\"http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.gdc/scd0001.20101124004al.1\">PDF</a> and <a href=\"http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.gdc/scd0001.20101124004al.2\">page  view</a>) and  subsequently reproduced in the finding aid (<a href=\"http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/eadmss.ms009304.3\">PDF</a> and <a href=\"http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/eadmss.ms009304\">HTML</a>). A version appears on this website as the  essay <a href=\"/collections/abraham-lincoln-papers/articles-and-essays/provenance/\">Provenance  of the Abraham Lincoln Papers</a>.</p>  <p>Some Lincoln documents which had been retained  by Nicolay were restored to the Lincoln Papers and were arranged as Series 2 to  assure their identification. Other miscellaneous acquisitions are found in  Series 3 and 4. </p>  <p>Scanned images from the Abraham Lincoln Papers  first became available online in 2001 as the American Memory website <em>Abraham  Lincoln Papers at the Library of Congress</em>. Transcriptions prepared for roughly  half of the documents by the Lincoln Studies Center at Knox College were added  in 2002. The present iteration of the online Abraham Lincoln Papers is an  updated version of the American Memory site, with additional features, original  materials not included in the previous presentation, and the replacement of  images scanned from the microfilm edition with full-color images scanned from  the original documents.</p>  <h2>Description of Series</h2>  <p>The Abraham Lincoln Papers are arranged in five  series. All of the documents contained in Series 1-3 are reproduced online, as  are the original materials contained in Series 4. \\xa0Although collection items in the online presentation are described at the item  level, they may be accessed in groups at the Series level.\\xa0 Individual document headings and available  transcriptions can be searched by keyword.</p>  <p><a href=\"/collections/abraham-lincoln-papers/?fa=partof%3Aabraham+lincoln+papers+at+the+library+of+congress%3A+series+1.+general+correspondence.+1833-1916\">Series  1, General Correspondence and Related Documents, 1833-1916</a> <br>   Consists of manuscripts inherited by Robert  Todd Lincoln, which have been designated &ldquo;The Robert Todd Lincoln Collection of  the Papers of Abraham Lincoln.&rdquo; Series 1 includes the so-called &ldquo;Carpet Bag  Documents,&rdquo; which were stored in a carpet bag that suffered water damage. A <a href=\"/resource/mal.4167500/\">list of the &ldquo;Carpet Bag Documents&rdquo;</a> created  in 1874 by Lincoln&rsquo;s secretary John G. Nicolay is available in this series.</p>  <p><a href=\"/collections/abraham-lincoln-papers/?fa=partof%3Aabraham+lincoln+papers+at+the+library+of+congress%3A+series+2.+general+correspondence.+1858-1864\">Series  2, Additional Correspondence, 1858-1865</a> <br>   Comprised of correspondence retained by  Lincoln&rsquo;s secretary John G. Nicolay, which remained with the Nicolay Papers  (received by the Library in 1947) until August 1959, when the letters were  removed and reincorporated with the Lincoln Papers.</p>  <p><a href=\"/collections/abraham-lincoln-papers/?fa=partof%3Aabraham+lincoln+papers+at+the+library+of+congress%3A+series+3.+general+correspondence.+1837-1897\">Series  3, Miscellaneous, 1837-1897</a> <br>   Includes single or small numbers of manuscripts  which have been acquired by the Library of Congress from a variety of sources.</p>  <p><a href=\"/collections/abraham-lincoln-papers/?fa=partof%3Aabraham+lincoln+papers+at+the+library+of+congress%3A+series+4.+addenda%2C+1774-1948\">Series  4, Addenda, 1774-1948</a> <br>   The addenda to the Abraham Lincoln Papers  consists mostly of reproductions of government and military documents made from  originals in the holdings of the National Archives and Records Administration,  1774-1887. Reproductions of documents held by the National Archives are not  represented on this online collection, nor are published materials. Original  items contained in Series 4 are included in this online collection and include  letters written by Abraham Lincoln, an autobiographical sketch written in 1859  at the request of Jesse W. Fell, mourning cards, political ephemera, a pen  purportedly used by Abraham Lincoln, and papers omitted as not being integral  to the collection when it was microfilmed and indexed in 1960. Please consult  the collection finding aid (<a href=\"http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/eadmss.ms009304.3\">PDF</a> and <a href=\"http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/eadmss.ms009304\">HTML</a>) for more detailed information about the  contents of Series 4. </p>  <p>Oversize, 1776-1865<br>   Includes original correspondence and facsimile  reproductions, certificates, pardons, a petition, a poem, pen, and printed  matter. Images of all oversize materials in Series 1-3 and original materials  in Series 4 are included in the online presentation and appear with the series  from which they were withdrawn when rehoused as part of an oversize series. Oversize  facsimiles and reproductions were not included in the online presentation.</p>  <p><strong>Transcriptions Included on  this Website</strong></p>  <p> Transcriptions are included for about 10,000  items (about half of the online collection). The Lincoln Studies Center at Knox  College in Galesburg, Illinois performed the editorial work, which included  selecting the documents to be transcribed. &nbsp;Their choices were based on  either a document\\'s historical importance or as representative of the  president&rsquo;s unsolicited incoming mail. Annotated transcriptions were provided  for all of the documents in Lincoln\\'s own hand and for secretarial copies of  Lincoln documents located in Series 1-3 of the Lincoln Papers.&nbsp;Many of the  other transcriptions were also annotated to aid users in identifying the people  involved and in better understanding the content and historical contexts.&nbsp;Annotations for Lincoln\\'s  autograph documents usually include a headnote providing historical and  documentary context, as well as annotations on the content of the document.  Annotations for incoming correspondence typically identify persons and  organizations writing to Lincoln or referred to in the documents, explain terms  and events, and provide brief historical context. Together, these fully  searchable transcriptions and annotations dramatically extend access to the  Abraham Lincoln Papers and enhance their teaching and research value. For more  information on transcriptions in the Abraham Lincoln Papers see the essay <a href=\"/collections/abraham-lincoln-papers/articles-and-essays/editors-preface-to-the-transcriptions/\">Editors&rsquo;  Preface to the Transcriptions</a>.</p>  <p>&nbsp;</p>'], 'timestamp': '2019-11-22T09:43:42.035Z', 'campaigns': [], 'extract_timestamp': '2019-11-22T09:26:50.534Z', 'shelf_id': '~/collections/abraham-lincoln-papers/about-this-collection/', 'other_title': [], 'count': 20206, 'number_lccn': ['mm78030189'], 'language': ['english'], 'url': 'https://www.loc.gov/collections/abraham-lincoln-papers/about-this-collection/', 'items': 'https://www.loc.gov/collections/abraham-lincoln-papers/', 'hassegments': False, 'image_url': ['https://www.loc.gov/static/collections/abraham-lincoln-papers/155_155.jpg#h=155&w=155', 'https://www.loc.gov/static/collections/abraham-lincoln-papers/500_500.jpg#h=500&w=500'], 'aka': ['http://www.loc.gov/collections/abraham-lincoln-papers/about-this-collection/', 'http://www.loc.gov/collections/lincoln/', 'http://lccn.loc.gov/mm78030189', 'http://www.loc.gov/item/mm78030189/', 'http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/collmss.ms000005', 'http://www.loc.gov/resource/scd0001.20101124004al.2/', 'http://www.loc.gov/resource/eadmss.ms009304.3/', 'http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/eadmss.ms009304.3', 'http://www.loc.gov/resource/scd0001.20101124004al.1/', 'http://www.loc.gov/resource/eadmss.ms009304/', 'http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/eadmss.ms009304', 'http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.gdc/scd0001.20101124004al.2', 'http://www.loc.gov/resource/collmss.ms000005/', 'http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.gdc/scd0001.20101124004al.1']}, {'number_oclc': ['n1112496325'], 'item': {'call_number': ['DS357.5'], 'language': ['eng'], 'contributors': ['Library of Congress. African and Middle Eastern Division, collector.', 'Library of Congress, collector.'], 'format': ['text'], 'notes': ['Collection Period: July 2, 2009 to December 8, 2010.', 'Description based on contents viewed on August 19, 2019; title from overview page.'], 'title': 'Afghanistan web archive.', 'summary': [\"The Afghanistan Web Archive is comprised primarily of websites produced by the Afghan government, specifically the executive branch. Also included are a selection of sites from statistical reporting agencies, banking institutions, universities, U.S. Embassy and critical NGOs supporting democratic and human rights initiatives. The date range of the collection overlaps with the country's presidential (2009) and parliamentary (2009) elections, which were the second national elections held in the country since the founding of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan in 2003.\"], 'subjects': ['Afghanistan--Politics and government--2001', 'Elections--Afghanistan', 'Democracy--Afghanistan', 'Human rights--Afghanistan', 'Democracy', 'Elections', 'Human rights', 'Politics and government', 'Afghanistan', 'Since 2001'], 'location': ['Afghanistan'], 'date': '2009', 'created_published': ['Washington, D.C. : Library of Congress, 2009-2010.'], 'medium': ['1 online resource (collection of archived web sites)']}, 'access_restricted': False, 'number': ['n1112496325', '2019210570', '2019-09-13t07:57:57'], 'original_format': ['collection', 'archived web site'], 'contributor': ['library of congress', 'library of congress. african and middle eastern division'], 'id': 'http://www.loc.gov/collections/afghanistan-web-archive/about-this-collection/', 'partof': ['afghanistan web archive', 'digital collections'], 'subject': ['world cultures & history'], 'index': 15, 'group': ['collections-portal'], 'title': 'Afghanistan Web Archive', 'number_source_modified': ['2019-09-13t07:57:57'], 'location': ['afghanistan'], 'resources': [], 'digitized': True, 'description': [\"<dl class='collection-capture-period'>      <dt>Collection Period:</dt>      <dd>July 2, 2009 to December 8, 2010.</dd>  </dl>      <p>      The Afghanistan Web Archive is comprised primarily of websites produced by the Afghan government, specifically      the executive branch. Also included are a selection of sites from statistical reporting agencies,      banking institutions, universities, U.S. Embassy and critical NGOs supporting democratic and human rights      initiatives. The date range of the collection overlaps with the country's presidential (2009) and      parliamentary (2009) elections, which were the second national elections held in the country since the      founding of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan in 2003.  </p>\"], 'timestamp': '2019-11-22T09:43:42.035Z', 'campaigns': [], 'extract_timestamp': '2019-11-22T09:26:40.115Z', 'date': '2009', 'shelf_id': '~/collections/afghanistan-web-archive/about-this-collection/', 'other_title': [], 'count': 22, 'dates': ['2009-01-01T00:00:00Z'], 'number_lccn': ['2019210570'], 'language': ['english'], 'url': 'https://www.loc.gov/collections/afghanistan-web-archive/about-this-collection/', 'items': 'https://www.loc.gov/collections/afghanistan-web-archive/', 'hassegments': False, 'image_url': ['https://www.loc.gov/static/collections/afghanistan-web-archive/155_155.jpg#h=155&w=155', 'https://www.loc.gov/static/collections/afghanistan-web-archive/500_500.jpg#h=500&w=500'], 'aka': ['http://www.loc.gov/collections/afghanistan-web-archive/about-this-collection/', 'http://www.loc.gov/collections/afghan-web-archive/', 'http://lccn.loc.gov/2019210570', 'http://www.loc.gov/item/2019210570/']}, {'access_restricted': False, 'original_format': ['collection', 'notated music', 'sound recording'], 'id': 'http://www.loc.gov/collections/african-american-band-music/about-this-collection/', 'partof': ['music division', 'digital collections', 'african-american band music & recordings, 1883-1923'], 'subject': ['performing arts', 'african american history'], 'index': 16, 'group': ['collections-portal'], 'title': 'African-American Band Music & Recordings, 1883-1923', 'location': ['united states'], 'digitized': True, 'description': ['<p>The core of this presentation consists of \"stock\" arrangements for bands or small orchestras of popular songs written by African Americans. In addition, we offer a smaller selection of historic sound recordings illustrating these songs and many others by the same composers (the arrangements might not necessarily be the same as those on the stocks). Educational materials include short biographies of composers and performers of the time and historical essays.</p>  <figure class=\"image-align-right\"> <img src=\"/static/collections/african-american-band-music/images/aa-stocks-home.jpg\" alt=\"\" /> <figcaption>Image captions: (background) <a href=\"/item/ihas.100010159\">My little belle Creole</a> [flute part], Gussie Davis, composer. (clockwise from top) My little belle Creole [drums and bells part]; Bob Cole (1868-1911) and J. Rosamond Johnson (1873-1954); James Reese Europe\\'s Clef Club, ca. 1914; [<a href=\"/item/99472444/\">African American band posed on steps to brick building</a>], [1899 or 1900]. Collected by W.E.B. Du Bois.</figcaption> </figure>  <h2>Disclaimer</h2> <p>The Library of Congress presents these documents as part of the record of the past. These primary historical documents reflect the attitudes, perspectives, and beliefs of different times. Some of the music of this period, including that composed by African-Americans, features words, phrases, and \"dialect\" portrayals that can be considered offensive and demeaning. The Library of Congress does not endorse the views expressed in these collections, but is displaying this little-known facet of American history in order to draw attention to the struggles and triumphs of the great African-American musicians of a century ago.</p>'], 'timestamp': '2019-11-22T09:43:42.035Z', 'campaigns': [], 'extract_timestamp': '2019-11-22T09:26:57.751Z', 'date': '1883', 'shelf_id': '~/collections/african-american-band-music/about-this-collection/', 'other_title': [], 'count': 365, 'dates': ['1883-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1884-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1885-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1886-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1887-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1888-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1889-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1890-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1891-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1892-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1893-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1894-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1895-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1896-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1897-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1898-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1899-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1900-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1901-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1902-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1903-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1904-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1905-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1906-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1907-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1908-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1909-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1910-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1911-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1912-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1913-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1914-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1915-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1916-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1917-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1918-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1919-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1920-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1921-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1922-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1923-01-01T00:00:00Z'], 'url': 'https://www.loc.gov/collections/african-american-band-music/about-this-collection/', 'items': 'https://www.loc.gov/collections/african-american-band-music/', 'hassegments': False, 'image_url': ['https://www.loc.gov/static/collections/african-american-band-music/155_155.jpg#h=155&w=155', 'https://www.loc.gov/static/collections/african-american-band-music/500_500.jpg#h=500&w=500'], 'aka': ['http://www.loc.gov/collections/african-american-band-music/about-this-collection/', 'http://www.loc.gov/collections/aabm/']}, {'access_restricted': False, 'original_format': ['collection', 'book'], 'id': 'http://www.loc.gov/collections/african-american-perspectives-rare-books/about-this-collection/', 'partof': ['african american perspectives: materials selected from the rare book collection', 'digital collections', 'rare book and special collections division'], 'subject': ['african american history'], 'index': 17, 'group': ['collections-portal'], 'title': 'African American Perspectives: Materials Selected from the Rare Book Collection', 'location': ['north america'], 'digitized': True, 'description': ['<p>\"African American Perspectives\" gives a panoramic and eclectic review of African American history and culture and is primarily comprised of two collections in the Rare Book and Special Collections Division: the African American Pamphlet Collection and the Daniel A.P. Murray Collection with a date range of 1822 through 1909. Most were written by African-American authors, though some were written by others on topics of particular importance in African-American history. Among the authors represented are Frederick Douglass, Ida B. Wells-Barnett, Benjamin W. Arnett, Alexander Crummel, Emanuel Love, Lydia Maria Child, Kelly Miller, Charles Sumner, Mary Church Terrell, and Booker T. Washington, among others.</p>    <p>The 800 + titles in the collection include sermons on racial pride and political activism; annual reports of charitable, educational, and political organizations; and college catalogs and graduation orations from the Hampton Institute, Morgan College, and Wilberforce University. Also included are biographies, slave narratives, speeches by members of Congress, legal documents, poetry, playbills, dramas, and librettos. Other materials focus on segregation, voting rights, violence against African Americans, the colonization of Africa by freed slaves, anti-slavery organizations and investigative reports. Several of the items are illustrated with portraits of the authors.</p>'], 'timestamp': '2019-11-22T09:43:42.035Z', 'campaigns': [], 'extract_timestamp': '2019-11-22T09:26:40.115Z', 'date': '1875', 'shelf_id': '~/collections/african-american-perspectives-rare-books/about-this-collection/', 'other_title': [], 'count': 862, 'dates': ['1875-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1876-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1877-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1878-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1879-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1880-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1881-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1882-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1883-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1884-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1885-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1886-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1887-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1888-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1889-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1890-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1891-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1892-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1893-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1894-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1895-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1896-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1897-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1898-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1899-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1900-01-01T00:00:00Z'], 'url': 'https://www.loc.gov/collections/african-american-perspectives-rare-books/about-this-collection/', 'items': 'https://www.loc.gov/collections/african-american-perspectives-rare-books/', 'hassegments': False, 'image_url': ['https://www.loc.gov/static/collections/african-american-perspectives-rare-books/155_155.jpg#h=155&w=155', 'https://www.loc.gov/static/collections/african-american-perspectives-rare-books/500_500.jpg#h=500&w=500'], 'aka': ['http://www.loc.gov/collections/african-american-perspectives-rare-books/about-this-collection/', 'http://www.loc.gov/collections/murray/', 'http://lccn.loc.gov/99483603', 'http://www.loc.gov/item/99483603/']}, {'item': {'digital_id': ['http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/ppmsca.38447', 'http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/pp.anedub'], 'call_number': ['Guide Record'], 'contributors': ['Du Bois, W. E. B. (William Edward Burghardt), 1868-1963, compiler.', 'Calloway, Thomas J.', 'Du Bois, W. E. B. (William Edward Burghardt), 1868-1963.', 'Daniel Murray Collection (Library of Congress)'], 'language': ['eng'], 'title': 'Du Bois Collection of visual materials about African Americans assembled for the Paris Exposition of 1900', 'notes': ['Organized under the call number prefix: LOT. This collection includes 363 photographs (in four albums) compiled by Du Bois to show \"Types of American Negroes, Georgia, U.S.A.\" (people) and \"Negro Life in Georgia, U.S.A.\" (activities) (LOT 11930); 217 mounted photographs organized by subject (LOT 11293-LOT 11308); 72 drawings of charts, graphs, and maps showing statistical and census data (Microfilm LOT 11931); three albums entitled \"The Black Code of Georgia, U.S.A.,\" containing transcriptions of Georgia state laws relating to African Americans, 1732-1899 (Microfilm LOT 11932). Each LOT is separately cataloged.', 'Digitized images of photographs in LOT 11930 along with associated identifying information are available through the Prints & Photographs Division Online Catalog.', 'Charts (LOT 11931) and transcripts of Georgia Black codes (LOT 11932) are available on microfilm in the Prints & Photographs Division Reading Room.', 'Du Bois, W. E. Burghardt, \"The American Negro at Paris\" American Monthly Review of Reviews 22:5 (November 1900), p. 576.', 'Report of the Commissioner-General of the United States to the International Universal Exposition, Paris, 1900 (Washington : Government Printing Office, 1901) v. II, pp. 381, 408-409, 463-467.', 'These materials were assembled for the \"American Negro\" exhibit at the 1900 Paris Exposition by W.E.B. Du Bois with direction from Thomas J. Calloway, special agent for the Exposition. Both men were awarded gold medals for their efforts: Calloway as compiler for the \"Negro Exhibit\" and Du Bois, as compiler for special studies related to the \"Georgia Negro.\"', 'Collection title devised by Library staff.', 'Most of the photographs lack photographer credits.', 'A set of catalog records describing each item is available through the Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting. See http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.gdc/lcoa1.about', 'Forms part of the Daniel Murray Collection at the Library of Congress.', 'Gift; Daniel Murray; 1925.'], 'format': ['still image', 'collection'], 'rights_advisory': ['No known restrictions on publication.'], 'summary': ['Photographs and other visual material documenting the history of African Americans in Georgia and other areas of the Southern United States. Subjects include portraits of unidentified men, women, and children; photographs of colleges, students, businesses, workers, and houses. Additional views of churches, clubs, unions, home interiors, and family groups provide glimpses of everyday life. Charts of census and statistical data show the economic and social condition of African Americans since emancipation with special studies for the state of Georgia (microfilm LOT 11931).  Handwritten transcriptions of Georgia state laws governing slaves and freedmen from 1732-1899 are also included (microfilm LOT 11932).'], 'repository': ['Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA dcu http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/pp.print'], 'date': '1899', 'subjects': ['Exposition universelle--(1900 :--Paris, France)', 'African Americans--1890-1900', 'Slaves--Georgia--1890-1900', 'Freedmen--Georgia--1730-1900', 'Laws--Georgia--1730-1900'], 'location': ['Georgia'], 'genre': ['Photographic prints--1890-1900', 'Charts--1890-1900', 'Transcripts', 'Portrait photographs--1890-1900', 'Group portraits--1890-1900'], 'created_published': ['1899-1900.'], 'medium': ['ca. 650 items (chiefly photographic prints)'], 'other_title': ['African American photographs assembled for the Paris Exposition', 'Visual materials about African Americans assembled for the Paris Exposition of 1900'], 'access_advisory': ['For reference access, please use the digital images in the online catalog or the microfilm copy to preserve the fragile original items.']}, 'access_restricted': False, 'number': ['2016-09-12t11:50:25', '2005682657'], 'original_format': ['collection', 'photo, print, drawing'], 'contributor': ['daniel murray collection (library of congress)', 'calloway, thomas j.', 'du bois, w. e. (william edward burghardt)'], 'id': 'http://www.loc.gov/collections/african-american-photographs-1900-paris-exposition/about-this-collection/', 'partof': ['african american photographs assembled for 1900 paris exposition', 'digital collections', 'prints and photographs division'], 'subject': ['portrait photographs', 'african american history', 'photographic prints', 'charts', 'group portraits', 'transcripts'], 'index': 18, 'group': ['collections-portal'], 'title': 'African American Photographs Assembled for 1900 Paris Exposition', 'number_source_modified': ['2016-09-12t11:50:25'], 'online_format': ['image'], 'location': ['north america', 'georgia'], 'resources': [], 'digitized': True, 'description': ['<p>The Paris Exposition of 1900 (Exposition universelle internationale de 1900) devoted a building to matters of \"social economy.\" The United States  section of the building featured an exhibit that, according to W. E. B. Du Bois, attempted to show \"(a) The history of the American Negro. (b)  His present condition. (c) His education. (d) His literature.\" <a href=\"#notes\">1</a></p>  <p>Du Bois and Thomas J. Calloway, who was named special agent for the Exposition, spearheaded the planning, collection and installation of the exhibit materials, which included 500 photographs, as well as 32 charts, numerous maps, and a display of 200 books written by African Americans. Calloway\\'s report to the U.S. Commissioner-General for the exposition mentions such sources of photographs as:</p>  <ul>   <li>Coleman Manufacturing Company, Concord, N.C.</li>   <li>C.E. Fleetwood of the U.S. War Department</li>   <li>Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute, Hampton, Va.</li>   <li>Bishop B.F. Lee of Wilberforce, Ohio, James P. Niell of Nashville,  Tenn.</li>   <li>Roger Williams University</li>   <li>Shaw University</li>   <li>Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute. <a href=\"#notes\">2</a></li>  </ul>  <p>The Library of Congress holds approximately 220 mounted photographs reportedly  displayed in the exhibition (LOTs11293-11308), as well as <a href=\"/collections/african-american-photographs-1900-paris-exposition/articles-and-essays/materials-compiled-by-web-du-bois/\">material specially compiled by Du Bois</a>: four photograph albums showing \"Types\" and \"Negro Life\" (LOT 11930); three albums entitled \"The Black Code of Georgia, U.S.A.,\" offering transcriptions of Georgia state laws relating to blacks, 1732-1899 (LOT 11932); and 72 drawings charting the condition of African Americans at the turn of the century (LOT 11931).</p>  <p>The materials cataloged online include all of the photos in LOT 11930, and any materials in the other groups for which copy negatives have been made.</p>  <h3 id=\"notes\">Notes</h3>  <ol>  <li> Du Bois, W.E. Burghardt, \"The American Negro at Paris\" <em>American Monthly Review of Reviews 22:5</em> (November 1900): 576. </li>  <li>Report of the Commissioner-General for the United States to the International Universal Exposition, Paris, 1900</cite>, (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1901), v. II, p. 464.</li>  </ol>'], 'timestamp': '2019-11-22T09:43:42.035Z', 'campaigns': [], 'extract_timestamp': '2019-11-22T09:26:29.783Z', 'date': '1899', 'shelf_id': '~/collections/african-american-photographs-1900-paris-exposition/about-this-collection/', 'other_title': ['African American photographs assembled for the Paris Exposition', 'Visual materials about African Americans assembled for the Paris Exposition of 1900'], 'count': 557, 'dates': ['1900-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1899-01-01T00:00:00Z'], 'number_lccn': ['2005682657'], 'language': ['english'], 'url': 'https://www.loc.gov/collections/african-american-photographs-1900-paris-exposition/about-this-collection/', 'items': 'https://www.loc.gov/collections/african-american-photographs-1900-paris-exposition/', 'hassegments': False, 'image_url': ['https://www.loc.gov/static/collections/african-american-photographs-1900-paris-exposition/155_155.jpg#h=155&w=155', 'https://www.loc.gov/static/collections/african-american-photographs-1900-paris-exposition/500_500.jpg#h=500&w=500'], 'mime_type': ['image/jpeg'], 'aka': ['http://www.loc.gov/collections/african-american-photographs-1900-paris-exposition/about-this-collection/', 'http://www.loc.gov/collections/anedub/', 'http://lccn.loc.gov/2005682657', 'http://www.loc.gov/item/2005682657/', 'http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/ppmsca.38447', 'http://www.loc.gov/resource/ppmsca.38447/', 'http://www.loc.gov/resource/pp.anedub/', 'http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/pp.anedub']}, {'item': {'rights_advisory': ['Duplication of sound recordings may be governed by copyright and other restrictions.'], 'medium': ['250 sound discs : analog, 33 1/3 and 78 rpm ; 12 in.', 'manuscripts 8 folders.'], 'repository': ['Library of Congress Archive of Folk Culture, American Folklife Center, 101 Independence Ave. S.E., Washington, DC USA 20540-4610 http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.afc/folklife.home'], 'contributors': ['Aho, Lillian, 1917-2011', 'Aho, Pekka, 1884-1959, performer.', 'Allen, Perry, performer.', 'Bangac, Petar, performer.', 'Baratono, Art, performer.', 'Basrak, Stjepan, performer.', 'Bellaire, Exilia, 1889-1965, performer.', 'Bellaire, Mose, 1883-1955, performer.', 'Berky, Nandor, performer.', 'Bonner, Daniel, 1872- performer.', 'Bonner, Patrick, 1882-1973, performer.', 'Brideup, Louis, performer.', 'Cadeau, Ed, 1894-1981, performer.', 'Cadeau, John, 1879-1948, performer.', 'Cadeau, Mathilda, performer.', 'Carrière, Dolphis, performer.', 'Carrière, Fred, 1875-1954, performer.', 'Cloud, Joe, 1885-1965, performer.', 'Cloud, Clarence, 1908-1969, performer.', 'Delmas, Adolphus, 1859-1943, performer.', 'Dobričan, Lazar, performer.', 'Dragić, Todor, performer.', 'Erickson, Max, performer.', 'Floriani, Margaret, performer.', 'Floriani, Veko, performer.', 'Floriani, Vladimir, performer.', 'Floriani, Vladimir, 1906-1947, performer.', 'Forster, Yalmer Eino, performer.', 'Frazier, Belle, performer.', 'Frazier, Calvin, performer.', 'Frazier, Clara, performer.', 'Frazier, Lonnie, performer.', 'Frazier, Viola, performer.', 'Fredrickson, John, 1856-1940, performer.', 'Fredrickson, Kaisa, performer.', 'Gallagher, Dominic, performer.', 'Gallagher, Andrew E., performer.', 'Gallagher, Emerald, performer.', 'Gaza, V. Sipoo, performer.', 'Graham, Bert, performer.', 'Green, John W., 1871-1963, performer.', 'Grbić, Ludevit, performer.', 'Guzal, Frank, performer.', 'Halinen, Selma Elona, 1902-1971, performer.', 'Happy Jack Woodward, performer.', 'Härkönen, Amanda, 1888-1959, performer.', 'Hirvelä, Wäinö, 1880-1949, performer.', 'Hulan, Mrs., performer.', 'Hyvönen, John, 1865-1945, performer.', 'Jackson, Andrew (Vocalist), performer.', 'Juhani, Aapo, performer.', 'Kallio, Kalle, performer.', 'Kania, Felix, 1882-1966, performer.', 'Ketvirtis, Charles, 1893-1968, performer.', 'King, Edward, 1908-1988, performer.', 'Korvenpaa, Charles, 1885-1973, performer.', 'Krawezak, B., performer.', 'Kruczynski, Clara, performer.', 'Kubesh, John G., performer.', 'Kubien, Rose, performer.', 'Larson, Nils, 1907-1973, performer.', 'Larson, John (Vocalist), performer.', 'Larson, Steen, performer.', 'Lathrop, Carl, performer.', 'LeClaire, Leilia, performer.', 'Lewandowski, Edwina, performer.', 'Lewandowski, Stephan, performer.', 'Lewandowski, Stephanie, performer.', 'Lewandowski, Ted, performer.', 'Mahoski, Henry, 1917-1986, performer.', 'Maki, Emil, 1893-1957, performer.', 'Maki, Frank, 1892-1944, performer.', 'Marczis, Joseph, Mrs., performer.', 'Marinetti, Victor, performer.', 'Marinetti, Victor, Jr., performer.', 'Marinetti, John, performer.', 'Marttila, Mrs., performer.', 'Maté, Mrs., performer.', 'McBride, Bill (Vocalist), perfomer.', 'McCauley, Edward, performer.', 'McCarthy, Barney, performer.', 'McCormick, Ed, performer.', 'McDonough, Patrick, 1862-1947, performer.', 'Meyers, Herman, performer.', 'Miron, Joe, 1888-1942, performer.', 'Nemeth, Kalman, performer.', 'Niewiadomska, Frances, performer.', 'Norman, John (Vocalist) performer.', \"O'Donnell, Mike J., performer.\", 'Olah, Julius, performer.', 'Palmer, Mason, performer.', 'Pischner, Helen, performer.', 'Pittman, Sampson, performer.', 'Pohjala, Aina, performer.', 'Pol, Thomas, performer.', 'Pope, Allan C., performer.', 'Preda, Emil Milan, performer.', 'Rajčević, Stepan, performer.', 'Rautanen, Vernon, performer.', 'Ricksgers, Joseph, performer.', 'Romel, Adolph, 1909-1986, performer.', 'Romel, Leo, performer.', 'Romel, Sylvester, 1913-1994, performer.', 'Romel, Ted, performer.', 'Romel, Mrs., performer.', 'Rudzinski, Alex, performer.', 'Sainović, Ilija, performer.', 'Scheffer, Peter, performer.', 'Sielvankiewiez, Mrs. performer.', 'Similä, Gusti, 1880-1949, performer.', 'Strzelecki, Tony, 1882-1969, performer.', 'Styes, Archie, performer.', 'Szilagyi, Dizso, performer.', 'Szabo, Andy, performer.', 'Thrasher, Ed, performer.', 'Tomić, Pajo, performer.', 'Trivanović, Stefan, performer.', 'Trueblood, Asel, performer.', 'Vasvary, Steve, performer.', 'Velin, Maria, performer.', 'Viita, Frank, performer.', 'Vizina, Adelore, 1885-1981, performer.', 'Vujanović, Stjepan, performer.', 'Wallen, Mr., performer.', 'Warslzyk, Tony, performer.', 'Wells, Lester, performer.', 'Lomax, Alan, 1915-2002, collector.', 'Archive of American Folk Song, collector.'], 'title': 'Alan Lomax collection of Michigan and Wisconsin recordings', 'notes': ['Various performers.', 'Alan Lomax collection of Michigan and Wisconsin recordings (AFC 1939/007), Archive of Folk Culture, American Folklife Center, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.', 'Audio recordings from this collection are available online https://www.loc.gov/collection/alan-lomax-in-michigan/about-this-collection/', 'Selections from the audio recordings in this collection are also available as podcasts from the Library of Congress, \"Alan Lomax and the Soundscapes of the Upper Midwest, 75th anniversary of the Library of Congress Folk-Song Expedition to Michigan\" https://www.loc.gov/podcasts/lomax/index.html', 'Accessioned, 1939.', 'Related materials include: 8 film rolls (800 feet, 23 minutes): color, silent ; 16 mm on a compilation reel titled: Archive of American Folk Song films, 1936-1942 (AFC 1990/017) FRA 8183. Digital preservation files and access copies are available in the Folklife Reading Room, Library of Congress.', 'In August 1938 the Archive of American Folk-Song at the Library of Congress equipped and sent Alan Lomax to complete a folklife survey of the Great Lakes region. He returned almost three months later with a cache of 250 discs and 8 reels of film. These materials documented the diversity of ethnic music -- Irish, Italian, Finnish, Serbian, Lithuanian, Polish, German, Croatian, Canadian French, Hungarian, Romanian, Swedish, and more -- in Michigan and Wisconsin, as well as stories, recitations, and other cultural expressions of loggers and lake sailors.', 'Spoken and sung in English, French, Finnish, German, Serbian, Croatian, Hungarian, Italian, Polish, Romanian, Lithuanian, and Swedish.', 'Bibliographic information for titles in this collection is found in the online resource link: Search for audio titles in the Alan Lomax Collection of Michigan and Wisconsin Recordings.', 'Publications: Harvey, Todd. Michigan-I-O: Alan Lomax and the 1938 Library of Congress folk-song expedition. ebook Dust to digital, 2013.'], 'format': ['manuscript', 'collection'], 'digital_id': ['https://www.loc.gov/collection/alan-lomax-in-michigan/about-this-collection/'], 'related_items': [{'url': 'http://www.dust-digital.com/michigan/', 'title': ''}, {'url': 'https://www.loc.gov/podcasts/lomax/index.html', 'title': 'Podcasts'}, {'url': 'http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.afc/collafc.af000129', 'title': 'Search for audio titles in the Alan Lomax Collection of Michigan and Wisconsin Recordings'}], 'language': ['eng'], 'subjects': ['Lomax, Alan,--1915-2002--Ethnomusicological collections', 'Folk music--Michigan', 'Folk music--Wisconsin', 'Folk songs, English--Michigan', 'Folk songs, English--Wisconsin', 'Ballads', 'Dance music--Michigan', 'Dance music--Wisconsin', 'Popular music--1931-1940', 'Tales--Michigan', 'Tales--Wisconsin', 'Bawdy songs--Michigan', 'African Americans--Music', 'Croatian Americans--Music', 'Irish Americans--Music', 'Finnish Americans--Music', 'Franco-Americans--Music', 'French-Canadians--Music', 'German Americans--Music', 'Hungarian Americans--Music', 'Italian Americans--Music', 'Lithuanian Americans--Music', 'Norwegian Americans--Music', 'Polish Americans--Music', 'Romanian Americans--Music', 'Serbian Americans--Music', 'Swedish Americans--Music', 'Bunyan, Paul--(Legendary character)', 'Folk music--Illinois', 'Field recordings--Michigan', 'Field recordings--Wisconsin'], 'location': ['Michigan', 'Wisconsin', 'Illinois'], 'date': '1938', 'created_published': ['1938-1939.'], 'summary': ['Collection of field recordings with related color film documenting instrumental music, songs, stories, and interviews recorded primarily in Michigan and Wisconsin by Alan Lomax, August 1-November 1, 1938 for the Archive of American Folk-Song, Library of Congress. Includes folk songs, sea songs, ballads, lumbering songs and stories, Paul Bunyan stories, bawdy songs, blues, humorous and popular songs, and dance music. Vocal and instrumental music from various ethnic groups was performed musical instruments including svirale, gusle, diple, duduk, fiddle, clarinet, cymbalon, banjo, guitar, concertina, mandolin, accordion, harmonica, and kantele. A few items were recorded in Illinois. The collection includes correspondence, song lists, and notes.'], 'access_advisory': ['Collection is open for research. To request materials, please contact the Folklife Reading Room at http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.afc/folklife.contact']}, 'access_restricted': False, 'number': ['2008700315', '2018-05-21t17:08:56'], 'original_format': ['collection', 'sound recording'], 'contributor': ['pope, allan c.', 'fredrickson, john', 'vizina, adelore', 'delmas, adolphus', 'carrière, fred', 'hulan', 'guzal, frank', 'dragić, todor', 'marttila', 'leclaire, leilia', 'scheffer, peter', 'baratono, art', 'styes, archie', 'maté', 'larson, john', 'frazier, clara', 'marinetti, john', 'norman, john', 'szabo, andy', 'strzelecki, tony', 'bellaire, exilia', 'allen, perry', 'kallio, kalle', 'miron, joe', 'pischner, helen', 'cadeau, ed', 'korvenpaa, charles', 'mccauley, edward', 'thrasher, ed', 'bonner, patrick', 'niewiadomska, frances', 'marczis, joseph', 'szilagyi, dizso', 'frazier, calvin', 'similä, gusti', 'erickson, max', 'gallagher, dominic', 'frazier, lonnie', 'velin, maria', 'floriani, margaret', 'cadeau, john', 'floriani, veko', 'mcbride, bill', 'nemeth, kalman', 'king, edward', 'berky, nandor', 'härkönen, amanda', 'pohjala, aina', 'tomić, pajo', 'olah, julius', 'kania, felix', 'lomax, alan', 'green, john w.', 'happy jack woodward', 'frazier, belle', 'maki, frank', 'lathrop, carl', 'bellaire, mose', 'frazier, viola', 'bangac, petar', 'vujanović, stjepan', 'wells, lester', 'dobričan, lazar', 'larson, nils', 'aho, pekka', 'ricksgers, joseph', 'maki, emil', 'romel, adolph', 'romel, ted', 'pol, thomas', 'sielvankiewiez', 'gaza, v. sipoo', 'wallen, mr.', \"o'donnell, mike j.\", 'kruczynski, clara', 'cadeau, mathilda', 'preda, emil milan', 'bonner, daniel', 'archive of american folk song', 'romel, leo', 'rajčević, stepan', 'hirvelä, wäin', 'ketvirtis, charles', 'marinetti, victor', 'mahoski, henry', 'jackson, andrew', 'juhani, aapo', 'halinen, selma elona', 'mccarthy, barney', 'basrak, stjepan', 'fredrickson, kaisa', 'romel', 'mcdonough, patrick', 'pittman, sampson', 'graham, bert', 'meyers, herman', 'lewandowski, stephanie', 'trivanović, stefan', 'cloud, joe', 'warslzyk, tony', 'rautanen, vernon', 'kubesh, john g.', 'gallagher, andrew e.', 'lewandowski, stephan', 'romel, sylvester', 'krawezak', 'larson, steen', 'grbić, ludevit', 'viita, frank', 'palmer, mason', 'forster, yalmer eino', 'cloud, clarence', 'vasvary, steve', 'sainović, ilija', 'gallagher, emerald', 'lewandowski, edwina', 'carrière, dolphis', 'mccormick, ed', 'kubien, rose', 'lewandowski, ted', 'floriani, vladimir', 'aho, lillian', 'hyvönen, john', 'trueblood, asel', 'rudzinski, alex', 'brideup, louis'], 'id': 'http://www.loc.gov/collections/alan-lomax-in-michigan/about-this-collection/', 'partof': ['alan lomax collection of michigan and wisconsin recordings', 'digital collections', 'american folklife center'], 'subject': ['local history & folklife', 'performing arts'], 'index': 19, 'group': ['collections-portal'], 'title': 'Alan Lomax Collection of Michigan and Wisconsin Recordings', 'number_source_modified': ['2018-05-21t17:08:56'], 'location': ['michigan', 'wisconsin', 'illinois'], 'resources': [], 'digitized': True, 'description': ['<p>In 1938 the Library of Congress dispatched the pioneering folklorist and song collector Alan Lomax—already a seasoned field worker at age 23—to conduct a folk song survey of the Great Lakes region. He traveled in a 1935 Plymouth sedan, toting a Presto disc recorder and a movie camera. When he returned nearly three months later, having driven thousands of miles on barely paved roads, it was with a cache of 250 instantaneous discs and eight reels of film documenting the incredible range of ethnic diversity and expressive traditions primarily in Michigan. </p> <p>The Alan Lomax collection of Michigan and Wisconsin recordings (AFC 1939/007) documents Irish, Italian, Finnish, Serbian, Lithuanian, Polish, German, Croatian, French Canadian, Hungarian, Romanian, and Swedish songs and stories, as well as occupational folklife among loggers and lake sailors in Michigan and Wisconsin. Lomax&rsquo;s itinerary took him from Detroit through the Saginaw River valley to the northern counties of the Lower Peninsula, including Beaver Island. Crossing the Straits of Mackinac, he collected across the Upper Peninsula to the far northern Calumet area and then along the Lake Superior coast to easternmost Wisconsin.</p> <p>The recordings in this collection and related collections in the American Folklife Center provide early documentation of the Upper Midwest&rsquo;s rich culture. This collection is the result of a conscious decision by the Library of Congress to undertake regional documentation of American folk song in recognition that the voices of ordinary people have a place at the national library. The sound recordings in this online collection are presented in their raw form, as full disc sides without speed correction or other digital processing. The eight folders of manuscripts (primarily correspondence, song lists, and notes) and the films are not included at this time. </p>'], 'timestamp': '2019-11-22T09:43:42.035Z', 'campaigns': [], 'extract_timestamp': '2019-11-22T09:26:57.751Z', 'date': '1938', 'shelf_id': '~/collections/alan-lomax-in-michigan/about-this-collection/', 'other_title': [], 'count': 444, 'dates': ['1938-01-01T00:00:00Z'], 'number_lccn': ['2008700315'], 'language': ['english'], 'url': 'https://www.loc.gov/collections/alan-lomax-in-michigan/about-this-collection/', 'items': 'https://www.loc.gov/collections/alan-lomax-in-michigan/', 'hassegments': False, 'image_url': ['https://www.loc.gov/static/collections/alan-lomax-in-michigan/155_155.jpg#h=155&w=155', 'https://www.loc.gov/static/collections/alan-lomax-in-michigan/500_500.jpg#h=500&w=500'], 'aka': ['http://www.loc.gov/collections/alan-lomax-in-michigan/about-this-collection/', 'http://www.loc.gov/collections/lomax-michigan/', 'http://lccn.loc.gov/2008700315', 'http://www.loc.gov/item/2008700315/', 'http://www.loc.gov/collection/alan-lomax-in-michigan/about-this-collection/']}, {'item': {'digital_id': ['https://www.loc.gov/collections/alan-lomax-manuscripts/about-this-collection/'], 'medium': ['845 linear feet (330,000 manuscripts, 6400 sound recordings, 5500 graphic images, 6000 moving images)'], 'date': '1933', 'repository': ['Library of Congress Archive of Folk Culture, American Folklife Center, 101 Independence Ave. S.E., Washington, DC USA 20540-4610 http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.afc/folklife.home'], 'contributors': ['Lomax, Alan, 1915-2002, collector.', 'Archive of American Folk Song.', 'American Folklife Center.', 'Association for Cultural Equity.'], 'title': 'Alan Lomax collection,', 'notes': ['Alan Lomax collection (AFC 2004/004), Archive of Folk Culture, American Folklife Center, Library of Congress.', 'Manuscripts and visual materials from the Alan Lomax Collection are available online https://www.loc.gov/collections/alan-lomax-manuscripts/about-this-collection/', 'Association for Cultural Equity; 2004.', 'Alan Lomax, folklorist, ethnomusicologist, born Jan. 15, 1915, Austin, Texas; died July 19, 2002, Safety Harbor, Florida.'], 'format': ['manuscript', 'collection'], 'rights_advisory': ['Duplication of the collection materials may be governed by copyright and other restrictions.'], 'related_items': [{'url': 'https://www.loc.gov/collections/alan-lomax-manuscripts/articles-and-essays/lomax-family-collections/', 'title': 'Essay on Alan Lomax and family collections'}], 'language': ['eng', 'fre'], 'subjects': ['Lomax, Alan,--1915-2002--Ethnomusicological collections', 'Lomax, Alan,--1915-2002--Correspondence', 'Arensberg, Conrad M.--(Conrad Maynadier),--1910-1997--Correspondence', 'Bartenieff, Irmgard--Correspondence', 'Berkowitz, Norman--Correspondence', 'Birdwhistell, Ray L.,--1918-1994--Correspondence', 'Biskin, Andy--Correspondence', 'Child, Irvin L.--(Irvin Long),--1915-2000--Correspondence', 'Elder, J. D.--(Jacob Delworth),--1913-2003--Correspondence', 'Grauer, Victor--Correspondence', 'Guthrie, Woody,--1912-1967--Correspondence', 'Hawes, Bess Lomax,--1921-2009--Correspondence', 'Halifax, Joan', 'Kulig, Carol--Correspondence', 'Markel, Norman N.--(Norman Nathan),--1929---Correspondence', 'Murdock, George Peter,--1897-1985--Correspondence', 'Paulay, Forrestine--Correspondence', 'Rudd, Roswell--Correspondence', 'Textor, Robert B.--Correspondence', 'Titon, Jeff Todd,--1943---Correspondence', 'Trager, Edith Crowell--Correspondence', 'Udy, Stanley H.,--1928---Correspondence', 'Whiting, John Wesley Mayhew,--1908-1999--Correspondence', 'Cross-cultural studies--United States', 'Comparative studies of cultures and civilizations', 'Music--Performance', 'Folk music--Analysis, appreciation', 'Folk dance music--Analysis, appreciation', 'Style, Musical', 'Dance--Social aspects', 'Popular music--1971-1980--Analysis, appreciation', 'Ethnology', 'Folklore', 'Linguistics', 'Sociolinguistics', 'Field recordings', 'Musical instruments', 'African Americans--Music', 'Indians of North America--Music'], 'location': ['United States'], 'genre': ['Songs', 'Interviews', 'Photographs', 'Sound recordings', 'Motion pictures', 'Ethnographic films', 'Video recordings', 'Manuscripts', 'Manuscripts for publication', 'Correspondence'], 'summary': ['Collection comprises manuscripts, sound recordings, photographs, film, and videorecordings created and collected by Alan Lomax in his work documenting song, music, dance, and body movement from many cultures. Includes field recordings and photographs Lomax made in the Bahamas, the Caribbean, England, France, Georgia, Haiti, Ireland, Italy, Morocco, Romania, Russia, Scotland, Spain, the United States, and Wales, 1930s-2004; plus his worldwide collection of ethnographic documentary materials from many collaborators for his studies of cantometrics and choreometrics.'], 'other_title': ['Alan Lomax archive'], 'access_advisory': ['Collection is open for research. Access to recordings may be restricted. To request materials, please contact the Folklife Reading Room at http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.afc/folklife.contact']}, 'access_restricted': False, 'number': ['2004447761', '2017-04-27t14:17:22'], 'original_format': ['collection', 'manuscript/mixed material'], 'contributor': ['association for cultural equity', 'archive of american folk song', 'lomax, alan', 'american folklife center'], 'id': 'http://www.loc.gov/collections/alan-lomax-manuscripts/about-this-collection/', 'partof': ['digital collections', 'american folklife center', 'alan lomax collection'], 'subject': ['photographs', 'motion pictures', 'performing arts', 'video recordings', 'interviews', 'ethnographic films', 'manuscripts for publication', 'local history & folklife', 'sound recordings', 'correspondence', 'manuscripts', 'songs'], 'index': 20, 'group': ['collections-portal'], 'title': 'Alan Lomax Collection', 'number_source_modified': ['2017-04-27t14:17:22'], 'location': ['united states'], 'resources': [], 'digitized': True, 'description': ['<p>The Alan Lomax Collection includes  ethnographic field documentation, materials from Lomax&rsquo;s various projects, and  cross-cultural research created and collected by Alan Lomax and others on  traditional song, music, dance, and body movement from around the world. Lomax  conducted fieldwork in the Bahamas, the Caribbean, England, France, Georgia  (Republic), Haiti, Ireland, Italy, Morocco, Romania, Russia, Scotland, Spain,  the United States, and Wales from the 1930s-1990s. The collection contains  approximately 650 linear feet of manuscripts, 6400 sound recordings, 5500  graphic images, and 6000 moving images.</p>  <p>This presentation contains more than  500,000 pages of Alan Lomax&rsquo;s personal papers and office files from his time at  the Library of Congress (1932-1942) and from his post-Library career through  the 1990s. Featured are Lomax&rsquo;s writing projects such as <em>Land Where the  Blues Began</em> (1993), the unpublished <em>Big Ballad Book</em>, as well as  documentation of his extensive work in radio for the CBS and BBC networks.  &nbsp;Also included are thousands of pages of field notes and correspondence  associated with his field projects beginning in the 1930s.</p>  <p>The 2004 acquisition of the Alan  Lomax Collection was made possible through a cooperative agreement between the  American Folklife Center, the <a href=\"http://www.culturalequity.org\" target=\"_blank\">Association for Cultural  Equity <i class=\"icon icon-external-link\"><span>External</span></i></a>, and the  generosity of an anonymous donor. This collection joins the material Alan Lomax  collected during the 1930s and early 1940s for the Library\\'s Archive of  American Folk-Song, bringing together the entire seventy years of Alan Lomax\\'s  work under one roof at the Library of Congress.</p>'], 'timestamp': '2019-11-22T09:43:42.035Z', 'campaigns': [], 'extract_timestamp': '2019-11-22T09:26:29.783Z', 'date': '1933', 'shelf_id': '~/collections/alan-lomax-manuscripts/about-this-collection/', 'other_title': ['Alan Lomax archive'], 'count': 6605, 'dates': ['1933-01-01T00:00:00Z'], 'number_lccn': ['2004447761'], 'language': ['french', 'english'], 'url': 'https://www.loc.gov/collections/alan-lomax-manuscripts/about-this-collection/', 'items': 'https://www.loc.gov/collections/alan-lomax-manuscripts/', 'hassegments': False, 'image_url': ['https://www.loc.gov/static/collections/alan-lomax-manuscripts/155_155.jpg#h=155&w=155', 'https://www.loc.gov/static/collections/alan-lomax-manuscripts/500_500.jpg#h=500&w=500'], 'aka': ['http://www.loc.gov/collections/alan-lomax-manuscripts/about-this-collection/', 'http://www.loc.gov/collections/lomax-manscripts/', 'http://lccn.loc.gov/2004447761', 'http://www.loc.gov/item/2004447761/', 'https://www.loc.gov/collections/alan-lomax-manuscripts/about-this-collection/']}, {'access_restricted': False, 'original_format': ['collection', 'book'], 'id': 'http://www.loc.gov/collections/albert-schatz/about-this-collection/', 'partof': ['music division', 'digital collections', 'albert schatz collection'], 'subject': ['performing arts'], 'index': 21, 'group': ['collections-portal'], 'title': 'Albert Schatz Collection', 'digitized': True, 'description': [\"<p> Albert Schatz (1839-1910) was a German music dealer with life-long interest in opera and its history. In 1873, when Schatz assumed ownership of the Musikalienhandlung Ludwig Trutschel Nachfolger in Rostock, Germany, he confirmed his intent to write a comprehensive history of opera through the study of primary sources. Research for the book necessitated extensive travel throughout Europe to collect libretti including many first and early Italian, German and French editions from the 17th and 18th centuries: in the end, his collection totaled 12,000 operatic and 238 oratorio and cantata libretti. </p>  <p> Schatz's poor health impeded the completion of his book; in 1908, he personally offered to sell his unparalleled libretto collection to Music Division Chief and friend Oscar Sonneck, who negotiated the purchase that same year. Later, after Schatz's death, the purchase of the manuscript portion of his collection, consisting of research papers and notes, was also arranged by Sonneck. </p>  <p>The scope of this digital presentation comprises all 12,253 Schatz libretti; the images were generated from the Library's microfilm copy of that collection.</p>\"], 'timestamp': '2019-11-22T09:43:42.035Z', 'campaigns': [], 'extract_timestamp': '2019-11-22T09:26:50.534Z', 'shelf_id': '~/collections/albert-schatz/about-this-collection/', 'other_title': [], 'count': 12255, 'url': 'https://www.loc.gov/collections/albert-schatz/about-this-collection/', 'items': 'https://www.loc.gov/collections/albert-schatz/', 'hassegments': False, 'image_url': ['https://www.loc.gov/static/collections/albert-schatz/155_155.jpg#h=155&w=155', 'https://www.loc.gov/static/collections/albert-schatz/500_500.jpg#h=500&w=500'], 'aka': ['http://www.loc.gov/collections/albert-schatz/about-this-collection/', 'http://www.loc.gov/collections/schatz/']}, {'item': {'digital_id': ['http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/collmss.ms000006', 'http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/eadmss.ms000011', 'http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/eadmss.ms000011.3'], 'medium': ['147,700 items.', '446 containers plus 8 oversize.', '23 microfilm reels.', '183.2 linear feet.'], 'repository': ['Library of Congress Manuscript Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA dcu http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/mss.home'], 'contributors': ['Bell, Alexander Graham, 1847-1922.', 'Bell, Alexander Melville, 1819-1905.', 'Bell, Mabel Gardiner Hubbard, 1857-1923.', 'Fairchild, Marian, 1880-1962.', 'Hubbard, Gardiner G. (Gardiner Greene), 1822-1897.'], 'title': 'Alexander Graham Bell family papers,', 'notes': ['Arranged in twelve series.  Series 1: Journals and Diaries, 1867-1910; Series 2: Family Papers, 1834-1972; Series 3: General Correspondence, 1870-1922; Series 4: Subject File, circa 1870-1970; Series 5: Beinn Bhreagh Recorder, 1909-1922; Series 6: Scientific Notebooks, 1879-1922; Series 7: Article and Book File, 1901-1904; Series 8: Speeches and Interviews File, 1876-1922; Series 9: Miscellany, 1865-1974; Series 10: Additions, 1847-1954; Series 11: Oversize, 1872-1956; and Series 12: Microfilm, 1861-1922.', 'Selected correspondence, scientific notebooks, journals, blueprints, articles, and photographs also available through the Library of Congress Web site at http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/collmss.ms000006', 'Microfilm edition (edition filmed prior to arrangement of the Alexander Graham Bell Family Papers by the Library of Congress Manuscript Division) of selected scientific notebooks available, no. 10,998 & 13,638.', 'Negative microfilm edition of a poem, \"The Tongue,\" (1861) by Alexander Bell (1792-1865)  available through Library of Congress Photoduplication Service, no. 16,395.', 'Microfilm produced from originals now in the Manuscript Division. [S.l.] 1956-1966, undated.', 'Gift and deposit, descendants of Alexander Graham Bell and others, 1947-1984.', 'Transfer, National Museum of History and Technology, Smithsonian Institution, 1977.', 'Transfer, Library of Congress Rare Book and Special Collections Division, 1977.', 'Purchase, 1998.', 'Maps transferred to Library of Congress Geography and Map Division.', 'Musical compositions transferred to Library of Congress Music Division.', \"Photographs, negatives, and other pictorial materials transferred to Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division's Gilbert H. Grosvenor Collection of Photographs of the Alexander Graham Bell Family.\", 'Alexander Graham Bell, inventor and educator, and members of the related Bell, Fairchild, Grosvenor, and Hubbard families.', 'Collection material in English.', 'Finding aid available in the Library of Congress Manuscript Reading Room and at http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/eadmss.ms000011'], 'format': ['manuscript', 'collection'], 'summary': [\"Correspondence, diaries, journals, laboratory notebooks, patent records, speeches, writings, subject files, genealogical records, printed material, and other papers pertaining primarily to Bell's invention of the telephone (1876).  Also includes material documenting his contributions to the education of the deaf and his interests in a wide range of scientific and technological fields including aviation, eugenics, and marine engineering.  Includes bound volumes of the Beinn Bhreagh Recorder, a bulletin concerning Bell's laboratory and estate in Baddeck, N.S.; and volumes of the American Annals of the Deaf and Dumb, later American Annals of the Deaf.  Correspondents include Edward Miner Gallaudet, Ulysses S. Grant, Joseph Henry, Helen Keller, George Kennan, S. P. Langley, Guglielmo Marconi, Simon Newcomb, John Wesley Powell, Theodore Roosevelt, William H. Taft, Charles Sumner Tainter, and Woodrow Wilson.\", \"Family papers include papers of Bell's father, Alexander Melville Bell, relating chiefly to elocution and the physiology of speech; papers of Alexander Graham Bell's father-in-law, Gardiner Greene Hubbard; papers of Mabel Hubbard Bell including correspondence with her husband, Alexander Graham Bell; correspondence of their daughter, Marian Fairchild; and papers of other members of the Bell, Fairchild, Grosvenor, and Hubbard families.\"], 'language': ['eng'], 'subjects': ['Bell, Alexander Graham,--1847-1922--Homes and haunts', 'Gallaudet, Edward Miner,--1837-1917--Correspondence', 'Grant, Ulysses S.--(Ulysses Simpson),--1822-1885--Correspondence', 'Henry, Joseph,--1797-1878--Correspondence', 'Keller, Helen,--1880-1968--Correspondence', 'Kennan, George,--1845-1924--Correspondence', 'Langley, S. P.--(Samuel Pierpont),--1834-1906--Correspondence', 'Marconi, Guglielmo,--marchese,--1874-1937--Correspondence', 'Newcomb, Simon,--1835-1909--Correspondence', 'Powell, John Wesley,--1834-1902--Correspondence', 'Roosevelt, Theodore,--1858-1919--Correspondence', 'Taft, William H.--(William Howard),--1857-1930--Correspondence', 'Tainter, Charles Sumner,--1854-1940--Correspondence', 'Wilson, Woodrow,--1856-1924--Correspondence', 'Bell family', 'Fairchild family', 'Grosvenor family', 'Hubbard family', 'American annals of the deaf', 'American annals of the deaf and dumb', 'Aeronautics', 'Deaf--Education', 'Deaf--Periodicals', 'Elocution', 'Eugenics', 'Marine engineering', 'Presidents--United States', 'Science', 'Science--Periodicals', 'Speech--Physiological aspects', 'Technology', 'Telephone--History', 'Baddeck (N.S.)', 'Beinn Bhreagh recorder'], 'location': ['United States', 'Baddeck (N.S.)'], 'date': '||||', 'access_advisory': ['Open to research.']}, 'access_restricted': False, 'number': ['2018-02-16t10:14:24', 'mm76051268'], 'original_format': ['collection', 'manuscript/mixed material'], 'contributor': ['fairchild, marian', 'bell, mabel gardiner hubbard', 'bell, alexander graham', 'hubbard, gardiner g. (gardiner greene)', 'bell, alexander melville'], 'id': 'http://www.loc.gov/collections/alexander-graham-bell-papers/about-this-collection/', 'partof': ['alexander graham bell family papers at the library of congress', 'digital collections', 'manuscript division'], 'subject': ['science & technology', 'american history'], 'index': 22, 'group': ['collections-portal'], 'title': 'Alexander Graham Bell Family Papers at the Library of Congress', 'number_source_modified': ['2018-02-16t10:14:24'], 'location': ['united states', 'nova scotia', 'baddeck'], 'resources': [], 'digitized': True, 'description': ['<p>The collection contains over 145,000 items. The online version contains 4,695 items (equaling about 51,500 images), consists of correspondence, scientific notebooks, journals, blueprints, articles, and photographs documenting Bell\\'s invention of the telephone and his involvement in the first telephone company, his family life, his interest in the education of the deaf, and his aeronautical and other scientific research. Dates span from 1862 to 1939, with the bulk of the materials dating from 1865 to 1920. Included among Bell\\'s papers are pages from his experimental notebook from March 10, 1876, describing the first successful experiment with the telephone, during which he spoke through the instrument to his assistant the famous words, \"Mr. Watson--Come here--I want to see you.\" Bell\\'s various roles in life as teacher, inventor, celebrity, and family man are covered extensively in his papers. Complementing the Bell Papers are digital images of photographs from the Gilbert H. Grosvenor Collection in the Library\\'s Prints and Photographs Division.</p>  <p>The Bell Family Papers is divided into several archival series, including Family Papers, General Correspondence, Subject File, <em>Beinn Bhreagh Recorder</em>, Laboratory Notebooks, Article File, and Speech File. The online presentation includes the following:</p>  <ul class=\"plain margin-bottom-double-li list-plain-extra-margin\">    <li><a href=\"/search/?q=&fa=partof%3Aalexander+graham+bell+family+papers%2C+1834-1974.%3A+family+papers&sb=date\"><strong>Family Papers</strong></a><br />      The Family Papers mainly consist of correspondence between Alexander   Graham Bell and various members of his family. Some family members may   also have their own files, which include diaries, articles, and other   correspondence.</li>    <li><a href=\"/search/?q=&fa=partof%3Aalexander+graham+bell+family+papers%2C+1834-1974.%3A+general+correspondence&sb=date\"><strong>General Correspondence</strong></a><br />      These are letters between Alexander Graham Bell and his friends,   colleagues, and other acquaintances. Correspondence between Bell and his   family is found in Family Papers.</li>    <li><a href=\"/search/?q=&fa=partof%3Aalexander+graham+bell+family+papers%2C+1834-1974.%3A+subject+file&sb=date\"><strong>Subject File</strong></a><br />      These files consist of correspondence, scientific notebooks,   blueprints, and other materials covering a range of subjects, from the   telephone, to Bell\\'s scientific research, to his work with the deaf.</li>    <li><a href=\"/item/magbell.30700101/\"><strong>Beinn Bhreagh Recorder, Volume 1</strong></a><br />      The Beinn Bhreagh Recorder was a regular publication, created by   Alexander Graham Bell, that recorded the progress of Bell\\'s various   scientific research projects as well as local and family events at his   summer home in Nova Scotia.</li>    <li><a href=\"/item/magbell.33800101/\"><strong>Laboratory Notebooks - Home Notes, Volume 64, 1910</strong></a><br />      <a href=\"/item/magbell.36500101//\"><strong>Laboratory Notebooks - Laboratory Notes, Volume 31, 1891-1893</strong></a><br />      These laboratory notebooks, dated 1910 and 1891-1893, are representative of the more than 200 volumes of laboratory notebooks   compiled by Alexander Graham Bell from 1879 to 1922. Scientific   notebooks and journals, particularly those pertaining to the telephone,   can also be found among the Subject Files.</li>    <li><a href=\"/search/?q=&fa=partof%3Aalexander+graham+bell+family+papers%2C+1834-1974.%3A+article+and+speech+files&sb=date\"><strong>Article and Speech Files</strong></a><br />      These articles and one speech are a sample of the handwritten and   typewritten drafts and printed copies written by Alexander Graham Bell.   Their various subjects include Bell\\'s childhood, aeronautics, deaf   education, and scientific experiments. </li>    <li><a href=\"/search/?q=&fa=partof%3Aalexander+graham+bell+family+papers%2C+1834-1974.%3A+miscellany&sb=date\"><strong>Miscellany</strong></a><br />      This last series is composed of miscellaneous writings and copies   of correspondence, mostly by Alexander Graham Bell. There is also some   poetry, written both by and for Bell. </li>  </ul>  <p>Several factors defined the selection of Bell Papers for digitization. The collection as a whole includes the personal papers of not only Alexander Graham Bell but also those of his father, mother, wife, father-in-law, and other family members. Because the Bell Papers are so numerous and inclusive, navigation through them can be difficult. Therefore, one of the main objectives of the selection process was to identify those materials which mainly focused on Alexander Graham Bell and his work, varied interests, and achievements. Another important goal was to choose those materials that best offered a well-rounded portrayal of Bell--not only as an inventor and scientist but also as a teacher, husband, and father. Items were also selected if they appeared historically useful or significant, such as correspondence pertaining to the development of the Bell Telephone Company or Mabel Hubbard Bell\\'s written accounts of her experiences growing up deaf. </p>  <p> The Alexander Graham Bell Family Papers were donated to the Library of Congress by his heirs in 1975. Prior to this donation, the papers were on deposit at the National Geographic Society, where they were organized and maintained. In order to make the collection easier to use, the Society prepared typed transcripts of a large portion of the handwritten letters. These valuable transcriptions were retained and have been reproduced here along with the original letters. Occasionally the original is missing and only the transcription is still available. One should keep in mind that these transcripts are now decades old and may occasionally be difficult to read due to faded, bleeding, or blurred text.</p>  <p> The Bell Papers contain a considerable amount of correspondence, much of which reflects the writing practices of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. As letter writing becomes less popular, some awareness of common, older practices may be helpful. Since the typical handwritten letter is essentially a single sheet of paper folded in half (and usually written on all four sides), the digital scan and display of each unfolded sheet usually show an image of pages four and one (or back and front), and another of pages three and two (or the inside two pages). <a href=\"/resource/magbell.03500220/seq-1\" target=\"_blank\">Example</a> Today\\'s readers also should be aware of such papers-saving tactics as writing-over, or text over text. In such cases, the writer would literally write over a completed page, making the added words somewhat readable by turning the page sideways and writing horizontally against what were now vertical written lines. <a href=\"/resource/magbell.02800127/?sp=1\" target=\"_blank\">Example</a> Surprisingly, if the writer was careful and lengthened his or her hand while also trying to write only in the spaces between lines, such letters can be read with little difficulty. </p>    <div class=\"i_aligncenter i_caption\"       style=\"width: 444px;\">  <a href=\"/item/magbellbib000925\"><img src=\"/static/collections/alexander-graham-bell-papers/images/03500220-1tc.jpg\" alt=\"\" border=\"0\" height=\"211\" width=\"232\" /></a>    <a href=\"/item/magbellbib000925\"><img src=\"/static/collections/alexander-graham-bell-papers/images/03500220-2tc.jpg\" alt=\"\" border=\"0\" height=\"202\" width=\"202\" /></a>                 <p class=\"i_caption_text\"><a href=\"/item/magbellbib000925\">Letter from Alexander Graham Bell to Mabel Hubbard Bell, November 19, 1876</a>.</strong> Box 35, \"Subject File: Bell, Mabel Hubbard--Family Correspondence--Bell, Alexander Graham, August-November 1876.\" <em>Alexander Graham Bell Family Papers, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress.</em></p>                  <p class=\"i_caption_text\">Example of a folded letter with pages one and four on one side and pages three and two on the other. </p>                    </div>'], 'timestamp': '2019-11-22T09:43:42.035Z', 'campaigns': [], 'extract_timestamp': '2019-11-22T09:26:40.115Z', 'shelf_id': '~/collections/alexander-graham-bell-papers/about-this-collection/', 'other_title': [], 'count': 4715, 'dates': ['1862-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1863-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1864-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1865-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1866-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1867-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1868-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1869-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1870-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1871-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1872-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1873-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1874-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1875-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1876-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1877-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1878-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1879-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1880-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1881-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1882-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1883-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1884-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1885-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1886-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1887-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1888-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1889-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1890-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1891-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1892-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1893-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1894-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1895-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1896-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1897-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1898-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1899-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1900-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1901-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1902-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1903-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1904-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1905-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1906-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1907-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1908-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1909-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1910-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1911-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1912-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1913-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1914-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1915-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1916-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1917-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1918-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1919-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1920-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1921-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1922-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1923-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1924-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1925-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1926-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1927-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1928-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1929-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1930-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1931-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1932-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1933-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1934-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1935-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1936-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1937-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1938-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1939-01-01T00:00:00Z'], 'number_lccn': ['mm76051268'], 'language': ['english'], 'url': 'https://www.loc.gov/collections/alexander-graham-bell-papers/about-this-collection/', 'items': 'https://www.loc.gov/collections/alexander-graham-bell-papers/', 'hassegments': False, 'image_url': ['https://www.loc.gov/static/collections/alexander-graham-bell-papers/155_155.jpg#h=155&w=155', 'https://www.loc.gov/static/collections/alexander-graham-bell-papers/500_500.jpg#h=500&w=500'], 'aka': ['http://www.loc.gov/collections/alexander-graham-bell-papers/about-this-collection/', 'http://www.loc.gov/collections/magbell/', 'http://lccn.loc.gov/mm76051268', 'http://www.loc.gov/item/mm76051268/', 'http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/collmss.ms000006', 'http://www.loc.gov/resource/eadmss.ms000011.3/', 'http://www.loc.gov/resource/eadmss.ms000011/', 'http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/eadmss.ms000011', 'http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/eadmss.ms000011.3', 'http://www.loc.gov/resource/collmss.ms000006/']}, {'item': {'digital_id': ['http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/collmss.ms000059', 'http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/eadmss.ms003014', 'http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/eadmss.ms003014.3'], 'medium': ['12,000 items.', '44 containers plus 3 oversize.', '34 microfilm reels.', '22.4 linear feet.'], 'repository': ['Library of Congress Manuscript Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA dcu http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/mss.home'], 'contributors': ['Hamilton, Alexander, 1757-1804.', 'First Church in Albany.'], 'title': 'Alexander Hamilton papers,', 'notes': ['Arranged in nine series.  Series 1: General Correspondence, 1734-1804; Series 2: Speeches and Writings File, 1778-1804; Series 3: Legal File, 1708-1804; Series 4: Financial Papers, 1782-1804; Series 5: Family Papers, 1737-1917; Series 6: Miscellany, 1711-1820; Series 7: 1998 Addition, 1780-1820; Series 8: 2017 Addition, 1790-1804; and Series 9: Oversize, 1775-1805.', 'Researchers wishing to cite this collection should include the following information: Container or reel number, Alexander Hamilton Papers, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.', 'Alexander Hamilton Papers available through the Library of Congress Web site at http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/collmss.ms000059', 'Microfilm edition of part of these papers available, no. 18,482.', 'Microfilm produced from originals in the Manuscript Division. Washington, D.C. : Library of Congress Photoduplication Service, 1981.', 'Transfer, U.S. Department of State, 1904.', 'Transfer, U.S. Department of the Treasury, 1917.', 'Gifts, deposits converted to gift, and purchases, 1916-2017.', 'Delegate from New York to the U.S. Continental Congress, U.S. secretary of the treasury, U.S. army officer, statesman, and lawyer.', 'Collection material in English.', 'Finding aid available in the Library of Congress Manuscript Reading Room and at http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/eadmss.ms003014', 'Includes a photostat of marriage records listing Alexander Hamilton and Elizabeth Schuyler which was formerly cataloged separately under First Church of Albany Records.'], 'format': ['manuscript', 'collection'], 'summary': [\"Correspondence, speeches, writings, legal and financial records, printed matter, and other papers relating to Hamilton's personal life and public career, especially his service as an aide to George Washington during the Revolutionary War, his participation in the U.S. Continental Congress and the Constitutional Convention, his service as U.S. secretary of the treasury, his New York law practice, and his service as inspector general of the U.S. Army.  Subjects include military affairs such as recruiting and organizing the army, supply logistics, and condition at the forts, especially in the West; economic issues such as public finance, creation of a national bank, establishment of a mint, development of manufacturing, and the Society for Establishing Useful Manufactures; U.S. relations with France and Great Britain; acceptance of the U.S. Constitution by the New York ratifying convention in 1788; legal cases before the New York Supreme Court; and the Hamilton, McLane, Schuyler, and Church families.\", \"Correspondents include John Adams; Angelica Schuyler Church; Henry Clay; Elizabeth Schuyler Hamilton; John Francis Hamtramck; William Heth; John Jay; Thomas Jefferson; Rufus King; Marie Joseph Paul Yves Roch Gilbert du Motier, marquis de Lafayette; Henry Lee; Pierre Charles L'Enfant; James McHenry; James Monroe; Robert Morris; Timothy Pickering; Charles Cotesworth Pinckney; Nathan Rice; John J.U. Rivardi; Philip John Schuyler; Theodore Sedgwick; William Seton; William Stephens Smith; Friedrich Wilhelm Ludolf Gerhard Augustin, Baron von Steuben; Caleb Swan; Louis de Tousard; Robert Troup; Jeremiah Wadsworth; George Washington; James Wilkinson; and Oliver Wolcott.\"], 'language': ['eng'], 'subjects': ['Adams, John,--1735-1826--Correspondence', 'Church, Angelica Schuyler,--1756-1815--Correspondence', 'Clay, Henry,--1777-1852--Correspondence', 'Hamilton, Elizabeth Schuyler,--1757-1854--Correspondence', 'Hamtramck, John Francis,--1756-1803--Correspondence', 'Heth, William,--1735-1808--Correspondence', 'Jay, John,--1745-1829--Correspondence', 'Jefferson, Thomas,--1743-1826--Correspondence', 'King, Rufus,--1755-1827--Correspondence', 'Lafayette, Marie Joseph Paul Yves Roch Gilbert du Motier,--marquis de,--1757-1834--Correspondence', 'Lee, Henry,--1756-1818--Correspondence', \"L'Enfant, Pierre Charles,--1754-1825--Correspondence\", 'McHenry, James,--1753-1816--Correspondence', 'Monroe, James,--1758-1831--Correspondence', 'Morris, Robert,--1734-1806--Correspondence', 'Pickering, Timothy,--1745-1829--Correspondence', 'Pinckney, Charles Cotesworth,--1746-1825--Correspondence', 'Rice, Nathan,--1754-1829--Correspondence', 'Rivardi, John J. U.--(John Jacob Ulrich)--Correspondence', 'Schuyler, Philip John,--1733-1804--Correspondence', 'Sedgwick, Theodore,--1746-1813--Correspondence', 'Seton, William,--1746-1798--Correspondence', 'Smith, William Stephens,--1755-1816--Correspondence', 'Steuben, Friedrich Wilhelm Ludolf Gerhard Augustin,--Baron von,--1730-1794--Correspondence', 'Swan, Caleb,---1809--Correspondence', 'Tousard, Louis de,--1749-1817--Correspondence', 'Troup, Robert,--1757-1832--Correspondence', 'Wadsworth, Jeremiah,--1743-1804--Correspondence', 'Washington, George,--1732-1799', 'Washington, George,--1732-1799--Correspondence', 'Wilkinson, James,--1757-1825--Correspondence', 'Wolcott, Oliver,--1760-1833--Correspondence', 'Church family', 'Hamilton family', 'Schuyler family', 'Mint of the United States', 'New York (State).--Supreme Court of Judicature', 'United States.--Army.--Office of the Inspector General', 'United States.--Constitutional Convention--(1787)', 'United States.--Continental Army', 'United States.--Continental Congress', 'United States.--Department of the Treasury', 'Society for Establishing Useful Manufactures', 'Finance, Public--United States', 'Manufacturing industries--United States', 'National banks (United States)', 'Practice of law--New York (State)--New York', 'France--Foreign relations--United States', 'Great Britain--Foreign relations--United States', 'New York (State)--Politics and government--1775-1865', 'United States--Economic conditions--To 1865', 'United States--Foreign relations--France', 'United States--Foreign relations--Great Britain', 'United States--History--Revolution, 1775-1783', 'United States--Politics and government--1783-1809', 'McLane family'], 'location': ['United States', 'New York (State)--New York', 'New York (State)', 'France--United States', 'Great Britain--United States', 'United States--France', 'United States--Great Britain'], 'date': '||||', 'access_advisory': ['Open to research.']}, 'access_restricted': False, 'number': ['mm81024612', '2017-08-29t13:11:51'], 'original_format': ['collection', 'manuscript/mixed material'], 'contributor': ['first church in albany', 'hamilton, alexander'], 'id': 'http://www.loc.gov/collections/alexander-hamilton-papers/about-this-collection/', 'partof': ['alexander hamilton papers', 'digital collections', 'manuscript division'], 'subject': ['government, law & politics', 'american history'], 'index': 23, 'group': ['collections-portal'], 'title': 'Alexander Hamilton Papers', 'number_source_modified': ['2017-08-29t13:11:51'], 'location': ['united states', 'new york', 'great britain', 'france'], 'resources': [], 'digitized': True, 'description': ['<p>The papers of Alexander Hamilton (ca. 1757-1804), first treasury secretary of the United States, consist of his personal and public correspondence, drafts of his writings (although not his <em>Federalist</em> essays), and correspondence among members of the Hamilton and Schuyler families. The collection, consisting of approximately 12,000 items dating from 1708 to 1917, documents Hamilton\\'s impoverished Caribbean boyhood (scantily); events in the lives of his family and that of his wife, Elizabeth Schuyler Hamilton; his experience as a Revolutionary War officer and aide-de-camp to General George Washington; his terms as a New York delegate to the Continental Congress (1782-1783) and the Constitutional Convention (1787); and his careers as a New York state legislator, United States treasury secretary (1789-1795), political writer, and lawyer in private practice. Most of the papers date from 1777 until Hamilton\\'s death in 1804. Additional details may be found in the collection\\'s finding aid (<a href=\"http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/eadmss.ms003014\">HTML</a> and <a href=\"http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/eadmss.ms003014.3\" target=\"_blank\">PDF</a> versions).</p>  <p>Among the many correspondents in the papers are John Adams, Angelica Schuyler Church, Henry Clay, Elizabeth Schuyler Hamilton, John Jay, Thomas Jefferson, Rufus King, the Marquis de Lafayette, Pierre Charles L\\'Enfant, James McHenry, James Monroe, Robert Morris, Timothy Pickering, Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, Philip Schuyler, Baron von Steuben, Robert Troup, George Washington, James Wilkinson, and Oliver Wolcott, Jr.</p>  <p>The federal government bought the bulk of the Hamilton papers in 1848. They were transferred from the State Department to the Library of Congress in 1904. Additional papers came to the Library of Congress later through gifts and purchases from the Hamilton family and other sources. \\xa0Papers accumulated through 1981 were scanned from the microfilm edition made that year, and items acquired since were digitized from the originals.</p>  <p>Between 1961 and 1987, Columbia University Press published a twenty-seven-volume edition of the <em>Papers of Alexander Hamilton</em>, edited by Harold C. Syrett. Between 1964 and 1981, Columbia University Law School published a five-volume-edition of Hamilton\\'s legal papers, with Julius Goebel as editor. These two editions have been used as definitive sources in the verification of names and in the dating and identification of manuscripts in the Hamilton Papers at the Library of Congress.</p>  <p>Although this collection is the largest gathering of Alexander Hamilton papers at the Library of Congress, there are significant additional groups of Hamilton letters and other papers in other Library of Congress collections, notably in the <a href=\"/collections/george-washington-papers/about-this-collection/\">George Washington Papers</a>. To identify these collections, consult the bibliography under <a href=\"/collections/alexander-hamilton-papers/about-this-collection/related-resources/\">Related Resources</a> or conduct a search for \"Hamilton, Alexander\" in the Library of Congress <a href=\"http://catalog.loc.gov\">online catalog</a>.</p>  <h2>Description of Series</h2>  <p>The collection is arranged in eight series as follows. </p>  <ul class=\"list-plain-extra-margin\">   <li><strong><a href=\"/collections/alexander-hamilton-papers/?fa=partof%3Aalexander+hamilton+papers%3A+general+correspondence,+1734-1804\">General Correspondence, 1734-1804</a> (Reels 1-21)</strong><br>    Hamilton\\'s correspondence begins with his boyhood employment with merchant Nicholas Cruger in St. Croix and continues through his service in the Revolutionary War, his participation as a New York delegate in the Constitutional Convention, and as treasury secretary. It ends with his last letters to his wife before his death in a duel with Aaron Burr in July 1804.</li>   <li><strong><a href=\"/collections/alexander-hamilton-papers/?fa=partof%3Aalexander+hamilton+papers%3A+speeches+and+writings+file%2C+1778-1804\">Speeches and Writings, 1778-1804</a> (Reels 21-23)</strong><br>    Drafts, copies, and notes of reports; political essays, speeches, New York legislative acts, and more composed by Hamilton from the American Revolution until his death. Of note is an outline of the speech he delivered at the Constitutional Convention on June 18, 1787; his notes on debates and speeches at New York\\'s ratifying convention, June 1788; drafts of the four major economic reports he wrote as treasury secretary (on public credit, creation of a national bank, establishment of a mint, and development of manufacturing); drafts of the speeches he wrote for George Washington, including Washington\\'s 1796 farewell address; notes he took at New York\\'s constitutional convention of 1787; and drafts of some of his political essays. None of Hamilton\\'s <em>Federalist</em> essays are included.</li>   <li><strong><a href=\"/collections/alexander-hamilton-papers/?fa=partof%3Aalexander+hamilton+papers%3A+legal+file%2C+1708-1804\">Legal File, 1708-1804</a> (Reels 23-29)</strong><br>    Papers documenting Hamilton\\'s career as a lawyer, which began in 1782. Most of these are ordered alphabetically by case. Some of the landmark cases included in his papers are Rutgers v. Waddington, People v. Croswell, Hylton v. United States, and cases forming the LeGuen v. Gouverneur and Kemble litigation.</li>   <li><strong><a href=\"/collections/alexander-hamilton-papers/?fa=partof%3Aalexander+hamilton+papers%3A+financial+papers%2C+1782-1804\">Financial Papers, 1782-1804</a> (Reel 29)</strong><br>    The financial papers, which form the smallest segment of the collection, consist of two volumes of accounts relating to Hamilton\\'s law practice, and a folder of miscellaneous receipts. Some of the receipts are for money Hamilton paid engineer William Pearce on behalf of the Society for Establishing Useful Manufactures to provide machinery for manufacturing cotton, 1791-1792.</li>   <li><strong><a href=\"/collections/alexander-hamilton-papers/?fa=partof%3Aalexander+hamilton+papers%3A+family+papers%2C+1737-1917\">Family Papers, 1737-1917</a></strong>  (Reels 29-31)</strong><br>    Letters and other documents of members of the Hamilton, Schuyler, and related families, but not including Alexander Hamilton himself. The series contains letters from Angelica Church (Hamilton\\'s sister-in-law) and Philip Schuyler (Hamilton\\'s father-in-law) to Elizabeth Schuyler Hamilton; from Philip Schuyler to his grandson, Philip Hamilton; and from Elizabeth Schuyler Hamilton to her sister, Catherine Cochran, and to her son, Philip Hamilton. Through the marriage of Philip Hamilton to Rebecca McLane, several McLane family letters were incorporated into the papers. Most of the nonfamily correspondence of Elizabeth Schuyler Hamilton relates to the management of her properties and to arrangements for the publication of Hamilton\\'s papers. Scattered letters addressed to Alexander Hamilton (Alexander and Elizabeth\\'s grandson), James A. Hamilton, John Church Hamilton, and to members of the McLane family are also included.</li>   <li><strong><a href=\"/collections/alexander-hamilton-papers/?fa=partof%3Aalexander+hamilton+papers%3A+miscellany%2C+1711-1820\">Miscellany, 1711-1820</a> (Reels 31-34)</strong><br>    A mixture of original and copied documents. Included are certificates, military papers, legislative papers, newspaper clippings, writings, school exercises attributed to Hamilton, Hamilton family papers including Hamilton\\'s will, printed material, notes on the collection, and more. </li>   <li><strong><a href=\"/collections/alexander-hamilton-papers/?fa=partof%3Aalexander+hamilton+papers%3A+1998+addition%2C+1780-1820\">1998 Addition, 1780-1820</a></strong><br>  This series, consisting of material acquired by gift and purchase since the  collection was microfilmed in 1981, was added to the Hamilton Papers in 1998.  Originals include a letter from Nicholas Everton to Hamilton concerning  legal matters and a Treasury Department circular. Photocopied material includes  letters by Hamilton, miscellaneous images, and a page from a church register  recording his marriage.</li>   <li><strong><a href=\"/collections/alexander-hamilton-papers/?fa=partof%3Aalexander+hamilton+papers%3A+2017+addition%2C+1790-1804\">  2017 Addition, 1790-1804</a></a></strong> <br>       This series consists of fifty-five letters, originally owned by Hamilton  descendants, purchased by the Library of Congress at Sotheby\\'s in January 2017.  Fifty-one of these, 1790-1804, are from Philip Schuyler (1733-1804) to his  son-in-law Alexander Hamilton and daughter Elizabeth Schuyler Hamilton. The  remainder consists of two additional family letters, a letter from Charles  Pierre L\\'Enfant to Hamilton, July 14, 1801, concerning L\\'Enfant\\'s renovation of  City Hall in New York into Federal Hall, and a fragment of a will in Hamilton\\'s  hand, [July 1795].     </li>   <li><strong>Oversize</strong><br>    Correspondence, reports, annotated drafts of the Constitution, writings, deeds, agreements, contracts, financial papers, certificates, and printed matter. These items were microfilmed in their original locations before their physical removal to this series. Included here are samples of lace made by women in Ipswich, Massachusetts. The lace was collected for Hamilton as an example of American manufacturing as he wrote his \"Report on Manufactures,\" 1791.</li>  </ul>'], 'timestamp': '2019-11-22T09:43:42.035Z', 'campaigns': [], 'extract_timestamp': '2019-11-22T09:26:40.115Z', 'shelf_id': '~/collections/alexander-hamilton-papers/about-this-collection/', 'other_title': [], 'count': 882, 'number_lccn': ['mm81024612'], 'language': ['english'], 'url': 'https://www.loc.gov/collections/alexander-hamilton-papers/about-this-collection/', 'items': 'https://www.loc.gov/collections/alexander-hamilton-papers/', 'hassegments': False, 'image_url': ['https://www.loc.gov/static/collections/alexander-hamilton-papers/155_155.jpg#h=155&w=155', 'https://www.loc.gov/static/collections/alexander-hamilton-papers/500_500.jpg#h=500&w=500'], 'aka': ['http://www.loc.gov/collections/alexander-hamilton-papers/about-this-collection/', 'http://www.loc.gov/collections/hamilton/', 'http://lccn.loc.gov/mm81024612', 'http://www.loc.gov/item/mm81024612/', 'http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/collmss.ms000059', 'http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/eadmss.ms003014', 'http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/eadmss.ms003014.3', 'http://www.loc.gov/resource/eadmss.ms003014.3/', 'http://www.loc.gov/resource/eadmss.ms003014/', 'http://www.loc.gov/resource/collmss.ms000059/']}, {'item': {'digital_id': ['http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/collmss.ms000028', 'http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/eadmss.ms010138', 'http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/eadmss.ms010138.3'], 'medium': ['27,000 items.', '116 containers.', '57 microfilm reels.', '29 linear feet.'], 'repository': ['Library of Congress Manuscript Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA dcu http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/mss.home'], 'contributors': ['Stephens, Alexander H. (Alexander Hamilton), 1812-1883.'], 'title': 'Alexander Hamilton Stephens papers,', 'notes': ['Arranged in three series.  Series 1: General Correspondence, 1784-1886; Series 2: Letters from Servants, 1867-1883; and Series 3: Autobiography and Journal, 1834-1837.', 'Alexander Hamilton Stephens Papers available through the Library of Congress Web site at http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/collmss.ms000028', 'Microfilm edition available, no. 15,135.', 'Microfilm produced from originals in the Manuscript Division. Washington, D.C. : Library of Congress Photoduplication Service, 1971.', 'Gifts and purchases, 1900-1938.', 'Lawyer, journalist, governor of Georgia, U.S. senator and representative from Georgia, and vice president of the Confederate States of America.', 'Collection material in English.', 'Finding aid available in the Library of Congress Manuscript Reading Room and at http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/eadmss.ms010138'], 'format': ['manuscript', 'collection'], 'summary': [\"Correspondence, memoranda, telegrams, journal, autobiography, legal documents, clippings, and other papers reflecting Stephens's career in government and politics.  Chiefly correspondence concerning national and sectional questions as well as local affairs, philanthropy, and plantation management.  Subjects include the presidential election of 1876; Civil War; Compromise of 1850; formation and operation of the Confederate Government; Dred Scott decision; Indian affairs; Kansas-Nebraska Act; political parties including the American Party (Know-Nothing Party), Democratic Party, Republican Party (1854- ), and Whig Party; Reconstruction; secession; slavery; states' rights; territorial expansion; and annexation of Texas.  Other subjects include education, tariff, transportation, and other economic, literary, political, and social matters.  Includes letters from Stephens's slaves.  Other correspondents include Francis Preston Blair, Joseph E. Brown, Fitzwilliam Byrdsall, Henry Cleveland, Howell Cobb, A.H. Garland, John Brown Gordon, Paul Hamilton Hayne, William H. Hidell, Henry R. Jackson, Herschel V. Johnson, Richard Malcolm Johnston, L.Q.C. Lamar, James Ryder Randall, J. Henley Smith, Robert Augustus Toombs, James I. Waddell, and Ambrose R. Wright.\"], 'language': ['eng'], 'subjects': ['Blair, Francis Preston,--1791-1876--Correspondence', 'Brown, Joseph E.--(Joseph Emerson),--1821-1894--Correspondence', 'Byrdsall, Fitzwilliam,--1810-1875?--Correspondence', 'Cleveland, Henry--Correspondence', 'Cobb, Howell,--1815-1868--Correspondence', 'Garland, A. H.--(Augustus Hill),--1832-1899--Correspondence', 'Gordon, John Brown,--1832-1904--Correspondence', 'Hayne, Paul Hamilton,--1830-1886--Correspondence', 'Hidell, William H.--Correspondence', 'Jackson, Henry R.--(Henry Rootes),--1820-1898--Correspondence', 'Johnson, Herschel V.--(Herschel Vespasian),--1812-1880--Correspondence', 'Johnston, Richard Malcolm,--1822-1898--Correspondence', 'Lamar, L. Q. C.--(Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus),--1825-1893--Correspondence', 'Randall, James Ryder,--1839-1908--Correspondence', 'Scott, Dred,--1809-1858--Trials, litigation, etc', 'Smith, J. Henley,--1829---Correspondence', 'Toombs, Robert Augustus,--1810-1885--Correspondence', 'Waddell, James I.--(James Iredell),--1824-1886--Correspondence', 'Wright, Ambrose R.--(Ambrose Ransom),--1826-1872--Correspondence', 'United States.--Kansas-Nebraska Act', 'American Party', 'Confederate States of America', 'Democratic Party (U.S.)', 'Republican Party (U.S. : 1854- )', 'Whig Party (U.S.)', 'American literature--19th century', 'Charities', 'Compromise of 1850', 'Education--United States', 'Elections--United States--1876', 'Indians of North America--Government relations', 'Plantations--Georgia', 'Political parties--United States', 'Reconstruction (U.S. history, 1865-1877)', 'Secession', 'Slavery--Law and legislation--United States', 'Slavery--Georgia', 'Slaves--Georgia--Correspondence', \"States' rights (American politics)\", 'Tariff--United States', 'Transportation--United States', 'Confederate States of America--History', 'Confederate States of America--Politics and government', 'Georgia--History--1775-1865', 'Georgia--History--1865', 'Georgia--Politics and government--1775-1865', 'Georgia--Politics and government--1865-1950', 'Southern States--History--1865-1877', 'Texas--Annexation to the United States', 'United States--Economic conditions', 'United States--History--Civil War, 1861-1865', 'United States--History--1865-1898', 'United States--Politics and government--19th century', 'United States--Social conditions', 'United States--Territorial expansion'], 'location': ['United States', 'Georgia', 'Confederate States of America', 'Southern States', 'Texas'], 'date': '||||', 'access_advisory': ['Open to research.']}, 'access_restricted': False, 'number': ['2016-10-07t08:03:36', 'mm78041335'], 'original_format': ['collection', 'manuscript/mixed material'], 'contributor': ['stephens, alexander h. (alexander hamilton)'], 'id': 'http://www.loc.gov/collections/alexander-hamilton-stephens-papers/about-this-collection/', 'partof': ['digital collections', 'manuscript division', 'alexander hamilton stephens papers'], 'subject': ['government, law & politics', 'american history'], 'index': 24, 'group': ['collections-portal'], 'title': 'Alexander Hamilton Stephens Papers', 'number_source_modified': ['2016-10-07t08:03:36'], 'location': ['united states', 'confederate states of america', 'georgia', 'southern states', 'texas'], 'resources': [], 'digitized': True, 'description': ['<p>The papers of Alexander Hamilton Stephens (1812-1883), lawyer, journalist, governor of Georgia, member of both houses of the United States Congress, and vice president of the Confederate States of America, span the years 1784-1886, with the bulk of the material concentrated in the period 1850-1883. \\xa0The collection consists primarily of correspondence, supplemented by an autobiography and journal and miscellaneous memoranda, legal documents, and clippings. \\xa0The papers are organized in three series: General Correspondence, Letters from Servants, and Autobiography and Journal.</p> <p>The correspondence, mainly letters received, touches on virtually all aspects of Stephens&rsquo;s private and public life, focusing on the divisive issues leading to the Civil War, the operation of the Confederate government, and postwar problems and issues in the South. \\xa0Specific topics discussed include plantation management, slavery, Texas annexation, territorial expansion, political parties, states&rsquo; rights, the compromise of 1850, the Kansas-Nebraska Act, the Dred Scott decision, secession, formation of the Confederate government, the conduct of the Civil War, Reconstruction in the South, and the disputed election of 1876. \\xa0Broader subjects include transportation, the tariff, education, and social, economic, and literary matters.</p> <p>Prominent correspondents include Francis Preston Blair (1791-1876), Joseph E. Brown, Fitzwilliam Byrdsall, Henry Cleveland, Howell Cobb, Martin Crawford, A. H. Garland, John. B. Gordon, Paul Hamilton Hayne, William H. Hidell, Henry R. Jackson, Herschel V. Johnson, Richard Malcolm Johnson, L. Q. C. Lamar, James Ryder Randall, J. Henley Smith, Robert Augustus Toombs, James Iredell Waddell, and Ambrose R. Wright.</p>'], 'timestamp': '2019-11-22T09:43:42.035Z', 'campaigns': [], 'extract_timestamp': '2019-11-22T09:26:57.751Z', 'shelf_id': '~/collections/alexander-hamilton-stephens-papers/about-this-collection/', 'other_title': [], 'count': 124, 'number_lccn': ['mm78041335'], 'language': ['english'], 'url': 'https://www.loc.gov/collections/alexander-hamilton-stephens-papers/about-this-collection/', 'items': 'https://www.loc.gov/collections/alexander-hamilton-stephens-papers/', 'hassegments': False, 'image_url': ['https://www.loc.gov/static/collections/alexander-hamilton-stephens-papers/155_155.jpg#h=155&w=155', 'https://www.loc.gov/static/collections/alexander-hamilton-stephens-papers/500_500.jpg#h=500&w=500'], 'aka': ['http://www.loc.gov/collections/alexander-hamilton-stephens-papers/about-this-collection/', 'http://www.loc.gov/collections/stephens/', 'http://lccn.loc.gov/mm78041335', 'http://www.loc.gov/item/mm78041335/', 'http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/collmss.ms000028', 'http://www.loc.gov/resource/eadmss.ms010138.3/', 'http://www.loc.gov/resource/collmss.ms000028/', 'http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/eadmss.ms010138', 'http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/eadmss.ms010138.3', 'http://www.loc.gov/resource/eadmss.ms010138/']}, {'item': {'digital_id': ['http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.rbc/collrbc.rb000004', 'http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.rbc/lprbscsm.scsm1303'], 'call_number': ['E457 .S835 1824'], 'repository': ['Library of Congress Rare Book and Special Collections Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA dcu http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.rbc/rbc.home'], 'contributors': ['Stern, Alfred Whital, 1881-1960, collector.', 'Stern, Alfred Whital, 1881-1960, donor.', 'Library of Congress.', 'Alfred Whital Stern Collection of Lincolniana (Library of Congress)'], 'title': 'Alfred Whital Stern Collection of Lincolniana,', 'notes': ['Formats include books, pamphlets, broadsides, sheet music, prints, cartoons, maps, contemporary newspapers, correspondence, stamps, coins, printed ephemera, medals, and sculpture.', 'Books and pamphlets are cataloged individually in the Library of Congress online catalog.', 'The Alfred Whital Stern Collection of Lincolniana was deposited in the Library of Congress in 1951 and formally given to the Library by Mr. Stern in 1953. The collection has been added to since that time.  A Catalog of the Alfred Whital Stern Collection of Lincolniana (Washington: Library of Congress, 1960) provides access to the collection as it was constituted as of September 1958.', 'A portion of the collection is available on the Library of Congress Web site as the \"The Alfred Whital Stern Collection of Lincolniana.\"', 'Gift, Alfred Whital Stern; 1953.'], 'format': ['manuscript', 'collection'], 'summary': [\"Works by and about Abraham Lincoln (1809-1865) and his era; includes published and unpublished material on contemporary figures, slavery, the Civil War, and Reconstruction; the bronze casts of Lincoln's head and hands made by Leonard W. Volk, the modeling tools he used in their creation, with supporting ms. and photographs; the papers of James B. Merwin, army chaplain appointed by Lincoln during the Civil War.\"], 'language': ['eng'], 'subjects': ['Lincoln, Abraham,--1809-1865', 'Lincoln, Abraham,--1809-1865--Contemporaries', 'Lincoln, Abraham,--1809-1865--Assassination', 'Lincoln, Abraham,--1809-1865--Death and burial', 'Lincoln, Abraham,--1809-1865--Correspondence', 'Lincoln, Abraham,--1809-1865--Songs and music', 'Lincoln, Abraham,--1809-1865--Miscellanea', 'Volk, Leonard Wells,--1828-1895', 'Merwin, James Burtis,--1829-1917', 'Lincoln-Douglas Debates, Ill., 1858--Sources', 'Slavery--United States--History--Sources', 'Reconstruction (U.S. history, 1865-1877)--Sources', 'United States--History--Civil War, 1861-1865--Sources', 'United States--History--Civil War, 1861-1865--Songs and music', 'United States--History--19th century--Sources'], 'location': ['United States'], 'date': '1824', 'medium': ['ca. 11,100 items.'], 'access_advisory': ['Researchers are advised to contact the Rare Book and Special Collections Reading Room for access information well in advance of their visit. http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.rbc/rbc.contact']}, 'access_restricted': False, 'number': ['2014-11-04t11:41:05', '2014656901'], 'original_format': ['collection', 'book', 'photo, print, drawing', 'notated music'], 'contributor': ['library of congress', 'alfred whital stern collection of lincolniana (library of congress)', 'stern, alfred whital'], 'id': 'http://www.loc.gov/collections/alfred-whital-stern-lincolniana/about-this-collection/', 'partof': ['the alfred whital stern collection of lincolniana', 'digital collections', 'rare book and special collections division'], 'subject': ['government, law & politics', 'general', 'american history', 'war & military'], 'index': 25, 'group': ['collections-portal'], 'title': 'The Alfred Whital Stern Collection of Lincolniana', 'number_source_modified': ['2014-11-04t11:41:05'], 'location': ['united states'], 'resources': [], 'digitized': True, 'description': ['<p>The collection contains more than  11,100 items. This online  release presents over 1,300 items with a over 4,000  images and a date  range of 1824-1931. It includes the complete collection of  Stern\\'s  contemporary newspapers, Lincoln\\'s law papers, sheet music, broadsides,   prints, cartoons, maps, drawings, letters, campaign tickets, and other   ephemeral items. The books and pamphlets in this collection are  scheduled for  digitization at a later date.</p>  <p>Alfred Whital Stern (1881-1960) of Chicago presented his  outstanding  collection of Lincolniana to the Library of Congress in 1953. Stern   began collecting in the 1920s. His collection documents the life of  Abraham  Lincoln (1809-1865) both through writings by and about Lincoln  as well as a  large body of publications concerning the issues of the  times including  slavery, the Civil War, Reconstruction, and related  topics. </p>  <p>Highlights of the online collection include Lincoln\\'s own   scrapbook of the 1858 political campaign against Stephen A. Douglas; the  Tiffany  seed pearl necklace and bracelets that Lincoln gave to his  wife, Mary Todd; a  Lincoln life mask cast in bronze by Clark Mills, as  well as the contents of  Lincoln\\'s pockets on the evening of his  assassination. Probably the single most  famous Lincoln manuscript in  the collection is the January 26, 1863, letter to  General Joseph  Hooker, placing him in command of the Army of the Potomac. </p>  <p>Alfred Whital Stern\\'s gift to the Library represents the   most extensive collection of Lincolniana ever assembled by a private   individual. </p>  <p>Below is a listing of the types of items  in the Alfred Whital Stern Collection of Lincolniana.</p>  <table class=\"table-bordered table-padded\">   <tr>    <th scope=\"col\">Types of Items in the     Collection</th>    <th scope=\"col\">Number of Items</th>   </tr>   <tr>    <td>Advertisements </td>    <td>302 </td>   </tr>   <tr>    <td>Books </td>    <td>\\xa0 5 </td>   </tr>   <tr>    <td>Broadsides </td>    <td>515 </td>   </tr>   <tr>    <td>Correspondence </td>    <td>81 </td>   </tr>   <tr>    <td>Ephemera </td>    <td>206 </td>   </tr>   <tr>    <td>Government publications </td>    <td>33 </td>   </tr>   <tr>    <td>Humor, satire </td>    <td>76 </td>   </tr>   <tr>    <td>Legal cases and case notes </td>    <td>224 </td>   </tr>   <tr>    <td>Letters </td>    <td>81 </td>   </tr>   <tr>    <td>Manuscripts </td>    <td>298 </td>   </tr>   <tr>    <td>Maps </td>    <td>\\xa0\\xa0 9 </td>   </tr>   <tr>    <td>Newspapers </td>    <td>296 </td>   </tr>   <tr>    <td>Pamphlets </td>    <td>\\xa0 9 </td>   </tr>   <tr>    <td>Periodicals </td>    <td>290 </td>   </tr>   <tr>    <td>Photographs </td>    <td>69 </td>   </tr>   <tr>    <td>Poetry </td>    <td>57 </td>   </tr>   <tr>    <td>Portraits </td>    <td>336 </td>   </tr>   <tr>    <td>Postcards </td>    <td>\\xa0 9 </td>   </tr>   <tr>    <td>Realia </td>    <td>24 </td>   </tr>   <tr>    <td>Sheet music </td>    <td>249 </td>   </tr>   <tr>    <td>Speeches </td>    <td>27 </td>   </tr>  </table>'], 'timestamp': '2019-11-22T09:43:42.035Z', 'campaigns': [], 'extract_timestamp': '2019-11-22T09:26:57.751Z', 'date': '1824', 'shelf_id': '~/collections/alfred-whital-stern-lincolniana/about-this-collection/', 'other_title': [], 'count': 1541, 'dates': ['1809-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1810-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1811-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1812-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1813-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1814-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1815-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1816-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1817-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1818-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1819-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1820-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1821-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1822-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1823-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1824-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1825-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1826-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1827-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1828-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1829-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1830-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1831-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1832-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1833-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1834-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1835-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1836-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1837-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1838-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1839-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1840-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1841-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1842-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1843-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1844-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1845-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1846-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1847-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1848-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1849-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1850-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1851-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1852-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1853-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1854-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1855-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1856-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1857-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1858-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1859-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1860-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1861-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1862-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1863-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1864-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1865-01-01T00:00:00Z'], 'number_lccn': ['2014656901'], 'language': ['english'], 'url': 'https://www.loc.gov/collections/alfred-whital-stern-lincolniana/about-this-collection/', 'items': 'https://www.loc.gov/collections/alfred-whital-stern-lincolniana/', 'hassegments': False, 'image_url': ['https://www.loc.gov/static/collections/alfred-whital-stern-lincolniana/155_155.jpg#h=155&w=155', 'https://www.loc.gov/static/collections/alfred-whital-stern-lincolniana/500_500.jpg#h=500&w=500'], 'aka': ['http://www.loc.gov/collections/alfred-whital-stern-lincolniana/about-this-collection/', 'http://www.loc.gov/collections/lincolniana/', 'http://lccn.loc.gov/2014656901', 'http://www.loc.gov/item/2014656901/', 'http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.rbc/collrbc.rb000004', 'http://www.loc.gov/resource/lprbscsm.scsm1303/', 'http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.rbc/lprbscsm.scsm1303', 'http://www.loc.gov/resource/collrbc.rb000004/']}], 'link': 'https://www.loc.gov/collections/', 'active': True, 'slug': ''}]}]\n",
      "\n",
      "categories\n",
      "['about-the-collections', 'browse-the-collections']\n",
      "\n",
      "previous\n",
      "None\n",
      "\n",
      "pagination\n",
      "{'from': 1, 'results': '1 - 40', 'last': 'https://www.loc.gov/collections/?fo=json&sp=4', 'total': 10, 'previous': None, 'perpage': 40, 'perpage_options': [20, 40, 80, 160], 'of': 369, 'next': 'https://www.loc.gov/collections/?fo=json&sp=2', 'current': 1, 'to': 40, 'page_list': [{'url': None, 'number': 1}, {'url': 'https://www.loc.gov/collections/?fo=json&sp=2', 'number': 2}, {'url': 'https://www.loc.gov/collections/?fo=json&sp=3', 'number': 3}, {'url': 'https://www.loc.gov/collections/?fo=json&sp=4', 'number': '...'}], 'first': None}\n",
      "\n",
      "site_type\n",
      "collections\n",
      "\n",
      "timestamp\n",
      "1574443973585\n",
      "\n",
      "title\n",
      "Digital Collections\n",
      "\n",
      "breadcrumbs\n",
      "[{'Library of Congress': 'https://www.loc.gov'}, {'Digital Collections': 'https://www.loc.gov/collections/'}]\n",
      "\n",
      "facets\n",
      "[{'index': 'https://www.loc.gov/collections/index/subject/?fo=json', 'type': 'subject', 'filters': [{'count': 128, 'on': 'https://www.loc.gov/collections/?fa=subject:american+history&fo=json', 'not': 'https://www.loc.gov/collections/?fa=subject!:american+history&fo=json', 'off': None, 'title': 'american history'}, {'count': 94, 'on': 'https://www.loc.gov/collections/?fa=subject:government,+law+%26+politics&fo=json', 'not': 'https://www.loc.gov/collections/?fa=subject!:government,+law+%26+politics&fo=json', 'off': None, 'title': 'government, law & politics'}, {'count': 86, 'on': 'https://www.loc.gov/collections/?fa=subject:performing+arts&fo=json', 'not': 'https://www.loc.gov/collections/?fa=subject!:performing+arts&fo=json', 'off': None, 'title': 'performing arts'}, {'count': 74, 'on': 'https://www.loc.gov/collections/?fa=subject:world+cultures+%26+history&fo=json', 'not': 'https://www.loc.gov/collections/?fa=subject!:world+cultures+%26+history&fo=json', 'off': None, 'title': 'world cultures & history'}, {'count': 71, 'on': 'https://www.loc.gov/collections/?fa=subject:war+%26+military&fo=json', 'not': 'https://www.loc.gov/collections/?fa=subject!:war+%26+military&fo=json', 'off': None, 'title': 'war & military'}, {'count': 51, 'on': 'https://www.loc.gov/collections/?fa=subject:local+history+%26+folklife&fo=json', 'not': 'https://www.loc.gov/collections/?fa=subject!:local+history+%26+folklife&fo=json', 'off': None, 'title': 'local history & folklife'}, {'count': 43, 'on': 'https://www.loc.gov/collections/?fa=subject:art+%26+architecture&fo=json', 'not': 'https://www.loc.gov/collections/?fa=subject!:art+%26+architecture&fo=json', 'off': None, 'title': 'art & architecture'}, {'count': 31, 'on': 'https://www.loc.gov/collections/?fa=subject:social+%26+business+history&fo=json', 'not': 'https://www.loc.gov/collections/?fa=subject!:social+%26+business+history&fo=json', 'off': None, 'title': 'social & business history'}, {'count': 30, 'on': 'https://www.loc.gov/collections/?fa=subject:photographic+prints&fo=json', 'not': 'https://www.loc.gov/collections/?fa=subject!:photographic+prints&fo=json', 'off': None, 'title': 'photographic prints'}, {'count': 30, 'on': 'https://www.loc.gov/collections/?fa=subject:portrait+photographs&fo=json', 'not': 'https://www.loc.gov/collections/?fa=subject!:portrait+photographs&fo=json', 'off': None, 'title': 'portrait photographs'}], 'title': 'Subject'}, {'index': 'https://www.loc.gov/collections/index/partof/?fo=json', 'type': 'partof', 'filters': [{'count': 369, 'on': None, 'not': None, 'off': 'https://www.loc.gov/search/?fo=json', 'title': 'digital collections'}, {'count': 91, 'on': 'https://www.loc.gov/collections/?fa=partof:manuscript+division&fo=json', 'not': 'https://www.loc.gov/collections/?fa=partof!:manuscript+division&fo=json', 'off': None, 'title': 'manuscript division'}, {'count': 76, 'on': 'https://www.loc.gov/collections/?fa=partof:prints+and+photographs+division&fo=json', 'not': 'https://www.loc.gov/collections/?fa=partof!:prints+and+photographs+division&fo=json', 'off': None, 'title': 'prints and photographs division'}, {'count': 57, 'on': 'https://www.loc.gov/collections/?fa=partof:music+division&fo=json', 'not': 'https://www.loc.gov/collections/?fa=partof!:music+division&fo=json', 'off': None, 'title': 'music division'}, {'count': 34, 'on': 'https://www.loc.gov/collections/?fa=partof:american+folklife+center&fo=json', 'not': 'https://www.loc.gov/collections/?fa=partof!:american+folklife+center&fo=json', 'off': None, 'title': 'american folklife center'}, {'count': 20, 'on': 'https://www.loc.gov/collections/?fa=partof:motion+picture,+broadcasting+and+recorded+sound+division&fo=json', 'not': 'https://www.loc.gov/collections/?fa=partof!:motion+picture,+broadcasting+and+recorded+sound+division&fo=json', 'off': None, 'title': 'motion picture, broadcasting and recorded sound division'}, {'count': 19, 'on': 'https://www.loc.gov/collections/?fa=partof:geography+and+map+division&fo=json', 'not': 'https://www.loc.gov/collections/?fa=partof!:geography+and+map+division&fo=json', 'off': None, 'title': 'geography and map division'}, {'count': 19, 'on': 'https://www.loc.gov/collections/?fa=partof:rare+book+and+special+collections+division&fo=json', 'not': 'https://www.loc.gov/collections/?fa=partof!:rare+book+and+special+collections+division&fo=json', 'off': None, 'title': 'rare book and special collections division'}, {'count': 13, 'on': 'https://www.loc.gov/collections/?fa=partof:asian+division&fo=json', 'not': 'https://www.loc.gov/collections/?fa=partof!:asian+division&fo=json', 'off': None, 'title': 'asian division'}, {'count': 11, 'on': 'https://www.loc.gov/collections/?fa=partof:law+library+of+congress&fo=json', 'not': 'https://www.loc.gov/collections/?fa=partof!:law+library+of+congress&fo=json', 'off': None, 'title': 'law library of congress'}], 'title': 'Part of'}, {'type': 'original-format', 'filters': [{'count': 134, 'on': 'https://www.loc.gov/collections/?fa=original-format:manuscript/mixed+material&fo=json', 'not': 'https://www.loc.gov/collections/?fa=original-format!:manuscript/mixed+material&fo=json', 'off': None, 'title': 'manuscript/mixed material'}, {'count': 122, 'on': 'https://www.loc.gov/collections/?fa=original-format:photo,+print,+drawing&fo=json', 'not': 'https://www.loc.gov/collections/?fa=original-format!:photo,+print,+drawing&fo=json', 'off': None, 'title': 'photo, print, drawing'}, {'count': 52, 'on': 'https://www.loc.gov/collections/?fa=original-format:sound+recording&fo=json', 'not': 'https://www.loc.gov/collections/?fa=original-format!:sound+recording&fo=json', 'off': None, 'title': 'sound recording'}, {'count': 40, 'on': 'https://www.loc.gov/collections/?fa=original-format:notated+music&fo=json', 'not': 'https://www.loc.gov/collections/?fa=original-format!:notated+music&fo=json', 'off': None, 'title': 'notated music'}, {'count': 39, 'on': 'https://www.loc.gov/collections/?fa=original-format:book&fo=json', 'not': 'https://www.loc.gov/collections/?fa=original-format!:book&fo=json', 'off': None, 'title': 'book'}, {'count': 37, 'on': 'https://www.loc.gov/collections/?fa=original-format:archived+web+site&fo=json', 'not': 'https://www.loc.gov/collections/?fa=original-format!:archived+web+site&fo=json', 'off': None, 'title': 'archived web site'}, {'count': 26, 'on': 'https://www.loc.gov/collections/?fa=original-format:film,+video&fo=json', 'not': 'https://www.loc.gov/collections/?fa=original-format!:film,+video&fo=json', 'off': None, 'title': 'film, video'}, {'count': 17, 'on': 'https://www.loc.gov/collections/?fa=original-format:map&fo=json', 'not': 'https://www.loc.gov/collections/?fa=original-format!:map&fo=json', 'off': None, 'title': 'map'}, {'count': 6, 'on': 'https://www.loc.gov/collections/?fa=original-format:newspaper&fo=json', 'not': 'https://www.loc.gov/collections/?fa=original-format!:newspaper&fo=json', 'off': None, 'title': 'newspaper'}], 'title': 'Original Format'}]\n",
      "\n",
      "next\n",
      "None\n",
      "\n",
      "content\n",
      "{'pagination': {'from': 1, 'results': '1 - 25', 'last': 'https://www.loc.gov/collections/?fo=json&sp=4', 'total': 15, 'previous': None, 'perpage': 25, 'perpage_options': [25, 50, 100, 150], 'of': 369, 'next': 'https://www.loc.gov/collections/?fo=json&sp=2', 'current': 1, 'to': 25, 'page_list': [{'url': None, 'number': 1}, {'url': 'https://www.loc.gov/collections/?fo=json&sp=2', 'number': 2}, {'url': 'https://www.loc.gov/collections/?fo=json&sp=3', 'number': 3}, {'url': 'https://www.loc.gov/collections/?fo=json&sp=4', 'number': '...'}], 'first': None}, 'title': 'Digital Collections', 'url': 'https://www.loc.gov/collections/', 'markup': None, 'views': {'list': 'https://www.loc.gov/collections/?fo=json', 'brief': 'https://www.loc.gov/collections/?fo=json&st=brief', 'slideshow': 'https://www.loc.gov/collections/?fo=json&st=slideshow', 'current': 'list', 'grid': 'https://www.loc.gov/collections/?fo=json&st=grid', 'gallery': 'https://www.loc.gov/collections/?fo=json&st=gallery'}, 'results': [{'access_restricted': False, 'original_format': ['collection', 'photo, print, drawing', 'manuscript/mixed material'], 'id': 'http://international.loc.gov/intldl/carrollhtml/lchome.html', 'partof': ['rare book and special collections division', 'lewis carroll scrapbooks', 'digital collections'], 'subject': ['social & business history', 'world cultures & history'], 'index': 1, 'group': ['collections-portal'], 'title': 'Lewis Carroll Scrapbooks', '_partof': 'lewis carroll scrapbooks', 'digitized': True, 'description': ['<p>An original scrapbook that was kept  by Charles Lutwidge Dodgson. Better known as Lewis Carroll, the Victorian-era children&rsquo;s  author of <em>Alice&rsquo;s Adventures in Wonderland</em> (1865) and <em>Through the Looking-Glass</em> (1871),  Dodgson was a lecturer in mathematics at the University of Oxford. The scrapbook contains  approximately 130 items, including newspaper clippings, photographs, and a limited number  of manuscript materials, collected between 1855-72. A timeline, authored by Edward Wakeling,  former chairman of the Lewis Carroll Society, helps to place materials found in the scrapbook  in their proper context. </p> <p>Lewis Carroll is the pseudonym for the Reverend Charles Lutwidge Dodgson (1832-1898),  lecturer of mathematics at Oxford University, England. He is best known as the  author of <em>Alice&rsquo;s Adventures in Wonderland</em>, a Victorian Era children&rsquo;s  story. The Lewis Carroll Scrapbook in the Rare Book &amp; Special Collections  Division of the Library of Congress consists of one scrapbook of approximately  200 unnumbered pages, containing 142 pasted and inlaid items. Carroll appears  to have kept the scrapbook between the years 1855 and 1871. Of the approximately  200 unnumbered pages, only 63 pages contain clippings and writing, the remaining  pages are blank. Blank pages are not included in the online collection. There  are seven loose inlaid items that Carroll had presumably not yet pasted into the  scrapbook. These <a href=\"//international.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=lchtml&fileName=lc001/lchtmllc001.db&recNum=63&itemLink=r?intldl/carrollbib:@field%28DOCID+@lit%28carroll000130%29%29\">seven items have been placed on page 64</a> of the scrapbook for  presentation purposes. </p> <p>Users of this online collection have the option of browsing the scrapbook,  page by page; searching bibliographic information (title, subject, notes) or full-text  of items within the scrapbook; or browsing the scrapbook items by author, title,   and subject.</p>'], 'timestamp': '2019-11-22T09:43:42.035Z', 'campaigns': [], 'extract_timestamp': '2019-11-22T09:26:40.115Z', 'shelf_id': 'http://international.loc.gov/intldl/carrollhtml/lchome.html', 'other_title': [], 'count': 1138, 'url': '//international.loc.gov/intldl/carrollhtml/lchome.html', 'items': 'http://international.loc.gov/intldl/carrollhtml/lchome.html', 'hassegments': False, 'image_url': ['https://www.loc.gov/static/collections/lewis-carroll-scrapbooks/155_155.jpg#h=155&w=155', 'https://www.loc.gov/static/collections/lewis-carroll-scrapbooks/500_500.jpg#h=500&w=500'], 'aka': ['http://international.loc.gov/intldl/carrollhtml/lchome.html', 'http://www.loc.gov/collections/carroll/']}, {'item': {'digital_id': ['http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.rbc/collrbc.rb000009'], 'call_number': ['DA86.22.D7'], 'language': ['eng'], 'contributors': ['Hans and Hanni Kraus Sir Francis Drake Collection (Library of Congress)', 'Library of Congress.'], 'title': 'The Kraus Collection of Sir Francis Drake', 'notes': ['access level test'], 'format': ['text'], 'summary': [\"Sir Francis Drake, English explorer and naval strategist, circumnavigated the earth from 1577-1580. During these travels, Drake visited the Caribbean and the Pacific claiming a portion of California for Queen Elizabeth and waging battles on the Spanish. This collection comprises important primary and secondary materials accumulated about Drake's voyages throughout the then Spanish territory of the Americas. Texts are in English, Latin, German, Dutch, Italian, Spanish and French.\"], 'subjects': ['Drake, Francis,--approximately 1540-1596--Sources', 'Explorers--Great Britain', 'Explorers--Spain', 'Great Britain--History, Naval--Tudors, 1485-1603', 'Great Britain--History--Elizabeth, 1558-1603', 'Hans and Hanni Kraus Sir Francis Drake Collection (Library of Congress)'], 'location': ['Great Britain', 'Spain'], 'date': '2005'}, 'access_restricted': False, 'number': ['2006570208', '2019-05-06t16:39:45'], 'original_format': ['collection', 'photo, print, drawing'], 'contributor': ['hans and hanni kraus sir francis drake collection (library of congress)', 'library of congress'], 'id': 'http://international.loc.gov/intldl/drakehtml/rbdkhome.html', 'partof': ['rare book and special collections division', 'sir francis drake (kraus collection)', 'digital collections'], 'subject': ['geography & places', 'world cultures & history'], 'index': 2, 'group': ['collections-portal'], 'title': 'Sir Francis Drake (Kraus Collection)', 'number_source_modified': ['2019-05-06t16:39:45'], 'location': ['great britain', 'spain'], '_partof': 'sir francis drake (kraus collection)', 'resources': [], 'digitized': True, 'description': [\"<h2>Sir Francis Drake</h2> <p>Sir Francis Drake's accomplishments as an explorer and naval strategist were unparalleled. His most notable feat was circumnavigating the earth from 1577-80, the first such voyage since Magellan's in 1522 and the only one up to that time captained by the same man from start to finish. Drake's expeditions to the Caribbean and the Pacific, undertaken during the circumnavigation and in subsequent voyages, revealed significant new geographical data about the New World and added greatly to Queen Elizabeth I's [1533-1603] treasury.</p>  <h2>The Collector</h2> <p>Assembled by Hans Peter Kraus and his wife Hanni in only twelve years, these materials reveal a great breadth and scope in the primary and secondary materials that concern Sir Francis Drake. Kraus was one of the foremost booksellers of the second half of the twentieth century. Born in Austria in 1907, he exhibited a precocious mind and a love of collecting from an early age—which soon turned to a love of collecting books. He became a bookseller under the traditional antiquarian Austrian guild system—first becoming an apprentice. In 1939, during the Nazi Occupation, Kraus and his family fled Austria for the United States. Within two weeks of his arrival in New York, Kraus met Hanni, his future wife and business partner. The couple established an antiquarian bookselling firm, H. P. Kraus, Inc., and amassed the stock and the connections needed for success. Their legendary firm opened in the early 1940s and did not close until 2003. The firm collected and sold many first rate editions.</p> <h2>The Collection</h2>  <p>In a 1968 James Ford Bell Lecture, Kraus explained how a chance comment about the enormous profit reaped by Sir Francis Drake and Queen Elizabeth from the around-the-world voyage piqued his interest and led him to study Drake's life. The more that Kraus learned, the more fascinated he became, and he resolved to put together a collection of contemporary materials related to Drake and his journeys. In 1980 Hans and Hanni Kraus generously donated their collection to the Rare Book and Special Collections Division of the Library of Congress. The combination of the Library's other rich collections from this period and the resources of the neighboring Folger Shakespeare Library make Washington a preeminent center for the study of the Elizabethan era.  The Kraus Collection consists of 60 items--16 manuscripts, 29 books, 8 maps and views, and 7 medals and portraits. The materials range in date from 1579 to 1765 and are written in English, Spanish, Latin, Italian, German, French, and Dutch.</p> <h3>Manuscripts</h3>  <p>Manuscripts range in date from 1579 to 1603. They are mostly correspondence between various governing officials and diplomats of the Spanish and English crowns regarding Drake's activities in Spanish America and are written in Spanish, English, Latin, and Italian. Many of the other documents concern legal or financial topics, including the record of Drake's sale of a 71-year lease of a house called the &quot;The Herbar.&quot;</p> <h3>Books</h3>  <p>Books range in date from 1581 to 1695 and are published in Spanish, English, Latin, German, French, and Dutch. Topics include general histories of exploration, trade, and navigation on the high seas including Drake's circumnavigation of the world. Other topics are of a more political nature and either extol Drake's accomplishments or decry his plunders in Spanish America. Still other accounts are biographies of the crowned heads Queen Elizabeth I and King Philip II [1527-1598].</p> <h3>Maps and views</h3>  <p>Maps and views range in date from 1570 to 1765 and were created by Spanish, Belgian, and English cartographers. Spanish America is depicted with drawings of fortresses and harbors as well as with maps of St. Augustine, South America, and the West Indies. There are also drawings depicting the Spanish Armada and the sea battles between the Spanish and the English. There is also a map of the world with an engraving of Drake and a map of Devonshire, England.</p> <h3>Medals and Portraits</h3>  <p>Medals and portraits range in date from 1583 to 1598 and are English, Spanish, and Dutch in origin. Two engraved medals commemorate the defeat of the Spanish Armada and two medals by Michael Mercator depict engravings of the world. There is also an engraving of Drake on paper, a series of portraits of sea explorers, and an oil portrait of Lord William Cecil Burghley, Queen Elizabeth I's secretary from 1558 to 1572.</p>\"], 'timestamp': '2019-11-22T09:43:42.035Z', 'campaigns': [], 'extract_timestamp': '2019-11-22T09:26:50.534Z', 'date': '2005', 'shelf_id': 'http://international.loc.gov/intldl/drakehtml/rbdkhome.html', 'other_title': [], 'count': 60, 'dates': ['2005-01-01T00:00:00Z'], 'number_lccn': ['2006570208'], 'language': ['english'], 'url': '//international.loc.gov/intldl/drakehtml/rbdkhome.html', 'items': 'http://international.loc.gov/intldl/drakehtml/rbdkhome.html', 'hassegments': False, 'image_url': ['https://www.loc.gov/static/collections/sir-francis-drake/155_155.jpg#h=155&w=155', 'https://www.loc.gov/static/collections/sir-francis-drake/500_500.jpg#h=500&w=500'], 'aka': ['http://international.loc.gov/intldl/drakehtml/rbdkhome.html', 'http://www.loc.gov/collections/kskm/', 'http://lccn.loc.gov/2006570208', 'http://www.loc.gov/item/2006570208/', 'http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.rbc/collrbc.rb000009', 'http://www.loc.gov/resource/collrbc.rb000009/']}, {'access_restricted': False, 'original_format': ['collection', 'sound recording'], 'id': 'http://lcweb2.loc.gov/diglib/ihas/html/afccards/afccards-home.html', 'partof': ['digital collections', 'american folklife center', 'traditional music and spoken word'], 'subject': ['local history & folklife', 'performing arts'], 'index': 3, 'group': ['collections-portal'], 'title': 'Traditional Music and Spoken Word', 'location': ['united states'], '_partof': 'traditional music and spoken word', 'digitized': True, 'description': ['<p>The audio recordings represented in the catalog were recorded between 1897 and 1962. The majority of these are lacquer and aluminum-based instantaneous disc recordings made between 1933 and 1950. The handful of collections that fall outside this date range is described at the end of this page.</p>  <p>The card catalog represented in this online database was first created by Work Projects Administration (WPA) workers in the late 1930s and early 1940s, and continued by the Archive of Folk Song (now part of the American Folklife Center) staff into the early 1960s. Its purpose was to provide the public with access to the thousands of individual songs, tunes, folk tales, sermons, monologues, and life stories in the Archive\\'s collections.</p>  <figure class=\"image-align-right\"><img src=\"/static/collections/traditional-music-and-spoken-word/images/afccards-home.jpg\" width=\"275\" alt=\"\" /><figcaption ><em>(clockwise from top)</em>: <a href=\"http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.afc/afcts.p016\">Charles Todd at the recording machine surrounded by a group of Mexican boys and men</a>; <a href=\"http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.afc/afcts.p008 \">Will Neal playing fiddle and being recorded by Charles Todd and Robert Sonkin</a>; <a href=\"http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/ppmsc.00400\">Blind Willie McTell, with 12-string guitar, hotel room, Atlanta, Georgia</a>. <br/><em>(background)</em>: Sample drawer from the American Folklife Center\\'s card catalog. Card shown is catalog number AFS 3762A5, \"Cripple Creek,\" played on the banjo by Wade Ward, recorded by Pete Seeger and Alan Lomax in Galax, Virginia, January, 1939.Photo by Stephen Winick, American Folklife Center, Library of Congress.</figcaption></figure>  <p>Included are the seminal field recordings associated with John A. Lomax and Alan Lomax\\'s Library of Congress collecting work (Leadbelly, Woody Guthrie, Jelly Roll Morton), and Alan Lomax\\'s less well-known field collections in Haiti in 1936 to 1937 and in the upper Midwest of the United States in 1938. There are hundreds of well-known and lesser-known treasures by other notable collectors including Herbert Halpert, Zora Neale Hurston, Henrietta Yurchenco, Vance Randolph, and Helen Creighton, among many others. The catalog also reflects exchange projects with institutions outside the United States, notably the Discoteca Pública Municipal de São Paulo Collection (1938-1943) of field recordings from Brazil; and field recordings collected in Oceania. The researcher may encounter duplicate or multiple cards for some of the non-English recordings in this catalog. The researcher should also be aware that for some non-English recordings from this period, no cards were made. We hope to expand the catalog in the future and add the bibliographic data for the sound recordings that are now represented only as \"Spanish\" or \"Foreign.\"</p> <p>The physical card catalog in the Archive is searchable only by title, performer, state (if U.S.), shelflist number (AFS number), or country/language (other than English). The online version of the catalog searches these areas, plus recording dates, recordist\\'s names, and many others. Our plans are to continue to increase access to individually recorded items in our collections and to grow this database beyond just the cards represented in this online catalog to other collections in the Archive.</p> <p>Please note that this catalog represents only a portion of our recordings; in fact the majority of the Archive\\'s recordings are not represented here. There is also information in the catalog that is incorrect and incomplete. We are continually working to make these corrections, and to add more material to the database. If you see an error please feel free to notify us with corrections. <a href=\"//www.loc.gov/folklife/address.html\">Contact us</a>.</p> <h2>Collections in the catalog that fall outside the bulk date range</h2> <p>AFS 801-810: Ten discs of Walter McClintock\\'s recordings of Blackfoot singers in Montana, recorded in 1898. These are disc copies of wax cylinders. The Archive later received the original cylinders which were duplicated onto AFS 20,237-20,239.</p> <p>AFS 814-815: Two discs of Clark Wissler\\'s recordings of Blackfoot singers in Montana, recorded in 1904. Originally recorded on wax cylinders.</p> <p>AFS 4326-4412: Eighty-five discs of duplicates of wax cylinders in the Percy Grainger collection of English, Danish and Maori songs. Recorded primarily in 1906 and 1908.</p> <p>AFS 9448-9467: Twenty discs of traditional songs of France and French Colonies donated by Phonothèque Nationale. Recorded between 1897-1948. Some originally recorded on wax cylinders.</p> <p>AFS 10,089: One tape of songs sung by Jean Ritchie of Viper, Kentucky. Recorded at the Library of Congress by Herman Norwood, May 1951.</p> <p>AFS 10,095: One tape of folk songs of North Carolina performed by Virgil Sturgill, folk singer of North Carolina, originally from Kentucky. Recorded at the Library of Congress, June 1951.</p> <p>AFS 10,803-10,825: Twenty-three tapes of songs, fiddle tunes, and conversations from Arkansas. Recorded in 1951-52 by Irene Carlisle of the University of Arkansas in Fayetteville.</p> <p>AFS 10,943-10,967: Twenty-five tapes of Greek heroic poetry, folk tales, and folk songs collected by James A. Notopoulos, 1952-1953.</p> <p>AFS 11,683-11,687: Five tapes of traditional folk, art, and popular music of Morocco. Recorded by Paul Bowles, 1959-1962.</p> <h2>Disclaimer</h2> <p>The mission of the Library of Congress is to make its resources available and useful to the Congress and the American people. Through its Web sites, the Library offers broad public access to a wide range of information, including historical materials that may contain offensive language or negative stereotypes. Such materials must be viewed in the context of the relevant time period. The Library of Congress does not endorse the views expressed in such materials.</p> <p><em>For more information:</em></p> <ul> <li><a href=\"//www.loc.gov/folklife/index.html\">American Folklife Center (AFC) home</a></li> <li><a href=\"//www.loc.gov/folklife/address.html\">AFC reference assistance</a></li> <li><a href=\"//www.loc.gov/rr/askalib/ask-folklife.html\">Ask a Librarian service</a></li> <li><a href=\"//www.loc.gov/folklife/rec.html\">About published recordings from the Archive of Folk Culture</a></li> <li><a href=\"//www.loc.gov/folklife/recordering.html\">Can I order copies of archival recordings?</a></li> </ul>'], 'timestamp': '2019-11-22T09:43:42.035Z', 'campaigns': [], 'extract_timestamp': '2019-11-22T09:26:40.115Z', 'date': '1897', 'shelf_id': 'http://lcweb2.loc.gov/diglib/ihas/html/afccards/afccards-home.html', 'other_title': [], 'count': 1, 'dates': ['1897-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1898-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1899-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1900-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1901-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1902-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1903-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1904-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1905-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1906-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1907-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1908-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1909-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1910-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1911-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1912-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1913-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1914-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1915-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1916-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1917-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1918-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1919-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1920-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1921-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1922-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1923-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1924-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1925-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1926-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1927-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1928-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1929-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1930-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1931-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1932-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1933-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1934-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1935-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1936-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1937-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1938-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1939-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1940-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1941-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1942-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1943-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1944-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1945-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1946-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1947-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1948-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1949-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1950-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1951-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1952-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1953-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1954-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1955-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1956-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1957-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1958-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1959-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1960-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1961-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1962-01-01T00:00:00Z'], 'url': '//lcweb2.loc.gov/diglib/ihas/html/afccards/afccards-home.html', 'items': 'http://lcweb2.loc.gov/diglib/ihas/html/afccards/afccards-home.html', 'hassegments': False, 'image_url': ['https://www.loc.gov/static/collections/traditional-music-and-spoken-word/155_155.jpg#h=155&w=155', 'https://www.loc.gov/static/collections/traditional-music-and-spoken-word/500_500.jpg#h=500&w=500'], 'aka': ['http://lcweb2.loc.gov/diglib/ihas/html/afccards/afccards-home.html', 'http://www.loc.gov/collections/word/']}, {'item': {'digital_id': ['http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.law/colllaw.la000001'], 'call_number': ['KF35'], 'language': ['eng'], 'contributors': ['Law Library of Congress (U.S.)', 'Library of Congress. National Digital Library Program.'], 'title': 'A century of lawmaking for a new nation U.S. Congressional documents and debates, 1774-1875', 'notes': ['System requirements: World Wide Web (WWW) browser software.', 'Mode of access: World Wide Web.', 'Title from title screen dated April 29, 2005.', 'Changed Ldr/06 per OCLC request, updated title, desc., etc. ta15 2005-04-20'], 'format': ['text'], 'summary': [\"Consists of a linked set of published congressional records of the United States of America from the Continental Congress through the 43rd Congress, 1774-1875. It includes the Journals of the Continental Congress (1774-89); the Letters of Delegates to Congress (1774-89); the Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, or Farrand's Records, and the Debates in the Several State Conventions on the Adoption of the Federal Constitution (1787-88), or Elliot's Debates; the Journals of the House of Representatives (1789-1875) and the Senate (1789-1875), including the Senate Executive Journal (1789-1875); the Journal of William Maclay (1789-91), senator from Pennsylvania in the 1st Congress; the debates of Congress as published in the Annals of Congress (1789-1824), the Register of Debates (1824-37), Congressional Globe (1833-73), and Congressional Record (1873-75); the Statutes at Large (1789-1875); the American State Papers (1789-1838); and congressional bills and resolutions for selected sessions beginning with the 6th Congress (1799) in the House of Representatives and the 16th Congress (1819) in the Senate. A select number of documents and reports from the monumental U.S. Congressional Serial Set are available as well. This online collection houses the records of the U.S. Congress up to 1875, which includes the first three volumes of the Congressional Record, published by the Government Printing Office.\"], 'subjects': ['United States.--Congress--History--Sources', 'Law--United States--Sources', 'United States--Politics and government--1783-1809--Sources', 'United States--Politics and government--19th century--Sources'], 'location': ['United States'], 'date': '1998', 'created_published': ['[Washington, D.C.] : Library of Congress, [1998-]'], 'other_title': ['U.S. Congressional documents and debates, 1774-1875', 'U.S. Congressional documents and debates, 1774-1873']}, 'access_restricted': False, 'number': ['2006-01-19t11:45:01', '98803272'], 'original_format': ['collection', 'book', 'manuscript/mixed material'], 'contributor': ['library of congress. national digital library program', 'law library of congress (u.s.)'], 'id': 'http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/amlaw/lawhome.html', 'partof': ['a century of lawmaking for a new nation: u.s. congressional documents and debates 1774-1875', 'digital collections'], 'subject': ['government, law & politics', 'american history', 'world cultures & history'], 'index': 4, 'group': ['collections-portal'], 'title': 'A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation: U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates 1774-1875', 'number_source_modified': ['2006-01-19t11:45:01'], 'location': ['united states'], '_partof': 'a century of lawmaking for a new nation: u.s. congressional documents and debates 1774-1875', 'resources': [], 'digitized': True, 'description': [\"<p>Beginning with the Continental Congress in 1774, America's national legislative bodies have kept records of their proceedings. The records of the Continental Congress, the Constitutional Convention, and the United States Congress make up a rich documentary history of the construction of the nation and the development of the federal government and its role in the national life. These documents record American history in the words of those who built our government.</p>\"], 'timestamp': '2019-11-22T09:43:42.035Z', 'campaigns': [], 'extract_timestamp': '2019-11-22T09:26:40.115Z', 'date': '1998', 'shelf_id': 'http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/amlaw/lawhome.html', 'other_title': ['U.S. Congressional documents and debates, 1774-1875', 'U.S. Congressional documents and debates, 1774-1873'], 'count': 637, 'dates': ['1774-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1775-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1776-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1777-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1778-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1779-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1780-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1781-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1782-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1783-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1784-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1785-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1786-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1787-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1788-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1789-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1790-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1791-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1792-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1793-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1794-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1795-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1796-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1797-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1798-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1799-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1800-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1801-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1802-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1803-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1804-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1805-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1806-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1807-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1808-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1809-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1810-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1811-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1812-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1813-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1814-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1815-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1816-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1817-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1818-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1819-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1820-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1821-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1822-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1823-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1824-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1825-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1826-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1827-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1828-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1829-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1830-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1831-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1832-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1833-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1834-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1835-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1836-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1837-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1838-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1839-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1840-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1841-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1842-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1843-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1844-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1845-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1846-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1847-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1848-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1849-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1850-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1851-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1852-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1853-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1854-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1855-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1856-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1857-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1858-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1859-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1860-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1861-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1862-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1863-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1864-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1865-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1866-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1867-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1868-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1869-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1870-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1871-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1872-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1873-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1874-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1875-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1998-01-01T00:00:00Z'], 'number_lccn': ['98803272'], 'language': ['english'], 'url': '//memory.loc.gov/ammem/amlaw/lawhome.html', 'items': 'http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/amlaw/lawhome.html', 'hassegments': False, 'image_url': ['https://www.loc.gov/static/collections/century-of-lawmaking/155_155.jpg#h=155&w=155', 'https://www.loc.gov/static/collections/century-of-lawmaking/500_500.jpg#h=500&w=500'], 'aka': ['http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/amlaw/lawhome.html', 'http://www.loc.gov/collections/lawmaking/', 'https://lccn.loc.gov/98803272', 'https://www.loc.gov/item/98803272', 'http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.law/colllaw.la000001', 'http://www.loc.gov/item/98803272/', 'http://lccn.loc.gov/98803272', 'http://www.loc.gov/resource/colllaw.la000001/']}, {'access_restricted': False, 'original_format': ['collection', 'book', 'photo, print, drawing', 'manuscript/mixed material'], 'id': 'http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/amrvhtml/conshome.html', 'partof': ['the evolution of the conservation movement', 'law library of congress', 'manuscript division', 'prints and photographs division', 'digital collections', 'geography and map division'], 'subject': ['government, law & politics', 'science & technology', 'american history'], 'index': 5, 'group': ['collections-portal'], 'title': 'The Evolution of the Conservation Movement', 'location': ['united states'], '_partof': 'the evolution of the conservation movement', 'digitized': True, 'description': ['<p><em>The Evolution of the Conservation Movement, 1850-1920</em> documents  the historical formation and cultural foundations of the movement to  conserve and protect America\\'s natural heritage, through books,  pamphlets, government documents, manuscripts, prints, photographs, and  motion picture footage drawn from the collections of the Library of  Congress.</p> <p> The collection consists of 62 books and pamphlets, 140 Federal statutes  and Congressional resolutions, 34 additional legislative documents,  excerpts from the <em>Congressional Globe</em> and the <em>Congressional Record</em>, 360 Presidential proclamations, 170 prints and photographs, 2 historic manuscripts, and 2 motion pictures. </p> <h2>Preface: The Early Conservation Movement in Context</h2> <p>Concern for the relationship between humans and the natural world has  been a definitive element in nearly all cultures.  In the United  States, however, between about 1850 and 1920, a heightened conservation  consciousness first emerged as a complex, broadly popular political and  cultural movement, based largely on a growing appreciation among  newly-urbanized Americans for the importance of nature as an economic,  aesthetic, and spiritual resource, together with a newly urgent  conviction that nature\\'s resources were increasingly imperilled.  This  movement led to unprecedented public and private initiatives intended to  ensure the wise and scientific use of natural resources, and the  preservation of wildlife and of landscapes of great natural beauty. </p> <p> From the vantage point of the end of the twentieth century, it is  perhaps natural to regard the development of conservation stewardship as  a single discernible movement in American history, one which came of  age in the decades between 1850 and 1920, though it has continued to  expand and evolve in vital ways in the decades ever since.  To the  cultural historian probing the components of this movement, however, its  unity, and hence its inevitable coming of age in the nation\\'s  consciousness, are far less clear.  On the contrary, what is most  striking is the eclectic nature of the historical trends and cultural  attitudes which coalesced in the development of conservation thought and  policy.  This collection of materials from the Library of Congress  reflects the conservation movement\\'s complexity and heterogeneity. </p> <p> At the broadest level, the development of at least three distinct but  interlocking imperatives guided Americans\\' re-conception of their  relation to their natural environment in the 1850-1920 era, forming the  basic themes that find endless variation in the materials of this  collection: </p> <ul>  <li><strong>Scientific and technological concerns</strong>, including recognition of the human impact on the natural environment, and faith in the human capacity to manage that impact actively and wisely for human benefit;</li>  <li><strong>Philosophical, ethical, and spiritual values and symbolizations</strong>, including those which linked American \"nature\" to the construction of American national identity and character, and redefined the natural world as a moral and spiritual resource for urban and industrial man; </li>  <li><strong>Aesthetic considerations</strong>, including those which celebrated the perception and enjoyment of wildlife, wilderness, and natural beauty as legitimate and necessary recreational resources in American life. </li> </ul> <p>These fundamental preoccupations intersected with a cluster of deep  historical transformations--the triumph of large-scale  industrialization, urbanization, full-fledged commercial agriculture and  natural-resource extraction--all of which amounted to a fourth  formative pattern in the culture of the age: </p> <blockquote>  <p><strong>A profound revision in the man-land and man-nature relationships which had subsisted in America since the European settlement.</strong></p> </blockquote> <p>The development of conservation thought and policy may be traced from  these structural and ideological roots as they ramified throughout  American life to manifest themselves in a host of related phenomena,  including the following: </p> <blockquote>  <p>... a perceived crisis in American national identity and purpose,  expressed in part in the popularity of the \"Turner thesis\" (named for  the historian who developed it, Frederick Jackson Turner), which located  the source of American identity in the pioneer encounter with the  wilderness frontier, and deemed that frontier now \"closed\"</p>  <p> ... expressions of anti-urbanism and anti-modernism among intellectuals and the elite </p>  <p> ... the transformation of the old American pastoral/agrarian ideology  into the new suburban ideal, with its accoutrements of landscape  gardening, country clubs, summer camps, etc. </p>  <p> ... the burgeoning interest in camping and \"woodcraft\" as resources for  recreation and character development, especially for boys, and the  resulting formation of scouting organizations </p>  <p> ... the use of nature as an instrument of education and socialization,  as in the urban parks and playgrounds movement, and the movement for  \"nature study\" in schools </p>  <p> ... the development of landscape architecture as a profession </p>  <p> ... the intellectual mastery of the American landscape and its  resources, particularly in the West, attained by the body of  explorations and surveys in the later decades of the nineteenth century  that brought to a close white men\\'s centuries-long calculation of the  continent </p>  <p> ... the use of photography to fix the image and identity of the  American landscape, especially in the \"wilderness\" west, in the  post-Civil War years </p>  <p> ... the practice of academic (but broadly popular) landscape painting  in the second half of the nineteenth century as a self-conscious  instrument marrying science, spirituality, and the celebration of the  American landscape as the source of the nation\\'s moral identity </p>  <p> ... the development of scenic tourism by railway and (eventually) by  automobile, and the growing recognition of its economic importance </p>  <p> ... the growth of travel literature celebrating natural beauty and the pleasures of wild places </p>  <p> ... a growing body of reflective and analytical writings exploring man\\'s relationship with nature </p>  <p> ... the proliferation of nature essays and nature-based fiction and  poetry in popular periodicals and books, with their implicit perception  of nature as a locus of moral authority </p>  <p> ... the sentimental celebration of nature as a theme in popular music and amateur painting </p>  <p> ... the growth of leisure time for the new urban and suburban middle  class, a function of the diminished temporal demands of  industrially-related as opposed to agricultural labor </p>  <p> ... the growth of hiking, mountaineering, angling, and game-hunting as  recreational activities, and the proliferation of amateur clubs to  sustain them </p>  <p> ... upper-class sportsmen\\'s increasing concern about dwindling game  populations, and their readiness to exercise decisive leadership in many  aspects of the movement to conserve natural resources </p>  <p> ... the growth of \"birding\" as a popular hobby, and the proliferation  of amateur ornithological clubs and bird sanctuaries, whose sponsors  also moved quickly into positions of leadership in conservation advocacy </p>  <p> ... the consequent origins of what the historian Stephen R. Fox calls  the \"radical amateur\" tradition which led the development of American  conservationism into the 1960s </p>  <p> ... debate over the use, control, and distribution of the nation\\'s remaining public lands and their resources </p>  <p> ... growing recognition of the disastrous consequences of deforestation, particularly in the eastern United States </p>  <p> ... increasing public anxiety over the perceived waste of the nation\\'s natural endowment </p>  <p> ... ascendant confidence in the authority of science to guide human  knowledge and action, and in the power of technology to solve human  problems </p>  <p> ... the creative influence of scientists and engineers on the development of government policy concerning natural resources </p>  <p> ... the development of the Progressive Movement, with its characteristic faith in rational public management. </p> </blockquote> <p> These phenomena unfolded at a time in American history when the  now-familiar boundaries between amateur and professional science,  between science and religion, and between elite and popular culture were  in many ways far less fixed than they have since become.  Liberally  educated individuals could still speak with authority on scientific  matters, scientific investigation could still be construed as a  complement to religious faith, and instruments of cultural expression  commonly crossed class lines.  These factors, too, complexified the  historical ferment within which conservationism found its beginnings. </p> <p> From this milieu emerged the first great public accomplishments of the  American conservation movement, a constellation of projects in many  areas of the nation\\'s life, devised on widely varying principles for  widely varying ends, that nevertheless succeeded in significantly  reorienting public policy and popular awareness toward the imperatives  of collective stewardship exercised on a scale unprecedented in the  history of the nation and, in some respects, the world.  Between 1850  and 1920, American conservationists invented the idea of the national  park and developed the national park system, establishing an  international model for the preservation of natural beauty and  wilderness; they instituted the practice of scientific forestry on a  broad scale in North America, adopted the principles of forestry as  government policy, established the national forest system, and founded  the Forest Service; they undertook large-scale technological management  of natural resources as a socially beneficent public objective, notably  through irrigation development; they passed state and Federal  legislation to protect certain classes of wildlife, and established a  system of national wildlife refuges; they participated in the beginnings  of systematic effort to control the impact of environmental pollution  on human health and welfare, especially in urban areas; they established  Arbor Day and Bird Day observances as a means of cultivating widespread  conservation awareness and individual conservation effort, especially  among school-children; and they supported President Theodore Roosevelt\\'s  identification of conservation as a central object of national policy.   Even their divisions became definitive: the controversy over San  Francisco\\'s proposal to dam Yosemite\\'s Hetch Hetchy Valley galvanized  public consciousness of conservation issues, and crystallized the  tension between utilitarians and preservationists that has defined the  terms of conservation debate into the late twentieth century. </p> <p> For all its complexities and contradictions, for all its bargains with  greed and expedience and its failures of will or of vision (all of which  are, of course, easier to discern in the luxury of historical  hindsight), the early American conservation movement left a formidable  legacy.  At a time of revolutionary change and conflict in American  society, conservationists reasserted the moral obligation human beings  have to one another in their use of the natural world, and established  that obligation as a primary principle of the nation\\'s public life.  At a  time when fewer and fewer of their fellow-citizens found their identity  in the soil, conservationists reconfigured the character of Americans\\'  moral relationship with nature.  Most fundamentally, perhaps, those who  shaped the early American conservation movement recovered for their  nation the abiding truth that what is human and what is natural are  parts of a single whole, and devised a repertoire of formal structures  and cultural strategies for giving that insight creative and enduring  form.  The materials in this collection are one measure of that  achievement. </p>'], 'timestamp': '2019-11-22T09:43:42.035Z', 'campaigns': [], 'extract_timestamp': '2019-11-22T09:26:50.534Z', 'date': '1850', 'shelf_id': 'http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/amrvhtml/conshome.html', 'other_title': [], 'count': 744, 'dates': ['1850-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1851-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1852-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1853-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1854-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1855-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1856-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1857-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1858-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1859-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1860-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1861-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1862-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1863-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1864-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1865-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1866-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1867-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1868-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1869-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1870-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1871-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1872-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1873-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1874-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1875-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1876-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1877-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1878-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1879-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1880-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1881-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1882-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1883-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1884-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1885-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1886-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1887-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1888-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1889-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1890-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1891-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1892-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1893-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1894-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1895-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1896-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1897-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1898-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1899-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1900-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1901-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1902-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1903-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1904-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1905-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1906-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1907-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1908-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1909-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1910-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1911-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1912-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1913-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1914-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1915-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1916-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1917-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1918-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1919-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1920-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1996-01-01T00:00:00Z'], 'url': '//memory.loc.gov/ammem/amrvhtml/conshome.html', 'items': 'http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/amrvhtml/conshome.html', 'hassegments': False, 'image_url': ['https://www.loc.gov/static/collections/evolution-of-the-conservation-movement/155_155.jpg#h=155&w=155', 'https://www.loc.gov/static/collections/evolution-of-the-conservation-movement/500_500.jpg#h=500&w=500'], 'aka': ['http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/amrvhtml/conshome.html', 'http://www.loc.gov/collections/conserve/']}, {'item': {'digital_id': ['http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/collmss.ms000011', 'http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/eadmss.ms001004', 'http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/eadmss.ms001004.3'], 'medium': ['25,000 items.', '95 containers plus 1 oversize.', '38 linear feet.'], 'repository': ['Library of Congress Manuscript Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA dcu http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/mss.home'], 'contributors': ['Arendt, Hannah, 1906-1975.', 'Blücher, Heinrich, 1899-1970.'], 'title': 'Hannah Arendt papers,', 'notes': ['Arranged in ten series.  Series 1: Family Papers, 1898-1975; Series 2: Correspondence, 1938-1976; Series 3: Adolf Eichmann File, 1938-1968; Series 4: Subject File, 1949-1975; Series 5: Speeches and Writings File, 1923-1975; Series 6: Clippings, 1942-1975; Series 7: Addition I, 1966-1977; Series 8: Addition II, 1906-1975; Series 9: Addition III, 1945; and Series 10: Oversize, 1930-1972.', 'Selected material also available through the Library of Congress Web site under the title, Hannah Arendt Papers at the Library of Congress, at http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/collmss.ms000011', 'Gift and bequest, Hannah Arendt, 1964-2000.', 'Gift, Klaus Loewald, 1981.', 'Gift, Roger Errera, 1994.', 'Gift, Jochen Kölsch, International Verbindungen, 2007.', 'Photographs transferred to Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division.', 'Author, educator, and political philosopher.  Born Johanna Cohn Arendt in 1906; married Heinrich Blücher (after moving to the U.S. the couple primarily used the spelling Bluecher) in 1940 and used her married name Hannah Arendt Blücher for domestic identification.', 'Collection material in English, French, and German.', 'Finding aid available in the Library of Congress Manuscript Reading Room and at http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/eadmss.ms001004'], 'format': ['manuscript', 'collection'], 'summary': [\"Correspondence, speeches and writings, subject files, family papers, clippings, and other papers primarily concerning Arendt's intellectual, social, and professional life as a lecturer and writer after World War II.  Subjects include the Eichmann trial in Jerusalem, Jewish response to the Holocaust, totalitarianism in Germany, and Zionism.  Manuscripts of her works include Between Past and Future; Six Exercises in Political Thought (1961), Eichmann in Jerusalem; A Report on the Banality of Evil (1963), Men in Dark Times (1968), and The Life of the Mind (1978).  Family papers include correspondence and unpublished writings of her husband, Heinrich Blücher.  Many of the letters and papers are in German and other European languages.\", 'Correspondents include W.H. Auden, Hanan J. Ayalti (Hanan Klenbort), Saul Bellow, Walter Benjamin, Rosalie Littell Colie, Joachim C. Fest, Carl J. Friedrich, Elke Gilbert, Robert Gilbert, J. Glenn Gray, Waldemar Gurian, Rolf Hochhuth, Randall Jarrell, Hans Jonas, William Jovanovich, Alfred Kazin, Lotte Köhler, Robert Lowell, Mary McCarthy, Dwight MacDonald, Judah Leon Magnes, Hans Joachim Morgenthau, David Riesman, Ruth H. Rosenau, Gershom Gerhard Scholem, William Shawn, Robert Silvers, Stephen Spender, Paul Tillich, Eric Voegelin, Ernst Vollrath, Anne Weil, Helen Wolff, Kurt Wolff, and University of Chicago faculty members.'], 'language': ['eng', 'fre', 'ger'], 'subjects': ['Auden, W. H.--(Wystan Hugh),--1907-1973--Correspondence', 'Ayalti, Hanan J.,--1910---Correspondence', 'Bellow, Saul--Correspondence', 'Benjamin, Walter,--1892-1940--Correspondence', 'Colie, Rosalie Littell--Correspondence', 'Eichmann, Adolf,--1906-1962--Trials, litigation, etc', 'Fest, Joachim C.,--1926-2006--Correspondence', 'Friedrich, Carl J.--(Carl Joachim),--1901-1984--Correspondence', 'Gilbert, Robert,--1899-1978--Correspondence', 'Gilbert, Elke--Correspondence', 'Gray, J. Glenn--(Jesse Glenn),--1913-1977--Correspondence', 'Gurian, Waldemar,--1902-1954--Correspondence', 'Hochhuth, Rolf--Correspondence', 'Jarrell, Randall,--1914-1965--Correspondence', 'Jonas, Hans,--1903-1993--Correspondence', 'Jovanovich, William--Correspondence', 'Kazin, Alfred,--1915-1998--Correspondence', 'Köhler, Lotte--Correspondence', 'Lowell, Robert,--1917-1977--Correspondence', 'McCarthy, Mary,--1912-1989--Correspondence', 'MacDonald, Dwight--Correspondence', 'Magnes, Judah Leon,--1877-1948--Correspondence', 'Morgenthau, Hans J.--(Hans Joachim),--1904-1980--Correspondence', 'Riesman, David,--1909-2002--Correspondence', 'Rosenau, Ruth H.--Correspondence', 'Scholem, Gershom,--1897-1982--Correspondence', 'Shawn, William--Correspondence', 'Silvers, Robert B.--Correspondence', 'Spender, Stephen,--1909-1995--Correspondence', 'Tillich, Paul,--1886-1965--Correspondence', 'Voegelin, Eric,--1901-1985--Correspondence', 'Vollrath, Ernst--Correspondence', 'Weil, Anne--Correspondence', 'Wolff, Helen,--1906-1994--Correspondence', 'Wolff, Kurt,--1887-1963--Correspondence', 'University of Chicago--Faculty--Correspondence', 'Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945)', 'Jews--Persecutions', 'National socialism', 'Philosophy', 'Political science--Philosophy', 'Totalitarianism', 'War crime trials--Jerusalem', 'Zionism', 'Germany--Politics and government--1933-1945', 'Palestine--Politics and government--1948'], 'location': ['Jerusalem', 'Germany', 'Palestine'], 'date': '||||', 'access_advisory': ['Open to research.', 'Restrictions may apply to unprocessed material.']}, 'access_restricted': False, 'number': ['mm79011056', '2018-09-12t13:09:23'], 'original_format': ['collection', 'manuscript/mixed material'], 'contributor': ['arendt, hannah', 'blücher, heinrich'], 'id': 'http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/arendthtml/arendthome.html', 'partof': ['digital collections', 'manuscript division', 'hannah arendt papers'], 'subject': ['government, law & politics', 'religion & philosophy'], 'index': 6, 'group': ['collections-portal'], 'title': 'Hannah Arendt Papers', 'number_source_modified': ['2018-09-12t13:09:23'], 'location': ['palestine', 'jerusalem', 'germany'], '_partof': 'hannah arendt papers', 'resources': [], 'digitized': True, 'description': ['<p>The papers of the author, educator, and political philosopher Hannah Arendt   (1906-1975) are one of the principal sources for the study of modern   intellectual life. Located in the Manuscript Division at the Library of   Congress, they constitute a large and diverse collection reflecting a complex   career. With over 25,000 items (about 75,000 digital images), the papers contain   correspondence, articles, lectures, speeches, book manuscripts, transcripts of   Adolf Eichmann\\'s trial proceedings, notes, and printed matter pertaining to   Arendt\\'s writings and academic career. The entire collection has been digitized   and is available to researchers in reading rooms at the Library of Congress, the   New School University in New York City, and the Hannah Arendt Center at the   University of Oldenburg, Germany. Parts of the collection and the finding aid   are available for public access on the Internet.</p> <p>The digitization of the Hannah Arendt Papers is made possible through the   generous support of the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation.</p> <h2 name=\"hap\">The Hannah Arendt Papers</h2> <figure class=\"image-align-right\"> <img alt=\"\" src=\"/static/collections/hannah-arendt-papers/images/notes.jpg\" width=\"200\" />  <figcaption>Portion of <a href=\"//memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=mharendt&fileName=04/040420/040420page.db&recNum=0\">notes</a> from Kant lectures delivered at the New School for Social Research, 1970. The Hannah Arendt Papers (The Library of Congress Manuscript Division). </figcaption> </figure> <p>The Library of Congress received the Arendt Papers as a gift and bequest from   Hannah Arendt in various installments from 1965 to 2000. Small additions were   made by Klaus Loewald in 1981 and Roger Errera in 1994. </p> <p>The papers span the years 1898 to 1977, with the bulk of the material   beginning in 1948, three years before Arendt’s naturalization as an American   citizen. The collection is organized in the following series: Family Papers,   Correspondence, Adolf Eichmann File, Subject File, Speeches and Writings File,   Clippings, Addition I, Addition II, and Addition III. Rich in manuscripts and   correspondence for Arendt\\'s productive years as a writer and lecturer after   World War II, the papers are sparse before the mid-1940s because of Arendt\\'s   forced departure from Nazi Germany in 1933 and her escape from occupied France   in 1941. Documentation for the first part of her life includes a few notebooks   and writings; several official and private records relating mainly to her   divorce, family history, and emigration; and a small group of personal   correspondence with her second husband, Heinrich Blücher, some of whose letters   and unpublished writings can be found in the <a href=\"/static/collections/hannah-arendt-papers/articles-and-essays/family-papers/\">Family Papers</a> series. Much of   the material is in German and other European languages.</p> <p>Born Johanna Cohn Arendt, Arendt later used her married name, Blücher, in   private life. Arendt studied with Karl Jaspers at Heidelberg University, but her   career was diverted from teaching and writing for more than a decade as a result   of Adolf Hitler\\'s rise to power and the subsequent persecution of the Jews.   While in France and for several years in the United States, she worked as a   welfare agent in charge of aiding Jews and as a journalist for various Jewish   political and social organizations. Her papers document her support for the   creation of a Palestinian homeland for Jews until 1948, when she dissented from   certain policies of the new state of Israel.</p> <figure class=\"image-align-right\"> <img alt=\"\" src=\"/static/collections/hannah-arendt-papers/images/auden.jpg\" width=\"200\" />  <figcaption>W.H. Auden. Photographed by Arendt in her New York City   apartment, 1967. Courtesy of the Hannah Arendt Trust. </figcaption> </figure> <p>The largest portion of Arendt\\'s papers consists of the <a href=\"/static/collections/hannah-arendt-papers/about-this-collection/correspondence.html\">Correspondence</a> series subdivided under the   headings of General Correspondence, Organizations, Publishers, and Universities   and Colleges. The material traces Arendt\\'s intellectual, social, and   professional life from the late 1940s to her death. Though not a prolific letter   writer, Arendt corresponded with men and women of letters throughout Europe and   America, often for the purpose of giving a reference or arranging conference and   lecture dates, but just as frequently to exchange thoughts and ideas. Her   correspondents include obscure as well as renowned members of the literary and   academic community, many of whom sent her manuscripts in tribute to her   intellectual influence or to solicit her comments. Among the prominent   individuals whose names appear in the general correspondence are poets W. H.   Auden, Randall Jarrell, Robert Lowell, and Stephen Spender; historians Joachim   C. Fest and Carl J. Friedrich; and writers Alfred Kazin, Dwight Macdonald, Mary   McCarthy, and David Riesman. Readers should note that Arendt often typed replies   on the reverse side of the original letters that she received.</p> <p>Among correspondence pertaining to organizations, publishers, and   universities and colleges are occasional personal jottings from individuals who   wrote in an official capacity but were Arendt\\'s friends and acquaintances as   well. Among their letters is correspondence with publishers and editors,   especially Robert B. Silvers of the <em>New York Review of Books</em>, William   Shawn of the <em>New Yorker</em>, and William Jovanovich of Harcourt Brace   Jovanovich, and with Saul Bellow and other faculty members at the University of   Chicago where Arendt was a professor and graduate student adviser on the   Committee on Social Thought.</p> <p>The <a href=\"/static/collections/hannah-arendt-papers/about-this-collection/eichmann.html\">Adolf Eichmann File</a> deals with what was perhaps Arendt\\'s best-known and most controversial work, <em>Eichmann in Jerusalem</em>. Subtitled <em>A Report on the Banality of Evil</em>,   Arendt\\'s conclusions about the nature and character of totalitarian rule in Nazi   Germany, and her interpretation of the Jewish response to the Holocaust,   prompted a strenuous and often emotional debate gathered in folders containing   book reviews, articles, and letters to the editors of the <em>New York Times</em> and the <em>New Yorker</em>. Also in the Eichmann files is material that Arendt   collected while covering the Nazi leader\\'s trial in Jerusalem in 1961, including   incomplete but extensive copies of English and German transcripts of the trial\\'s   proceedings, copies of the final ruling of the Israeli Supreme Court, and   several files of notes and miscellaneous background information. Drafts and   other related material for <em>Eichmann in Jerusalem</em> are located in the   Speeches and Writings series.</p> <p>The <a href=\"/static/collections/hannah-arendt-papers/about-this-collection/subject.html\">Subject File</a> chiefly treats Arendt\\'s role as teacher and lecturer as reflected in the courses   she taught at the New School for Social Research, the University of California   at Berkeley, and the University of Chicago. Numerous lectures and seminar notes   by Arendt include copies of \"Kant\\'s Political Philosophy\" delivered at both the   New School and the University of Chicago. Also included is material relating to   Arendt\\'s students as well as contracts and royalties for her publications.</p> <p>The <a href=\"/static/collections/hannah-arendt-papers/about-this-collection/speeches.html\">Speeches and Writings   File</a> spans the years 1923-75. Arendt\\'s doctoral dissertation, <em>Der   Liebesbegriff bei Augustin</em>, issued by Springer Verlag in 1929, is present in   the original published version and in a manuscript of an English translation, <em>Love and Saint Augustine</em>. Also in this series are various drafts of   lectures and chapters incorporated into Arendt\\'s two-volume work <em>The Life of   the Mind</em>, published posthumously in 1978. Other book-length manuscripts   include the first and final drafts of <em>Between Past and Future</em>; the first   and final corrected copies of <em>Eichmann in Jerusalem</em>, with additional   drafts of the German translation; and <em>Men in Dark Times</em>. There are also   essays and lectures in the Speeches and Writings series in addition to the   lectures and seminar notes in the Subject File folders designated \"Courses\"   Research material arranged by topic is filed under \"Extracts and Notes\" in the   Speeches and Writings series. </p> <figure class=\"image-align-right\"> <img border=\"0\" alt=\"\" src=\"/static/collections/hannah-arendt-papers/images/mccarthy.jpg\" width=\"200\" />  <figcaption>Hannah Arendt and Mary McCarthy, ca. 1960s. Courtesy of the   Hannah Arendt Trust.</figcaption> </figure> <p><A href=\"/ammem/arendthtml/mharendtFolder07.html\">Addition I</A> supplements   the Speeches and Writings series with extensive material pertaining to the   publication of <em>The Life of the Mind</em>, including drafts annotated by the   work\\'s editor, Mary McCarthy. A small group of lectures is also contained in   this addition. <A href=\"/ammem/arendthtml/mharendtFolder08.html\">Addition II</A> includes correspondence from Arendt to Heinrich Blücher and a notebook kept by   Arendt\\'s mother recording Arendt\\'s development as a child. <A href=\"/ammem/arendthtml/mharendtFolder09.html\">Addition III</A> contains   additional correspondence and notes by Arendt.</p> <p>In addition to the correspondents noted above, the Arendt Papers include   letters to and from Hanan J. Ayalti (pen name of Hanan Klenbort), Walter   Benjamin, Rosalie Littell Colie, Robert and Elke Gilbert, J. Glenn Gray,   Waldemar Gurian, Rolf Hochhuth, Hans Jonas, Lotte Kohler, Judah Leon Magnes,   Hans Joachim Morgenthau, Ruth H. Rosenau, Gershom Gerhard Scholem, Paul Tillich,   Eric Voegelin, Ernst Vollrath, Anne Weil, and Helen and Kurt Wolff.</p> <p>Lotte Kohler\\'s <em>Hannah Arendt/Heinrich Blücher: Briefe 1936-1968</em> (München: Piper, 1996) was consulted during the arrangement of the   correspondence between Arendt and Heinrich Blücher in the Family Papers series.   An English version of Kohler\\'s work entitled <em>Within Four Walls: The   Correspondence between Hannah Arendt and Heinrich Blücher, 1936-1968</em>,   translated by Peter Constantine (New York: Harcourt), was published in 2000.</p> <p>The papers of Hannah Arendt were initially organized and described in 1965   and 1967. A large group of the material received in 1977 was incorporated into   the collection in 1980. Items received in 1982 were processed as Addition I.   Material received between 1985 and 1997 was organized as Addition II in 1998,   and material comprising Addition III was received and organized in 2000. The   entire collection was reprocessed and the register was revised in 2000. The   photographs have been transferred to the Library\\'s Prints and Photographs   Division where they are identified as a part of these papers. These are not   included in the online collection.</p> <p>For reference inquiries, please contact the Library of Congress <a href=\"//lcweb.loc.gov/rr/mss/\">Manuscript Reading Room</a>.</p> <h2 name=\"dgc\">The Digital Collection</h2> <p>In December 1998, the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation awarded the Library of   Congress a grant to support a two-year project to digitize the Hannah Arendt   Papers. The staff of the Manuscript Division at the Library administered the   project, with assistance from the National Digital Library Program (NDLP) and in   cooperation with the New School University in New York City. </p> <p>The digital version of the papers is being made available in two ways. The   collection is available in its entirety onsite at the Library of Congress and   two other research institutions. In addition, major portions of the collection   are available to the public on the Internet.</p> <h2 name=\"cdc\">Onsite Access to the Complete Digital Collection</h2> <p>The complete version of the digitized Arendt Papers (approximately 25,000   items; about 75,000 images) is available to researchers at three locations: the   reading room of the Manuscript Division at the Library of Congress, the New   School University’s Hannah Arendt Center at the Fogelman Library, and the Hannah   Arendt Center at the University of Oldenburg, Germany. Contact these locations   for information about accessing these collections: <h3>Library of Congress Manuscript Division Reading Room</h3> <p>Manuscript Division <br />  Library of Congress <br />  101 Independence Avenue, S.E. <br />  Washington, DC 20540-4680 <br />  Email: <a href=\"mailto:mss@loc.gov\">mss@loc.gov</a> <br />  Administrative Offices: (202)   707-5383 <br />  Reading Room: (202) 707-5387 <br />  Fax: (202)   707-6336</p> <h3>The New School University</h3> <p>Jerome Kohn <br />  Hannah Arendt Center <br />  Department of Philosophy <br />  New   School University <br />  65 Fifth Avenue <br />  New York, NY 10003 <br />  Email: <a href=\"mailto:kohnj@newschool.edu\">kohnj@newschool.edu</a></p> <h3>University of Oldenburg</h3> <p>Prof. Antonia Grunenberg <br />  <a href=\"http://www.uni-oldenburg.de/arendt-zentrum/\">Hannah Arendt Zentrum</a> <br />  Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, BIS <br />  Postfach 2541 <br />  26015   Oldenburg <br />  Germany <br />  Email: <a href=\"mailto:arendt-zentrum@uni-oldenburg.de\">arendt-zentrum@uni-oldenburg.de</a> <br />  Telephone: (+49) 0441/798-2258 <br />  Fax: (+49) 0441/798-5863</p> <h2 name=\"sdi\">Offsite Internet Access to Selected Digital Items</h2> <p>Internet distribution of the Hannah Arendt Papers at the Library of Congress   presented formidable copyright challenges given the quantity and complexity of   the materials involved. In view of the lengthy process that would have been   necessary to secure permission to release the entire collection online the   decision was made to concentrate on sections of the papers most useful for   researchers on Arendt and her work. With the advice of special consultant Jerome   Kohn, director of the Hannah Arendt Center, New School University, the project   staff identified the following series as the top priorities for seeking   copyright permissions: the Adolf Eichmann File, Subject File, Speeches and   Writings File, and Addition I, plus the \"General\" section of the Correspondence   File.</p> <p>The procedure to identify copyright holders of published and unpublished   materials in the collection written by people other than Hannah Arendt was a   complex one. For each document needing copyright permission, the author and   recipient, publisher or corporation, address, date, and biographical information   were recorded when available. This information was entered into a database to   facilitate research to identify and locate copyright holders in order to obtain   permissions. Resources online and in print were examined to locate the addresses   of approximately two thousand correspondents or their heirs in the United States   and numerous other countries. For more information, please refer to <a href=\"/static/collections/hannah-arendt-papers/about-this-collection/rights-access.html\">Copyright and Other Restrictions</a>. Materials with copyright   restrictions or unresolved issues, particularly clippings, are available only at   the three onsite locations. </p>'], 'timestamp': '2019-11-22T09:43:42.035Z', 'campaigns': [], 'extract_timestamp': '2019-11-22T09:26:57.751Z', 'shelf_id': 'http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/arendthtml/arendthome.html', 'other_title': [], 'count': 25001, 'dates': ['1898-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1899-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1900-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1901-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1902-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1903-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1904-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1905-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1906-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1907-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1908-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1909-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1910-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1911-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1912-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1913-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1914-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1915-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1916-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1917-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1918-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1919-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1920-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1921-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1922-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1923-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1924-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1925-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1926-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1927-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1928-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1929-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1930-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1931-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1932-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1933-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1934-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1935-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1936-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1937-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1938-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1939-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1940-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1941-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1942-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1943-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1944-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1945-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1946-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1947-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1948-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1949-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1950-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1951-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1952-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1953-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1954-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1955-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1956-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1957-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1958-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1959-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1960-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1961-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1962-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1963-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1964-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1965-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1966-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1967-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1968-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1969-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1970-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1971-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1972-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1973-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1974-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1975-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1976-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1977-01-01T00:00:00Z'], 'number_lccn': ['mm79011056'], 'language': ['german', 'french', 'english'], 'url': '//memory.loc.gov/ammem/arendthtml/arendthome.html', 'items': 'http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/arendthtml/arendthome.html', 'hassegments': False, 'image_url': ['https://www.loc.gov/static/collections/hannah-arendt-papers/155_155.jpg#h=155&w=155', 'https://www.loc.gov/static/collections/hannah-arendt-papers/500_500.jpg#h=500&w=500'], 'aka': ['http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/arendthtml/arendthome.html', 'http://www.loc.gov/collections/arendt/', 'http://lccn.loc.gov/mm79011056', 'http://www.loc.gov/item/mm79011056/', 'http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/collmss.ms000011', 'http://www.loc.gov/resource/eadmss.ms001004/', 'http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/eadmss.ms001004.3', 'http://www.loc.gov/resource/collmss.ms000011/', 'http://www.loc.gov/resource/eadmss.ms001004.3/', 'http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/eadmss.ms001004']}, {'item': {'digital_id': ['http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.gdc/collgdc.gc000020'], 'call_number': ['F666', 'Z663.1185'], 'language': ['eng'], 'contributors': ['Butcher, Solomon D. (Solomon Devore), 1856-1927.', 'Nebraska State Historical Society.', 'Library of Congress. National Digital Library Program.'], 'title': 'Prairie settlement Nebraska photographs and family letters, 1862-1912.', 'notes': ['Mode of access: World Wide Web.', 'Title from home page as viewed on Aug. 22, 2000.', '\"LC/Ameritech Award Winner\"'], 'format': ['software'], 'summary': ['This digital collection integrates two collections from the holdings of the Nebraska State Historical Society, which illustrate the story of settlement on the Great Plains. Includes approximately 3,000 glass plate negatives by Solomon D. Butcher which record the process of settlement of Nebraska between 1886 and 1912, including Custer, Buffalo, Dawson, and Cherry counties. Also includes approximately 3,000 pages of Oblinger family letters discussing land, work, neighbors, crops, religious meetings, problems with grasshoppers, financial problems, and the Easter Blizzard of 1873. Offered as part of the American Memory online resource compiled by the National Digital Library Program of the Library of Congress.'], 'subjects': ['Frontier and pioneer life--Nebraska--Sources', 'Nebraska--Pictorial works', 'Nebraska--History--Sources', 'Nebraska--Social life and customs--Sources', 'Land settlement--Nebraska--History--Sources', 'Oblinger family--Correspondence', 'Fillmore County (Neb.)--Biography'], 'location': ['Nebraska', 'Fillmore County (Neb.)'], 'date': '2000', 'created_published': ['[Washington, D.C.] : Library of Congress, 2000-']}, 'access_restricted': False, 'number': ['00528680', '2006-01-23t16:55:02'], 'original_format': ['collection', 'photo, print, drawing', 'manuscript/mixed material'], 'contributor': ['butcher, solomon d. (solomon devore)', 'library of congress. national digital library program', 'nebraska state historical society'], 'id': 'http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/award98/nbhihtml/pshome.html', 'partof': ['prairie settlement: nebraska photographs and family letters, 1862-1912', 'digital collections'], 'subject': ['local history & folklife'], 'index': 7, 'group': ['collections-portal'], 'title': 'Prairie Settlement: Nebraska Photographs and Family Letters, 1862-1912', 'number_source_modified': ['2006-01-23t16:55:02'], 'location': ['nebraska', 'fillmore county'], '_partof': 'prairie settlement: nebraska photographs and family letters, 1862-1912', 'resources': [], 'digitized': True, 'description': ['<p>This digital collection integrates two collections from the holdings of the Nebraska State Historical Society, the Solomon D. Butcher photographs and the letters of the Uriah W. Oblinger family. Together they illustrate the story of settlement on the Great Plains. Approximately 3,000 glass plate negatives crafted by Butcher record the process of settlement in Nebraska between 1886 and 1912. Butcher photographed actively in central Nebraska including Custer, Buffalo, Dawson and Cherry counties. The approximately 3,000 pages of Oblinger family letters discuss land, work, neighbors, crops, religious meetings, problems with grasshoppers, financial problems, and the Easter Blizzard of 1873. Uriah Oblinger came from Indiana to Fillmore County, Nebraska in 1873 to claim a homestead for his family. In the eloquent letters exchanged between Uriah and his wife Mattie, and in letters to other family members, Oblinger expresses very personal insight into the joy, despair, and determination in their struggle to establish a home on the prairie. </p>'], 'timestamp': '2019-11-22T09:43:42.035Z', 'campaigns': [], 'extract_timestamp': '2019-11-22T09:26:29.783Z', 'date': '2000', 'shelf_id': 'http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/award98/nbhihtml/pshome.html', 'other_title': [], 'count': 3565, 'dates': ['1862-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1863-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1864-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1865-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1866-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1867-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1868-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1869-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1870-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1871-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1872-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1873-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1874-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1875-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1876-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1877-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1878-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1879-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1880-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1881-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1882-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1883-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1884-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1885-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1886-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1887-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1888-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1889-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1890-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1891-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1892-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1893-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1894-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1895-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1896-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1897-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1898-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1899-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1900-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1901-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1902-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1903-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1904-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1905-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1906-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1907-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1908-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1909-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1910-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1911-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1912-01-01T00:00:00Z', '2000-01-01T00:00:00Z'], 'number_lccn': ['00528680'], 'language': ['english'], 'url': '//memory.loc.gov/ammem/award98/nbhihtml/pshome.html', 'items': 'http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/award98/nbhihtml/pshome.html', 'hassegments': False, 'image_url': ['https://www.loc.gov/static/collections/nebraska-photographs-and-family-letters-1862-to-1912/155_155.jpg#h=155&w=155', 'https://www.loc.gov/static/collections/nebraska-photographs-and-family-letters-1862-to-1912/500_500.jpg#h=500&w=500'], 'aka': ['http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/award98/nbhihtml/pshome.html', 'http://www.loc.gov/collections/nebraska/', 'http://lccn.loc.gov/00528680', 'http://www.loc.gov/item/00528680/', 'http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.gdc/collgdc.gc000020', 'http://www.loc.gov/resource/collgdc.gc000020/']}, {'item': {'digital_id': ['http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.gdc/collgdc.gc000035'], 'call_number': ['HC106.3'], 'language': ['eng'], 'contributors': ['Library of Congress. National Digital Library Program.'], 'title': 'Prosperity and thrift the Coolidge era and the consumer economy 1921-1929.', 'notes': ['Mode of access: World Wide Web.', 'Title from opening screen (viewed April 27, 2000).'], 'format': ['text'], 'summary': [\"Chronicles the economic period of the 1920's in the United States through books, pamphlets, legislative documents, selections from consumer and trade journals, photographs, short films, and audio selections of Coolidge speeches.\"], 'subjects': ['Coolidge, Calvin,--1872-1933', 'United States--Economic conditions--1918-1945'], 'location': ['United States'], 'date': '1999', 'created_published': ['[Washington, D.C.] : Library of Congress, [1999?]-'], 'other_title': ['Coolidge era and the consumer economy 1921-1929']}, 'access_restricted': False, 'number': ['2007-11-14t12:50:34', '00529708'], 'original_format': ['collection', 'manuscript/mixed material', 'photo, print, drawing', 'film, video'], 'contributor': ['library of congress. national digital library program'], 'id': 'http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/coolhtml/coolhome.html', 'partof': ['motion picture, broadcasting and recorded sound division', 'prosperity and thrift: the coolidge era and the consumer economy, 1921-1929', 'digital collections', 'prints and photographs division', 'manuscript division'], 'subject': ['government, law & politics', 'war & military'], 'index': 8, 'group': ['collections-portal'], 'title': 'Prosperity and Thrift: The Coolidge Era and the Consumer Economy, 1921-1929', 'number_source_modified': ['2007-11-14t12:50:34'], 'location': ['united states'], '_partof': 'prosperity and thrift: the coolidge era and the consumer economy, 1921-1929', 'resources': [], 'digitized': True, 'description': ['<p><em>Prosperity and Thrift: The Coolidge Era and the Consumer Economy, 1921-1929</em>, assembles a broad array of Library of Congress source materials documenting the prosperity of the Coolidge years, the nation\\'s transition to a mass-consumer economy, and the role of government in this transition. Many new technologies and the new concept of scientific management in the work place had evolved during the first two decades of the century. In the 1920s these combined with an ability to produce and distribute goods on a mass scale amid widespread electrification of plants, factories, and households. These conditions led to a stabilization of the post-World War I economy that brought prosperity to many sectors.</p> <p>The materials in this digital collection highlight on the one hand business concerns, such as advertising, marketing, merchandising, and industrialization; and on the other popular notions about responsible consumerism, thriftiness, and efficiency in the home. The collection also focuses on President Coolidge\\'s idea of government and on Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover\\'s standardization initiatives. Lastly, the materials document groups that did not participate fully in the emergent consumer economy, notably farmers, both white and black, and immigrants. Far from exhaustive on any subject, the collection nonetheless suggests connections among some of the key technological developments, government structures, social organizations, and cultural assumptions that worked together to reinforce the mass-consumer economy.</p> <p>The themes of the collection were identified by the American Memory project team in collaboration with Library of Congress staff members and an advisory panel of historians. After reviewing the 1920s materials available at the Library, the project team selected materials for digitization from: the Manuscript Division, for personal and organizational papers; the General Collections, for books and periodicals; the Prints and Photographs Division, for photographs; and the Motion Picture, Broadcasting, and Recorded Sound Division, for films and recorded speeches. For additional information on the making of the collection and the people who made the collection, see <a href=\"/collections/coolidge-era-and-the-consumer-economy-1921-to-1929/about-this-collection/digitizing-the-collection/\">\"Digitizing the Collection\"</a>.</p> <h2>The Elements of the Collection</h2> <p>The collection draws upon the holdings of four custodial divisions   in the Library of Congress and reproduces materials from a variety of original   formats.</p> <p>From the <a href=\"http://lcweb.loc.gov/rr/mss/\">Manuscript Division</a>, 146 <a href=\"http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/coolbib:@field%28NUMBER+@band%28amrlm*%29%29\">selections</a> from twelve collections of personal papers and two collections of organizational papers  as well as <a href=\"http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/coolbib:@field%28NUMBER+@band%28amrlm+mb02%29%29+@field%28NUMBER+@band%28amrlm+mn01%29%29\">two photographs</a>.The personal and professional papers of President Coolidge\\'s private secretaries include printed copies of 62 <a href=\"http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/coolbib:@field%28NUMBER+@band%28amrlm+mt03%29%29+@field%28NUMBER+@band%28amrlm+mz01%29%29+@field%28NUMBER+@band%28amrlm+@syn%28ms01+ms02+ms03+ms04+ms05+ms06+ms07+ms08+ms09+ms10+ms11+ms12+ms13+ms14+ms15+ms16+ms17+ms18+ms19+ms20+ms21+ms22+ms23+ms24+ms25+ms26+ms27+ms28+ms29+ms30+ms31+ms32+ms33+ms34+ms35+ms36+ms37+ms38+ms39+ms40+ms41+ms42+ms43+ms44+ms45+ms46+ms47+ms48+ms49+ms50+ms51+ms52+ms53+ms54+ms55+ms56+ms57+ms58+ms59+ms60%29%29%29\">speeches</a> made by the president, some of which have not been previously published. File folders selected from the Coolidge presidential papers feature papers from the White House that contain correspondence from citizens, revealing what people were thinking about the administration and the economy. Selections from the personal and professional papers of social scientists, consumer activists, <a href=\"http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/coolbib:@field%28NUMBER+@band%28amrlm+mn*%29%29\">a governor of the Federal Reserve system</a>, journalists, <a href=\"http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/coolbib:@field%28NUMBER+@band%28amrlm+me*%29%29\">a pioneer of public relations</a>, and businessmen pertain to the economy and a variety of consumer issues. Other selections relate to congressional debates over the Federal Highway Act of 1921, the <a href=\"http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/coolbib:@field%28NUMBER+@band%28amrlm+mc13%29%29\">McNary-Haugen agricultural support legislation,</a> and, Andrew Mellon\\'s tax reform proposals. Documents from the <a href=\"http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/coolbib:@field%28NUMBER+@band%28amrlm+%28mg*%29%29%29\">National Consumers League</a> and the <a href=\"http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/coolbib:@field%28NUMBER+@band%28amrlm+@syn%28mw02+mw03+mw04+mw08+mw09%29%29%29\">National Negro Business League</a> shed light on consumer protection issues and the growth of African American entrepreneurship. </p> <p>From the <a href=\"http://lcweb.loc.gov/rr/main/\">General Collections</a>:   74 books, pamphlets, and legislative documents, together with 53 issues   and articles selected from consumer and trade journals. Included are books,   pamphlets, and brochures that describe elements of consumerism ranging   from department stores to product marketing to guidance for homemakers.   Significant chapters have been excerpted from a pair of important social science   studies: <em><a href=\"http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/coolbib:@field%28NUMBER+@band%28amrlg+lg38%29%29\">Recent Economic Changes in the United States</a></em> (1929), and <em><a href=\"http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/coolbib:@field%28NUMBER+@band%28amrlg+lg71%29%29\">Recent Social Trends in the United States</a></em> (1933). The popular magazines of the period are represented by sample issues   that include advertisements and articles suggesting the availability and   desirability of consumer goods, while periodicals like the <em><a href=\"http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/coolbib:@field%28NUMBER+@band%28amrlgs+@syn%28vi1+vi2+vi3%29%29%29\">Villager</a></em> and the <em><a href=\"http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/coolbib:@field%28NUMBER+@band%28amrlgs+@syn%28me1+me2+me3%29%29%29\">Messenger</a></em> feature   critiques of the consumer culture or present the opinions of minority groups.   Trade journals such as <em><a href=\"http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/coolbib:@field%28NUMBER+@band%28amrlgs+@syn%28aa1+aa2%29%29%29\">Associated Advertising</a></em> and <em><a href=\"http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/coolbib:@field%28NUMBER+@band%28amrlgs+dg1%29%29\">Dry Goods Economist</a></em> offer the viewpoints   of those who produced and sold consumer goods. Selections from the <em><a href=\"http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/coolbib:@field%28NUMBER+@band%28amrlgs+@syn%28ts1+ts2+ts3%29%29%29\">Bulletin of the Taylor Society</a></em> expound \"the Science   and the Art of Administration and of Management.\" <p>From the <a href=\"http://lcweb.loc.gov/rr/print/\">Prints and Photographs   Division</a>: 183 photographs, most of which are from the National Photo   Company Collection. Many images portray Calvin Coolidge\\'s administration   and its key players, while others document such subjects as <a href=\"/item/95500783/\">automobiles</a> and <a href=\"/item/94507450/\">show windows</a>.  A more complete list of photographic subjects may be obtained by  searching the collection using the term \"National Photo Company  Collection.\"</p> <p>From the <a href=\"http://lcweb.loc.gov/rr/mopic/\">Motion Picture, Broadcasting</a>,   and <a href=\"http://lcweb.loc.gov/rr/record/\">Recorded Sound Division</a>:   5 motion pictures, 7 sound recordings, 2 issues or articles from speciality   periodicals, 2 phonograph record catalogs, and 2 manuscript selections.   The motion pictures include <a href=\"http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/coolbib:@field%28NUMBER+@band%28amrlv+4007%29%29%22\">filmed advertisements</a> for   consumer goods, of the type shown in movie theaters before the main feature,   and a film, <a href=\"http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/coolbib:@field%28NUMBER+@band%28amrlv+coolidg2%29%29\"><em>Visitin\\' round at Coolidge Corners</em></a>, about Coolidge at his family   home in Vermont, which was presumably used in the presidential election   campaign of 1924. The <a href=\"http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/coolbib:@field%28NUMBER+@band%28amrlrs+@syn%289000048+9000010+9000049+9000042+9000041+9000040+9000018%29%29%29\">sound recordings</a> feature speeches delivered by President Coolidge.</p>'], 'timestamp': '2019-11-22T09:43:42.035Z', 'campaigns': [], 'extract_timestamp': '2019-11-22T09:26:40.115Z', 'date': '1999', 'shelf_id': 'http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/coolhtml/coolhome.html', 'other_title': ['Coolidge era and the consumer economy 1921-1929'], 'count': 488, 'dates': ['1999-01-01T00:00:00Z'], 'number_lccn': ['00529708'], 'language': ['english'], 'url': '//memory.loc.gov/ammem/coolhtml/coolhome.html', 'items': 'http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/coolhtml/coolhome.html', 'hassegments': False, 'image_url': ['https://www.loc.gov/static/collections/coolidge-era-and-the-consumer-economy-1921-to-1929/155_155.jpg#h=155&w=155', 'https://www.loc.gov/static/collections/coolidge-era-and-the-consumer-economy-1921-to-1929/500_500.jpg#h=500&w=500'], 'aka': ['http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/coolhtml/coolhome.html', 'http://www.loc.gov/collections/coolidge/', 'https://lccn.loc.gov/00529708', 'https://www.loc.gov/item/00529708', 'http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.gdc/collgdc.gc000035', 'http://lccn.loc.gov/00529708', 'http://www.loc.gov/item/00529708/', 'http://www.loc.gov/resource/collgdc.gc000035/']}, {'item': {'digital_id': ['http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.gdc/collgdc.gc000048'], 'call_number': ['PN1968.U5'], 'contents': ['Houdini -- Theater playbills and programs -- Sound recordings (coming soon) -- Motion pictures -- English playscripts -- Yiddish playscripts'], 'language': ['eng'], 'contributors': ['Library of Congress. National Digital Library Program.'], 'title': 'American variety stage vaudeville and popular entertainment, 1870-1920', 'notes': ['System requirements: World Wide Web (WWW) browser software.', 'Mode of access: Internet.', 'Title from title screen dated Oct. 31, 1996.', '\"Groups of theater posters and sound recordings will be added to this anthology in the future.\"', 'Cataloged using WebExplorer browser software.'], 'format': ['software'], 'summary': ['Multimedia collection containing digitized versions of selected Library of Congress holdings. Represents diverse forms of popular entertainment, especially vaudeville, that thrived from 1870-1920. Includes 334 English and Yiddish language playscripts, 146 theater playbills and programs, sixty-one motion pictures, and 143 photographs and twenty-nine memorabilia items documenting the life and career of Harry Houdini.'], 'subjects': ['Vaudeville--United States--History--20th century', 'Vaudeville--United States--History--19th century', 'Vaudeville--United States--Film catalogs', 'American drama--20th century', 'American drama--19th century', 'Yiddish drama--20th century', 'Yiddish drama--19th century', 'Theater programs--United States', 'Playbills--United States', 'Houdini, Harry,--1874-1926'], 'location': ['United States', '20th century', '19th century'], 'date': '1996', 'created_published': ['[Washington, D.C. : Library of Congress], 1996-'], 'other_title': ['Vaudeville and popular entertainment, 1870-1920']}, 'access_restricted': False, 'number': ['96802670', '2006-01-23t17:37:13'], 'original_format': ['collection', 'photo, print, drawing', 'manuscript/mixed material', 'film, video'], 'contributor': ['library of congress. national digital library program'], 'id': 'http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/vshtml/vshome.html', 'partof': ['rare book and special collections division', 'digital collections', 'american variety stage: vaudeville and popular entertainment, 1870-1920', 'motion picture, broadcasting and recorded sound division', 'prints and photographs division'], 'subject': ['performing arts'], 'index': 9, 'group': ['collections-portal'], 'title': 'American Variety Stage: Vaudeville and Popular Entertainment, 1870-1920', 'number_source_modified': ['2006-01-23t17:37:13'], 'location': ['united states'], '_partof': 'american variety stage: vaudeville and popular entertainment, 1870-1920', 'resources': [], 'digitized': True, 'description': ['<p> This collection illustrates the vibrant and diverse forms of popular entertainment, especially vaudeville, that thrived from 1870-1920. Included are 334 English- and Yiddish-language playscripts, 146 theater playbills and programs, 61 motion pictures, 10 sound recordings and 143 photographs and 29 memorabilia items documenting the life and career of Harry Houdini. Groups of theater posters and additional sound recordings will be added to this anthology in the future.  </p>  <figure class=\\'image-align-left\\'><img      src=\"/static/collections/vaudeville-and-popular-entertainment/images/brca5001.jpg\"      width=\"150\" alt=\"\" /></a>     <figcaption>The Casino</figcaption> </figure> <p>The period 1870 to 1920 was a dynamic time of change in the United  States.  It was  marked by massive European immigration and major population shifts  between regions of the  country, including migration from rural to urban centers that led to the  dramatic growth of cities.   During these fifty years, the nation\\'s urban population increased from a  total of less than ten  million to more than fifty million people.  Blue-collar and white-collar  working people alike  benefited from an increase in personal income and leisure time.  Tourism  developed as an  American pastime, annual vacations became a national habit, and city  dwellers began taking half-holidays on Saturday.  Public amusements  appealed to growing numbers of people from many  walks of life.</p>   <p>Popular, live entertainment gained momentum in the late nineteenth century and reached  a peak in the first decade of the twentieth.  During the fifty-year period covered by this  collection, minstrel shows were eclipsed by the unprecedented success of variety theater and an  ever-increasing diversity of popular entertainment.  Burlesque developed into a full-fledged  theatrical form and modern amusement parks attracted huge crowds.  In 1909, for example,  Coney Island drew over 20 million visitors.  (After adjusting for population differentials, this is a  greater number than the combined attendance at Disneyland and Disney World in 1989.)        World\\'s fairs, the three-ring circus, nightclubs, and the ballpark also flourished.  Theatrical road       shows traveled into the American hinterlands.  The cinema was born.</p> <p>The American Variety Stage Collection features materials that illustrate the diverse forms of variety theater that dominated the burgeoning entertainment world in the United States.  Variety stage, in this era, drew greater audiences than the \"legitimate\" theater which presented serious literary works.  Compared to the legitimate theater, which appealed, for the most part, to elite audiences, the variety stage was democratic and broad in approach.  The variety stage strove to attract all classes of people from every cultural background by offering varied programs and relatively low admission fees.</p> <p>To succeed at show business (as all forms of variety theater were called), entrepreneurs  provided public entertainment that transcended the specific tastes of a particular class or ethnicity.  It emphasized action and caricature.  Nevertheless, however broad or vulgar its humor,      it sought an aura of moral respectability.  Even burlesque shows attempted to do this by billing  themselves  as \"vaudeville\" and \"extravaganza\" and playing in theaters that had previously been  certified as \"respectable.\" </p> <figure  class=\\'image-align-right\\'><a href=\"/item/var95-000382/\"><img      src=\"/static/collections/vaudeville-and-popular-entertainment/images/s1751701.jpg\"      width=\"150\" alt=\"\" /></a>     <figcaption><a href=\"/item/var95-000382/\">The Lone Hand Four Aces</a></figcaption> </figure> <p>Of all the types of variety entertainment, comedy is the best represented in this collection.   The English-language playscripts provide a wealth of information about what audiences found  amusing, or at least what writers thought the audience would find funny.  One can also learn  about such things as comedic techniques used, the structure of comic sketches, subjects used for  comedic purposes, and how material was customized for specific entertainers.  As well, the  collection can help shed light on the ways that vaudevillians tried to deal with contemporary  topics and concerns, especially those that now seem inappropriate (such as ethnic stereotypes,  gender and race prejudices, etc.), a topic that is especially ripe for study.</p> <p> Comedians often migrated, along with their jokes and skits, from minstrelsy to  vaudeville, from burlesque to recordings, to radio, and even to television.  Veteran performers  such as Bob Hope, George Burns, and Milton Berle have credited their early days in variety for  their subsequent success.</p> <p> The variety theater, in its most inclusive sense,  provided the American public with a  range of live entertainment:  comedy, musical presentations, novelty and specialty acts, stage magic, and stage spectacles.  American musical comedy was also in its formative stages during the fifty-year period covered by this collection.  Many early musical comedies of the period were glorified variety shows, more akin to European operettas than to what we now think of as musical comedy.  The <a href=\"/collections/vaudeville-and-popular-entertainment/articles-and-essays/forms-of-variety-theater/\">forms of variety theater</a> represented in this collection draw from several genres, including  vaudeville, minstrel show, burlesque, extravaganza, spectacle, musical  revue, and musical comedy.</p>'], 'timestamp': '2019-11-22T09:43:42.035Z', 'campaigns': [], 'extract_timestamp': '2019-11-22T09:26:29.783Z', 'date': '1996', 'shelf_id': 'http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/vshtml/vshome.html', 'other_title': ['Vaudeville and popular entertainment, 1870-1920'], 'count': 726, 'dates': ['1870-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1871-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1872-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1873-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1874-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1875-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1876-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1877-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1878-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1879-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1880-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1881-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1882-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1883-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1884-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1885-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1886-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1887-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1888-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1889-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1890-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1891-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1892-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1893-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1894-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1895-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1896-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1897-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1898-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1899-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1900-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1901-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1902-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1903-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1904-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1905-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1906-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1907-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1908-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1909-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1910-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1911-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1912-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1913-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1914-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1915-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1916-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1917-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1918-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1919-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1920-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1996-01-01T00:00:00Z'], 'number_lccn': ['96802670'], 'language': ['english'], 'url': '//memory.loc.gov/ammem/vshtml/vshome.html', 'items': 'http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/vshtml/vshome.html', 'hassegments': False, 'image_url': ['https://www.loc.gov/static/collections/vaudeville-and-popular-entertainment/155_155.jpg#h=155&w=155', 'https://www.loc.gov/static/collections/vaudeville-and-popular-entertainment/500_500.jpg#h=500&w=500'], 'aka': ['http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/vshtml/vshome.html', 'http://www.loc.gov/collections/var/', 'http://www.loc.gov/collections/varst/', 'http://www.loc.gov/collections/american-variety-stage/', 'http://www.loc.gov/collections/vaudeville/', 'http://lccn.loc.gov/96802670', 'http://www.loc.gov/item/96802670/', 'http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.gdc/collgdc.gc000048', 'http://www.loc.gov/resource/collgdc.gc000048/']}, {'number_oclc': ['86114510'], 'item': {'call_number': ['Z6951', 'AI3'], 'language': ['eng'], 'contributors': ['Library of Congress.', 'National Endowment for the Humanities.', 'National Digital Newspaper Program (U.S.)'], 'format': ['text'], 'notes': ['Began in 2006.', 'Title from title screen (viewed July 7, 2009).', '\"Chronicling America is sponsored jointly by the National Endowment for the Humanities and the Library of Congress as part of the National Digital Newspaper Program (NDNP)\"--Title screen.'], 'title': 'Chronicling America : historic American newspapers.', 'summary': ['This database allows you to search and view public domain newspaper pages (1690-1963) and find information about American newspapers published between 1690-present. The National Endowment for the Humanities aims to have every state and U.S. territory represented in Chronicling America. One organization within each state or territory will receive an award to collaborate with relevant state partners in this effort. This rich digital resource will be developed and permanently maintained at the Library of Congress.'], 'date': '2006', 'subjects': ['American newspapers--Databases', 'American newspapers--Directories', 'United States--History--Sources', 'American newspapers', 'United States', 'Newspapers', 'Databases', 'Press'], 'location': ['United States'], 'genre': ['Directories', 'Databases', 'History', 'Sources'], 'created_published': ['Washington, D.C. : Library of Congress'], 'medium': ['1 online resource'], 'other_title': ['Historic American newspapers']}, 'access_restricted': False, 'number': ['2475-2703', '2009251126', '2019-09-18t07:57:40', '86114510'], 'original_format': ['collection', 'newspaper'], 'contributor': ['library of congress', 'national digital newspaper program (u.s.)', 'national endowment for the humanities'], 'id': 'https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/', 'partof': ['digital collections', 'chronicling america', 'serial and government publications division'], 'subject': ['social & business history', 'sources', 'directories', 'general', 'local history & folklife', 'databases', 'american history', 'history'], 'index': 10, 'group': ['collections-portal'], 'title': 'Chronicling America', 'number_source_modified': ['2019-09-18t07:57:40'], 'location': ['united states'], '_partof': 'chronicling america', 'resources': [], 'digitized': True, 'description': ['<p>Chronicling America (ISSN 2475-2703) is a Website providing access to information about historic newspapers and select digitized newspaper pages, and is produced by the National Digital Newspaper Program (NDNP). NDNP, a partnership between the National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH) and the Library of Congress (LC), is a long-term effort to develop an Internet-based, searchable database of U.S. newspapers with descriptive information and select digitization of historic pages. Supported by NEH, this rich digital resource will be developed and permanently maintained at the Library of Congress. An NEH award program will fund the contribution of content from, eventually, all U.S. states and territories.</p> <p>More information on program guidelines, participation, and technical information can be found at <a href=\"https://www.neh.gov/projects/ndnp.html\">https://www.neh.gov/projects/ndnp.html</a> or <a href=\"https://www.loc.gov/ndnp/\">https://www.loc.gov/ndnp/</a>.</p>  <h2>Building the Digital Collection</h2> <h3>Newspaper Title Directory</h3> <p>The Newspaper Title Directory is derived from the library catalog records created by state institutions during the NEH-sponsored United States Newspaper Program (<a href=\"https://www.neh.gov/projects/usnp.html\">https://www.neh.gov/projects/usnp.html</a>), 1982-2011. This program funded state-level projects to locate, describe (catalog), and selectively preserve (via treatment and microfilm) historic newspaper collections in that state, published from 1690 to the present. Under this program, each institution created machine-readable cataloging (MARC) via the Cooperative ONline SERials Program (CONSER) for its state collections, contributing bibliographic descriptions and library holdings information to the Newspaper Union List, hosted by the Online Computer Library Center (OCLC). This data, approximately 140,000 bibliographic title entries and 600,000 separate library holdings records, was acquired and converted to MARCXML format for use in the Chronicling America Newspaper Title Directory. Contact a CONSER member for updates and corrections to bibliographic records (see <a href=\"https://www.loc.gov/acq/conser/conmembs.html\">https://www.loc.gov/acq/conser/conmembs.html</a> ) through CONSER. The Chronicling America Directory bibliographic records are updated annually from the CONSER dataset hosted by OCLC.</p> <h3>Selected Digitized Newspaper Pages</h3>  <p>Each NDNP participant receives an award to select and digitize approximately 100,000 newspaper pages representing that state\\'s regional history, geographic coverage, and events of note. </p> <p>Participants are expected to digitize primarily from microfilm holdings for reasons of efficiency and cost, encouraging selection of technically-suitable film, bibliographic completeness, diversity and &quot;orphaned&quot; newspapers (newspapers that have ceased publication and lack active ownership) in order to decrease the likelihood of duplicative digitization by other organizations.</p> <p>These newspaper materials were digitized to technical specifications designed by the Library of Congress. These specifications include the following basic elements (profiles describing the full set of specifications can be found at <a href=\"https://www.loc.gov/ndnp/guidelines/\">https://www.loc.gov/ndnp/guidelines/</a>) : </p> <ul>     <li>TIFF 6.0, 8-bit grayscale, 400 dpi, uncompressed, with specified tag values</li>     <li>JPEG2000, Part 1; 8-bit component; 6 decomposition layers; 25 quality layers; 8:1 compression; with XML Box with specified RDF metadata</li>     <li>Single page PDF with hidden text; downsampled to 150 dpi, using JPEG compression; with XMP containing specified RDF metadata.</li>     <li>Single page machine-readable text encoded in ALTO, v. 2.0 XML; in column-reading order (created with Optical Character Recognition).</li>     <li>METS XML data objects describing newspaper issues, pages, and microfilm reels; incorporating elements in MODS, PREMIS, and MIX formats.</li> </ul>  <p>Chronicling America provides access to these digitized historic materials primarily through a Web interface enhanced with dynamic HTML interactivity for magnification and navigation. Searches are available for both full-text newspaper pages and bibliographic newspaper records (the Newspaper Directory). Pages are displayed in JPEG format, dynamically-created from source files on user request and presented through the browser interface using a combination of Javascript, DHTML and AJAX Web programming.</p> <h3>Preservation Data Repository and Dissemination Application</h3> <p>The NDNP repository developed for Chronicling America is based on the Open Archive Information System (OAIS) Reference Model for preservation repository architecture and supported by a variety of modular components to enable long-term sustainability of data ingestion, archival management and data dissemination. The public website is built using the Python programming language, Django Web framework, RDFLib, Apache Solr search server, Apache Web server, and MySQL database engine. For more information, see <a href=\"https://www.loc.gov/ndnp/\">https://www.loc.gov/ndnp/</a> or contact <a href=\"mailto:ndnptech@loc.gov\">ndnptech@loc.gov</a>.</p> <h3>Related Resources</h3>  <ul>     <li>National Endowment for the Humanities - <a href=\"https://www.neh.gov/index.html\">https://www.neh.gov/index.html</a></li>     <li>Newspaper and Periodicals Reading Room (Serial and Government Publication Division), Library of Congress - <a href=\"https://www.loc.gov/rr/news/\">https://www.loc.gov/rr/news/</a></li>     <li>Collections with Newspapers at the Library of Congress - <a href=\"https://www.loc.gov/newspapers/collections/?st=gallery&sb=title_s\">https://www.loc.gov/newspapers/collections/?st=gallery&sb=title_s</a></li>     <li>List of Awardee Institutions and Web sites <a href=\"https://www.loc.gov/ndnp/listawardees.html\">https://www.loc.gov/ndnp/listawardees.html</a></li> </ul>  <h3>Rights and Reproductions</h3>  <p>The Library of Congress believes that the newspapers in Chronicling America are in the public domain or have no known copyright restrictions. Newspapers published in the United States prior to 1924 are in the public domain in their entirety. Any newspapers in Chronicling America that were published after 1923 are also believed to be in the public domain, but may contain some copyrighted third party materials. Researchers using post-1923 newspapers should be alert for modern content (for example, registered and renewed for copyright and published with notice) that may be copyrighted. Responsibility for making an independent legal assessment of an item and securing any necessary permissions ultimately rests with persons desiring to use the item.</p> <p>The NEH awardee responsible for producing each digital object is presented in the Chronicling America page display, above the page image – e.g. Image produced by the Library of Congress. For more information on current NDNP awardees, see <a href=\"https://www.loc.gov/ndnp/listawardees.html\">https://www.loc.gov/ndnp/listawardees.html</a>.</p> <p>For more information on Library of Congress policies and disclaimers regarding rights and reproductions, see <a href=\"https://www.loc.gov/homepage/legal.html\">https://www.loc.gov/homepage/legal.html</a></p>'], 'timestamp': '2019-11-22T09:43:51.212Z', 'number_issn': ['2475-2703'], 'campaigns': [], 'extract_timestamp': '2019-11-22T09:26:29.783Z', 'date': '2006', 'shelf_id': 'https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/', 'other_title': ['Historic American newspapers'], 'count': 2103648, 'dates': ['2006-01-01T00:00:00Z'], 'number_lccn': ['2009251126'], 'language': ['english'], 'url': 'https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/', 'items': 'https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/', 'hassegments': False, 'image_url': ['https://www.loc.gov/static/collections/chronicling-america/155_155.jpg#h=155&w=155', 'https://www.loc.gov/static/collections/chronicling-america/500_500.jpg#h=500&w=500'], 'aka': ['https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/', 'http://www.loc.gov/collections/hnews/', 'http://lccn.loc.gov/2007618519', 'http://www.loc.gov/item/2007618519/', 'http://www.loc.gov/item/2009251126/', 'http://lccn.loc.gov/2009251126']}, {'item': {'digital_id': ['http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.music/eadmus.mu002006', 'http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.music/eadmus.mu002006.3', 'http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.music/collmus.mu000006'], 'call_number': ['ML31 .C7'], 'repository': ['Library of Congress Music Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA dcu http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.music/perform.home'], 'contributors': ['Copland, Aaron, 1900-1990.', 'Kraft, Victor, 1915-1976.'], 'title': 'Aaron Copland collection,', 'notes': ['Composer Aaron Copland was born on Nov. 14, 1900, in Brooklyn, N.Y. From 1921-1924 he studied composition and orchestration with Nadia Boulanger in Paris. Copland was the recipient of the 1925-1926 Guggenheim Memorial Fellowship, the first in music. Many awards followed throughout his life. Copland performed his own music as pianist and conductor and also conducted music of other composers. He was the author of articles and books and of oral presentations on music. He was also active as an administrator, founding festivals and concert series and in publishing contemporary music. Copland died on Dec. 2, 1990, in North Tarrytown, N.Y.', 'Digitized images along with identifying information and a narrative introduction are also available through the Library of Congress Web site under the title: The Aaron Copland Collection.', 'Some mss. Gifts Aaron Copland ca. 1940-1970.', 'Bulk of the collection Gift Aaron Copland 1989.', 'Some mss. Gifts Nadia Boulanger estate July 18, 1980, and Mar. 6, 1981.', 'Libretto material for The tender land Gift Erik Johns.', 'Some mss. Gift Bennett Lerner.', 'Sound recordings and moving images transferred to Library of Congress Motion Picture, Broadcasting and Recorded Sound Division.', \"Books from Copland's library transferred to Library of Congress Rare Book and Special Collections Division.\", '1154 published scores by North and South American composers (not including Copland) located in Performing Arts Library in the New York Public Library a microfilm is available in the Library of Congress Performing Arts Reading Room: Microfilm 93/20010.', 'Finding aid available in the Library of Congress Performing Arts Reading Room and at http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.music/eadmus.mu002006', 'Aaron Copland Collection, Music Division, Library of Congress.'], 'format': ['manuscript', 'collection'], 'rights_advisory': ['Certain restrictions to use or copying of materials may apply.'], 'summary': [\"The Aaron Copland collection consists of published and unpublished music by Copland and other composers,  correspondence, writings, biographical material, datebooks,  journals, professional papers, including legal and financial material, photographs, awards, art work, and books. Of particular interest is the correspondence with Nadia Boulanger, which extend over 50 years, and with his long-time friend, Harold Clurman. Other significant correspondents are Leonard Bernstein, Paul Bowles, Benjamin Britten, Carlos Chávez, David Diamond, Roy Harris, Charles Ives, Claire Reis, Arnold Schoenberg, Roger Sessions, and Virgil Thomson. The photographic collection of Copland's friend and confidant Victor Kraft, a professional photographer, forms part of the collection.\"], 'language': ['eng'], 'subjects': ['Copland, Aaron,--1900-1990', 'Copland, Aaron,--1900-1990--Autographs', 'Copland, Aaron,--1900-1990--Portraits', 'Copland, Aaron,--1900-1990--Correspondence', 'Boulanger, Nadia--Correspondence', 'Clurman, Harold,--1901-1980--Correspondence', 'Bernstein, Leonard,--1918-1990--Correspondence', 'Bowles, Paul,--1910-1999--Correspondence', 'Britten, Benjamin,--1913-1976--Correspondence', 'Chávez, Carlos,--1899-1978--Correspondence', 'Diamond, David,--1915-2005--Correspondence', 'Harris, Roy,--1898-1979--Correspondence', 'Ives, Charles,--1874-1954--Correspondence', 'Reis, Claire R.--(Claire Raphael)--Correspondence', 'Schoenberg, Arnold,--1874-1951--Correspondence', 'Sessions, Roger,--1896-1985--Correspondence', 'Thomson, Virgil,--1896-1989--Correspondence', 'Musicians--Correspondence'], 'date': '1841', 'medium': ['around 400,000 items (563 boxes, 306 linear feet).'], 'other_title': ['Copland collection,'], 'access_advisory': ['Open to research.', 'Not all materials in this collection may be readily accessible; please request accessibility information well in advance of your visit http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.music/perform.contact']}, 'access_restricted': False, 'number': ['2003561015', '2016-07-11t10:38:51'], 'original_format': ['collection', 'manuscript/mixed material', 'photo, print, drawing', 'notated music'], 'contributor': ['kraft, victor', 'copland, aaron'], 'id': 'http://www.loc.gov/collections/aaron-copland/about-this-collection/', 'partof': ['music division', 'digital collections', 'aaron copland collection'], 'subject': ['performing arts'], 'index': 11, 'group': ['collections-portal'], 'title': 'Aaron Copland Collection', 'number_source_modified': ['2016-07-11t10:38:51'], 'location': ['united states'], 'resources': [], 'digitized': True, 'description': ['<p>The first release of the online collection contains approximately 1,000 items that yield a total of about 5,000 images. These items date from 1899 to 1981, with most from the 1920s through the 1950s, and were selected from Copland\\'s\\xa0music sketches,\\xa0correspondence,\\xa0writings, and\\xa0photographs.</p> <p>Celebrating the centennial of the birth of the American composer Aaron Copland (1900-1990), the multi-format Aaron Copland Collection, from which the online collection derives, spans the years 1910 to 1990 and includes approximately 400,000 items documenting the multifaceted life of an extraordinary person who was composer, performer, teacher, writer, conductor, commentator, and administrator. It comprises both manuscript and printed music, personal and business correspondence, diaries, writings, scrapbooks, programs, newspaper and magazine clippings, photographs, awards, books, sound recordings, and motion pictures.</p>   <h2>Introduction</h2> <p>Aaron Copland devoted his life as a twentieth-century composer to fostering, developing, creating, and establishing distinctive \"American\" music. He became known as the \"Dean of American Music,\" a sobriquet with which he was uncomfortable. His name is synonymous with\\xa0<a href=\"/collections/aaron-copland/articles-and-essays/works-listing-by-title/a/#work0030\"><em>Appalachian Spring</em></a>\\xa0—the winner of the 1945 Pulitzer Prize in Music—and\\xa0<a href=\"/collections/aaron-copland/articles-and-essays/works-listing-by-title/f/#work0021\"><em>Fanfare for the Common Man</em></a>.</p> <p>Copland extensively documented the many facets of his life in music, and the<em>Aaron Copland Collection</em>\\xa0at the Library of Congress reflects the entire breadth of his endeavors. Beginning in the late 1950s and early &lsquo;60s, Copland periodically deposited his original music manuscripts at the Library of Congress and subsequently converted them to gifts. In the fall of 1989, he donated all his papers to the Library. The collection numbers approximately four hundred thousand items, dating from 1910 to 1990 with a few nineteenth-century photographs, and includes his music manuscripts, printed music, personal and business correspondence, diaries and writings, photographic materials, awards, honorary degrees, programs, and other biographical materials. It is the primary resource for research on Aaron Copland and a major resource for the study of musical life in twentieth-century America generally, particularly from the 1920s to the 1960s.</p> <p>The online\\xa0Aaron Copland Collection\\xa0comprises approximately one thousand items selected from Copland\\'s\\xa0music sketches,\\xa0correspondence,\\xa0writings, and photographs. The items are represented in about five thousand digitized images, the earliest an 1899 photograph and the latest a 1986 letter. While the original collection contains almost all Copland\\'s music manuscripts and printed scores, the online collection presents the original music sketches that Copland used in composing thirty-one works spanning the years 1924 to 1967 and covering every medium in which he composed: orchestral, ballet, opera, film, chamber, solo piano, and vocal music.</p> <p>The correspondence in the online collection comprises images of approximately eight hundred letters, postcards, and telegrams from Copland that have been selected from the Aaron Copland Collection and other collections in the\\xa0<a href=\"//www.loc.gov/rr/perform/\">Music Division</a>\\xa0at the Library of Congress. Besides letters to his parents and other family members in the 1920s and 30s, the correspondence includes Copland\\'s letters to his Parisian teacher Nadia Boulanger, the conductor Serge Koussevitzky, and others such as Nicolas Slonimsky, Roger Sessions, Carlos Chávez, Walter Piston, Leonard Bernstein, and Benjamin Britten.</p> <p>As an advocate and supporter of American music and American composers, Copland frequently wrote articles, presented lectures, and delivered speeches. The online\\xa0<em>Aaron Copland Collection</em>\\xa0presents eighty-six of Copland\\'s previously unpublished drafts. These show the creative process through which he wrote about his own music, other composers and their music, and other people who played important roles in his musical life.</p> <p>Of the twelve thousand photographic materials in the Library\\'s Aaron Copland Collection, 111 items have been chosen for online presentation. Many were created by Copland\\'s friend Victor Kraft, a professional photographer. They include portraits of Aaron Copland at various ages and places, with family members, with other composers, and with other people associated with his career as a composer and conductor, as well as images from his worldwide travels.</p>  <h2>The Copland Letters</h2>  <p>\"The man is in the letters,\" said Vivian Perlis of Aaron Copland, whose autobiography she helped to write. The online\\xa0<em>Aaron Copland Collection</em>\\xa0contains digitized images of over eight hundred letters, postcards, and telegrams from Aaron Copland covering the years from 1921 to 1986. Searchable texts of all published letters, postcards, and telegrams in the collection are also available.</p> <p>The letters reproduced in the collection represent, though they do not exhaust, the holdings of Copland\\'s correspondence in the\\xa0<a href=\"//www.loc.gov/rr/perform/\">Music Division</a>\\xa0of the Library of Congress. In general they constitute significant runs of letters to people important in Copland\\'s life. (Problems of copyright and volume preclude making letters to Copland available online.) Every attempt has been made to include all the letters in the Music Division that Copland wrote to each correspondent represented, the one exception being the letters to Harold Spivacke, which constitute only a part of Copland\\'s voluminous and largely business-related correspondence with the Music Division\\'s former chief.</p> <p>These letters come from many collections in the Music Division. Besides material from the Aaron Copland Collection, they contain material from the Leonard Bernstein Collection, the Elizabeth Sprague Coolidge Collection, the Jacobo Ficher Collection, the Irving Fine Collection, the Louis Kaufman Collection, the Serge Koussevitzky Collection, the\\xa0<em>Modern Music</em>\\xa0Archives, the Walter Piston Collection, the Nicolas Slonimsky Collection, the William Strickland Collection, and the papers of the Joint Army and Navy Committee on Welfare and Recreation, Sub-Committee on Music.</p> <p>The letters Copland wrote that are in the Copland Collection proper came back to him in various ways. He inherited his letters to his parents after their deaths. In the 1970s, when he began to think of writing his autobiography, he asked several of his friends and colleagues to send him photocopies of his letters. Some replied with photocopies, some by returning the letters themselves. Some responded with many letters, some with just a few.</p> <p>Copland seldom made carbons copies of his outgoing correspondence. The few periods in his life for which the Copland Collection is rich in carbon copies are the brief intervals when he had a secretary: in 1943 while working on the film\\xa0<em>The North Star</em>; during his South American tour in 1947; in the fall of 1958 when he was staying in London and presumably was provided with a secretary by his publisher, Boosey &amp; Hawkes. Because they were obviously dictated to a secretary, these letters have the flavor of Copland\\'s post-1940 correspondence but are not particularly trenchant, lacking the distinctive qualities that came forth when Copland himself sat down to write.</p>  <p>The following individuals are the major correspondents represented in the letters portion of this online collection. They are listed with the source collection for Copland\\'s letters to them or, in the case of material in the Copland Collection itself, with an indication of whether the letters are originals or photocopies.</p> <p><strong>Arthur Berger</strong>\\xa0(Copland Collection; photocopy). The online collection contains a <a href=\"/resource/copland.corr0796?sp=1\">single letter</a>\\xa0to this writer of the first book-length study of Copland; it is perhaps the most evocative of Copland\\'s letters describing his Mexican visits.</p> <p><strong>Leonard Bernstein</strong>\\xa0(Bernstein Collection). Copland\\'s protégé in the late 1930s and early 1940s,\\xa0Bernstein\\xa0became one of the leading champions and interpreters of Copland\\'s music.</p> <p><strong>Nadia Boulanger</strong>\\xa0(Copland Collection; originals). Copland\\'s principal teacher and mentor. His Nonet is dedicated to her.</p> <p><strong>Paul Bowles</strong>\\xa0(Copland Collection; originals). Composer and novelist. The two letters in the Copland Collection seem to have been part of a voluminous and regular correspondence.</p> <p><strong>Benjamin Britten</strong>\\xa0(Copland Collection; photocopies). English composer. The first set of\\xa0<a href=\"/collections/aaron-copland/articles-and-essays/works-listing-by-title/o/#work0041\"><em>Old American Songs</em></a>\\xa0was written for Britten and his collaborator Peter Pears. Britten\\'s side of the correspondence is published in Donald Mitchell et al., eds.,\\xa0<em>Letters from a Life: The Selected Letters and Diaries of Benjamin Britten, 1913-1976\\xa0</em>(2 vols., Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991).</p> <p><strong>Carlos Chávez</strong>\\xa0(Copland Collection; photocopies). Mexican composer; one of Copland\\'s principal composer friends. As a conductor, Chávez performed Copland\\'s <a href=\"/collections/aaron-copland/articles-and-essays/works-listing-by-title/s/#work0012\"><em>Short Symphony</em></a>\\xa0when American conductors had declared it unperformable. Chávez\\'s side of the correspondence and slightly abridged versions of Copland\\'s letters are published in Spanish translation in Gloria Carmona, ed.,\\xa0<em>Epistolario selecto de Carlos Chávez</em>\\xa0(México: Fondo de Cultura Económica, 1989).</p> <p><strong>Israel Citkowitz\\xa0</strong>(Copland Collection; originals). Citkowitz was a slightly younger composer (1909-1974), gifted in song and chamber music, for whom Copland had high hopes. The online collection contains all Copland\\'s letters to Citkowitz in the Copland Collection.</p> <p><strong>Elizabeth Sprague Coolidge</strong>\\xa0(Coolidge Collection). American patron of chamber music. She commissioned from Copland (and thus had dedicated to her) <a href=\"/collections/aaron-copland/articles-and-essays/works-listing-by-title/a/#work0030\"><em>Appalachian Spring</em></a>\\xa0and the\\xa0<a href=\"/collections/aaron-copland/articles-and-essays/works-listing-by-title/q/#work0067\">Piano Quartet</a>.</p> <p><strong>Jacobo Ficher</strong>\\xa0(Ficher Collection). Argentinian composer. Copland\\'s letters to him document his interest in South American music.</p> <p><strong>Irving and Verna Fine</strong>\\xa0(Irving Fine Collection). Irving Fine was a composer and younger colleague of Copland whose choral arrangements of several of Copland\\'s <a href=\"/collections/aaron-copland/articles-and-essays/works-listing-by-title/o/#work0041\"><em>Old American Songs</em></a>\\xa0have given them a life as choral works. Copland shared houses with Irving and Verna Fine for several summers at Tanglewood. After Irving Fine\\'s death in 1962 Copland continued to be supportive of Verna Fine, and his letters to her retain warmth and sparkle to the end of his letter-writing years. Copland dedicated \"Sleep Is Supposed to Be,\" one of the two central songs of his<em> </em><a href=\"/collections/aaron-copland/articles-and-essays/works-listing-by-title/t/#work0074\"><em>Twelve Poems of Emily Dickinson</em></a>, to Irving Fine. The Irving Fine Collection also contains letters from Copland to Verna Fine\\'s mother, Florence Rudnick, in whose Boston apartment he sequestered himself to write\\xa0<a href=\"/collections/aaron-copland/articles-and-essays/works-listing-by-title/i/#work0065\"><em>In the Beginning</em></a>.</p> <p><strong>Serge, Natalie, and Olga Koussevitzky</strong>\\xa0(Koussevitzky Collection). Serge Koussevitzky, conductor of the Boston Symphony from 1924 to 1949, was the first performer to champion Copland\\'s music in America and remained a supporter of Copland (and of many other American composers) until his death. Copland, in turn, was a major help to Koussevitzky from 1940 on in the running of the Berkshire Music Festival at Tanglewood. Copland\\'s letters to Koussevitzky\\'s first wife, Natalie, are, for the most part, social; his letters to Koussevitzky\\'s second wife, Olga (Olga Naumoff, Koussevitzky\\'s secretary, until 1947), concern the running of Tanglewood. Copland\\'s\\xa0<a href=\"/collections/aaron-copland/articles-and-essays/works-listing-by-title/t/#work0025\">Third Symphony</a>\\xa0is dedicated \"To the memory of Natalie Koussevitzky.\"</p> <p><strong>Minna Lederman</strong>\\xa0(<em>Modern Music</em>\\xa0Archives). Lederman was editor of the journal of the League of Composers,\\xa0<em>Modern Music</em>, which was published from 1924 to 1946. Copland was a major contributor to the magazine and a trusted advisor to Lederman.</p> <p><strong>Marcelle de Manziarly</strong>\\xa0(Copland Collection; originals). French composer, Boulanger student. Copland dedicated \"Heart, We Will Forget Him,\" the fifth of his<em>Twelve Poems of Emily Dickinson</em>, to de Manziarly.</p>  <p><strong>Olga Naumoff:</strong>\\xa0see Serge, Natalie, and Olga Koussevitzky.</p> <p><strong>Walter Piston</strong>\\xa0(Piston Collection). American composer. The body of Piston\\'s correspondence is in the Boston Public Library; the one letter in this online collection represents the small but important collection of letters to Piston from the years 1931-55 that is in the Music Division of the Library of Congress.</p> <p><strong>Florence Rudnick:</strong>\\xa0see Irving and Verna Fine.</p> <p><strong>Roger Sessions</strong>\\xa0(Copland Collection; photocopies) American composer; co-producer with Copland of the Copland-Sessions Concerts during the years 1928-31.</p> <p><strong>Nicolas Slonimsky</strong>\\xa0(Slonimsky Collection; some early letters in the Koussevitzky Collection). Musical polymath. During most of the period in which Copland corresponded with him he was musical secretary to Koussevitzky; the jokey letters to the incorrigibly humorous Slonimsky serve to balance Copland\\'s oh-so-serious letters to Koussevitzky himself.</p> <p><strong>Harold Spivacke</strong>\\xa0(Coolidge Collection; Joint Army and Navy Committee on Welfare and Recreation, Sub-Committee on Music). Chief of the Music Division of the Library of Congress, 1937-1972. Spivacke\\'s tact and unflappable serenity kept the commissioning of\\xa0<a href=\"/collections/aaron-copland/articles-and-essays/works-listing-by-title/a/#work0030\"><em>Appalachian Spring</em></a>\\xa0on course.</p> <p><strong>William Strickland</strong>\\xa0(Strickland Collection). American conductor. Some of the letters in this online collection are concerned with Strickland\\'s editorship of the H. W. Gray organ series, for which Copland wrote his\\xa0<a href=\"/collections/aaron-copland/articles-and-essays/works-listing-by-title/e/#work0097\"><em>Episode</em></a>.</p> <p>\"The man is in the letters.\" It might then seem as though a collection of more than eight hundred letters, postcards, and telegrams from Aaron Copland would give a complete portrait of the man and the composer. However, users of this online collection should remember that these letters represent only the holdings of the Music Division of the Library of Congress. At least equally important are Copland\\'s letters to Virgil Thomson (at Yale University); Claire Reis and William Schuman (at the New York Public Library); Howard Clurman, David Diamond, and Walter Piston (at the Boston Public Library); and several others. To each of his correspondents Copland shows a slightly different aspect of his personality, so the letters in this online collection provide a detailed self-portrait if not a complete one.</p>  <h2>The Copland Sketches</h2>  <p>This online collection contains approximately 2500 pages of Aaron Copland\\'s sketches\\xa0for his music, representing thirty-one of his works—thirty-three if one includes the\\xa0<em>Sextet</em>\\xa0and the\\xa0<em>Orchestra Variations</em>, covered by the sketches for the <a href=\"/resource/copland.sket0010?sp=1\"><em>Short Symphony</em></a>\\xa0and\\xa0<a href=\"/resource/copland.sket0011?sp=1\"><em>Piano Variations</em></a>\\xa0respectively. Representing many of Copland\\'s best-known and most significant works, the sketches are often revelatory. Except for some miscellaneous accompanying material, the online collection includes all the sketches for the works in the online collection.</p> <p>There are works for which the Library of Congress\\'s archival Copland Collection contains no sketches. These include some of the early works and the\\xa0<em>Lincoln Portrait</em>. Those who are interested in finding out whether the Library has sketches for a particular work not represented in the online collection, or curious about whether one of the works included has any material not presented online, should consult the Copland Collection Finding Aid.</p> <p>Within the sections of the online collection, the sketches are presented as much as possible in the order in which they were received from Aaron Copland or his estate. They have been much used by scholars, and they represent Copland\\'s not always systematic use of music-paper. Some sets of sketches have been numbered by stamp at their top left- or right-hand corner; this numeration was done by the Library of Congress when the sketches were filmed in the mid-1970s and do not represent Copland\\'s numbering. When two separate sets of sketches exist for a single work, they are presented here as two separate items. (Note: The page numbers of some of these sketches may not appear in numerical order online. However, they are presented here in exactly the order that Copland produced them.)</p> <p>The sketches reveal to scholars the history of Copland\\'s work on the compositions, but they can also mean something to the general reader. The sketches for the <a href=\"/resource/copland.sket0011?sp=1\"><em>Piano Variations</em></a>, the\\xa0<a href=\"/resource/copland.sket0010?sp=1\"><em>Short Symphony</em></a>, and the\\xa0<a href=\"/resource/copland.sket0022?sp=1\"><em>Fanfare for the Common Man</em></a>\\xa0show Copland searching for titles to do justice to three of his most characteristic works; the sketches for\\xa0<a href=\"/resource/copland.sket0032?sp=1\"><em>Twelve Poems of Emily Dickinson</em></a>\\xa0show him deciding what poems to include in the cycle; the sketches for\\xa0<a href=\"/resource/copland.sket0015?sp=1\"><em>Billy the Kid</em></a> show that the opening music was first intended to be the start of\\xa0<a href=\"/resource/copland.sket0014?sp=1\"><em>Music for Radio</em></a>— which now begins with much more complex music.</p>  <h2>The Copland Photographs</h2>  <p>The photographic materials in the Library of Congress\\'s\\xa0<em>Aaron Copland Collection</em>number more than twelve thousand items spanning the years 1889 to 1985 and include both black and white and color prints, contact sheets, 35-mm negatives, color slides, and photograph albums. A substantial number of photographs were taken by Copland\\'s lifelong friend, the professional photographer Victor Kraft. Widely known photographers whose work can be found in the collection include Carl Van Vechten, Irving Penn, Gordon Parks, and Margaret Bourke-White. The subject material comprises an inclusive chronology of Copland\\'s life and includes Copland\\'s family; Copland himself throughout his life; friends; acquaintances; fellow composers and other people with whom he worked; places where he studied, composed, or visited; and special events.</p> <p>From this vast collection, 111 photographs have been initially selected for the online collection. The digitized images fall into five broad categories: Family ; Copland Alone; Copland\\'s Music; Copland with Other Composers and People; and Places and Events. Photographs that cannot be dated precisely or approximately have been given the designation of \"middle\" or \"late.\"</p> <h2>Family</h2> <p>Of the seven family photographs, one is a formal sitting of Copland\\'s paternal grandparents and three of their children, while another shows Copland\\'s parents, Sarah and Harris Copland, in front of their department store in Brooklyn, New York, in 1922. The other five capture Copland with other family members.</p> <h2>Aaron Copland Alone</h2> <p>The twenty-four photographs of Copland alone show him both formally and informally and at a range of ages from six to his seventies. Several feature Copland at his home, Rock Hill, in Courtlandt near Peekskill, New York.</p>  <h2>Copland\\'s Music</h2> <p>Twenty-one photographs capture performances or rehearsals of thirteen musical works. The orchestral works represented are the\\xa0<em>Piano Concerto</em>, in a photograph showing Copland at the piano and André Previn conducting; the\\xa0<em>Clarinet Concerto</em>with Benny Goodman as the soloist and Copland conducting the Los Angeles Philharmonic; and the\\xa0<em>Lincoln Portrait</em>\\xa0in two rehearsal photographs, one in color with Marian Anderson as the speaker and the other with Adlai Stevenson, both with Copland conducting. The two ballets represented are scenes from the premiere performance of\\xa0<em>Appalachian Spring</em>\\xa0at the Library of Congress and\\xa0<em>Billy the Kid</em>, which was premiered by Lincoln Kirstein and the Ballet Caravan.</p> <p>Three of the eight films for which Copland wrote music scores are illustrated in this online collection. Production stills represent\\xa0<em>The North Star</em>\\xa0and\\xa0<em>The Red Pony</em>. There are also two informal photographs of the making of\\xa0<em>The Red Pon</em>y depicting Copland with the pony and the young boy and one studio-recording shot of Copland conducting the music for\\xa0<em>Something Wild</em>\\xa0that shows the star, Carroll Baker, in a television monitor.</p> <p>One chamber work is represented in a rehearsal of the\\xa0<em>Nonet</em>\\xa0at the Library of Congress with Copland conducting. Two photographs depict William Warfield with Copland during rehearsals of\\xa0<em>Old American Songs</em>. There is also a stage shot of the opera\\xa0<em>The Tender Land</em>.</p>  <h2>Copland with Other Composers and People</h2> <p>Numerous photographs capture Copland with fellow composers, including Leonard Bernstein, Carlos Chávez, Norman Dello Joio, Samuel Barber, Gian Carlo Menotti, Irving Fine, Arthur Berger, Douglas Moore, Benjamin Britten, Darius Milhaud, Philip Ramey, Walter Piston, Domingo Santa Cruz, Virgil Thomson, Roger Sessions, and Igor Stravinsky. He is also shown with such notable cultural figures and musicians as Artur Rubinstein, Claire Booth Luce, Clarence Adler, Nadia Boulanger, Victor Kraft, Vivian Perlis, Claire Reis, Jack Garfein, Thorton Wilder, Serge Koussevitzky, Agnes de Mille, and Oliver Smith.</p> <h2>Places and Events</h2> <p>The group of photographs entitled Places and Events shows Coplan Fontainebleau and Aldeburgh; in Paris, Germany, England, Peru, Israel, and Mexico; at Nadia Boulanger\\'s studio with other students; at the MacDowell Colony, Yaddo, and Tanglewood; and at the University of Kansas, Brown University and Columbia University.</p> <h2>The Copland Writings</h2>  <p>Aaron Copland was best known first as a composer and later, in the 1960s and \\'70s, as a conductor. His name is less frequently associated with literary endeavors. The\\xa0Writings\\xa0portion of the\\xa0Aaron Copland Collection\\xa0suggests that in this respect his reputation should perhaps be revised: it includes a vast array of articles, lectures, speeches, book drafts, and radio and television commentaries that span the years 1925 to 1988. The long stream of Copland\\'s literary efforts began with an article written for publication in 1925, shortly after his return to the United States from three years in Paris, and continued into the late 1970s and early 1980s. He displayed the same technique in his writings that he did in his music: that is, a frequent self-borrowing in which he used the same material in different media.</p> <p>The writings selected for this online collection comprise eighty-six items. The selections represent unpublished drafts of material for articles, lectures, and speeches. Some selections display Copland\\'s literary processes in thoughtful revisions, word changes, rearranging, and other editorial techniques. He usually began with handwritten notes or drafts and proceeded through several typewritten drafts before creating a final unmarked typewritten version. (Example: \"A Visit to Snape,\"\\xa0<a href=\"/resource/copland.writ0026?sp=1\">Version 2</a>\\xa0and\\xa0<a href=\"/resource/copland.writ0027?sp=1\">Version 3</a>\\xa0) Not every literary work in the Aaron Copland Collection illustrates this transformation, however. The lectures and speeches display another aspect of Copland\\'s literary endeavors: the fact that he underscored almost every word in red or blue pencil. Because he probably made these markings to help him deliver his speeches, they recapture something of the sound as well as the thought of his vocal presentations. They also add a colorful element to the handwritten and typed drafts.</p> <p>Like many conductors, Copland used a similar device in his conducting scores, where red and blue pencil markings draw the eye to changes in time signature, dynamics, and the entrances of instruments. [Example:\\xa0<a href=\"/resource/copland.writ0092?sp=1\">\"Talk on Leonard Bernstein\"</a>]</p> <p>Whatever their intended uses, the online examples of Copland\\'s unpublished writings can be grouped into four categories: autobiographical, about Copland\\'s music, about other composers, and about other people.</p> <p>The two autobiographical titles contrast the esoteric concerns of\\xa0<a href=\"/resource/copland.writ0005?sp=1\">\"Music and the Human Spirit\"</a>, in which Copland addresses \"the creation of an art music\" as one of \"humanity\\'s truly unique achievements,\" with the practicality of\\xa0<a href=\"/resource/copland.writ0003?sp=1\">\"The Composer as Conductor\"</a>\\xa0in which he recalls that \"Some twenty years ago, during the course of a memorable evening at the Stravinskys\\' home in Los Angeles, the venerable maestro turned to me and said in no uncertain terms: \\'My dear, you should conduct your own music. All composers should conduct their own music!\\'\"</p> <p>The writings about Copland\\'s music highlight eleven of Copland\\'s compositions in five different media. Writings on two ballets describe his collaboration with Martha Graham (<a href=\"/resource/copland.writ0007?sp=1\"><em>Appalachian Spring</em></a>) and his work with Lincoln Kirstein on the story for<em>Billy the Kid</em>, (<a href=\"/resource/copland.writ0008?sp=1\">\"About\\xa0<em>Billy the Kid</em></a>\" and\\xa0<a href=\"/resource/copland.writ0018?sp=1\">\"Notes on a Cowboy Ballet\"</a>). Copland discusses the creation of his three major solo piano works,\\xa0<em>Piano Fantasy</em>\", \"<em>Piano Sonata</em>,\" and \"<em>Piano Variations</em>,\" in two different lectures under the title <a href=\"/resource/copland.writ0011?sp=1\">Compositional Phases [on My Three Piano Works]</a>.\" An article about the 1925 orchestral work\\xa0<a href=\"/resource/copland.writ0017?sp=1\"><em>Music for the Theatre</em></a>\\xa0summarizes the reaction of audiences, musicians, and reviewers in the United States and Europe, including the performance by the New York Symphony Orchestra in which its conductor, Dr. Walter Damrosch, had \"revenge in the end.\" Copland wrote\\xa0<a href=\"/resource/copland.writ0028?sp=1\">A Visit to Snape</a>\\xa0for a tribute to Benjamin Britten on his fiftieth birthday; in it, he extols the \"kind of composer rapport\" between them and the \"exchange of musical impressions\" between his own \"The Second Hurricane\" and Britten\\'s Piano Concerto No. 1.</p> <p>As the composer of several film scores, Copland was frequently asked to lecture or write about composing for the movies. In his discussions on the subject, Copland speaks not only about his experiences and the scores he wrote, but about other film composers and working in Hollywood. In\\xa0<a href=\"/resource/copland.writ0012?sp=1\">\"Film Music\"</a>, a lecture given at the Museum of Modern Art Film Library in 1940, Copland briefly describes Hollywood and the mysterious nature of film music. He talks about the music he wrote for the film\\xa0<a href=\"/collections/aaron-copland/articles-and-essays/works-listing-by-title/o/#work0049\"><em>Of Mice and Men</em></a>; four film composers, Eric Korngold, Max Steiner, Alfred Newman, and Herbert Stoddard; and some of their film scores. By the time he gave the lecture\\xa0<a href=\"/resource/copland.writ0015?sp=1\">\"Film Talk\"</a>\\xa0at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in 1971, Copland\\'s credentials as a film composer included six feature films and two documentaries. On that occasion, excerpts from three features (<em>Something Wild</em>,\\xa0<em>The Red Pony</em>, and\\xa0<em>The Heiress</em>) and one documentary (<em>The City</em>) were screened as he commented on how music may help a film and how one sets music to a film.</p> <p>The largest category of writings in this online collection centers on Copland\\'s views about other composers. In these works, Copland speaks not only about his American contemporaries but about Mozart\\xa0<a href=\"/resource/copland.writ0037?sp=1\">(\"At the Thought of Mozart\")</a>, Berlioz\\xa0<a href=\"/resource/copland.writ0039?sp=1\">(\"Berlioz - from the Composer\\'s Standpoint\")</a>, and\\xa0<a href=\"/resource/copland.writ0040?sp=1\">Pierre Boulez</a>;<a href=\"/resource/copland.writ0049?sp=1\">Composers in Russia</a>\\xa0and the\\xa0<a href=\"/resource/copland.writ0051?sp=1\">Composers of South America</a>; Michael Tippett (<a href=\"/resource/copland.writ0055?sp=1\">\"Cousin Michael\"</a>),\\xa0<a href=\"/resource/copland.writ0057?sp=1\">Darius Milhaud</a>, Dmitri Shostakovitch (<a href=\"/resource/copland.writ0059?sp=1\">\"Dmitri Shostakovitch and the New Simplicity\"</a>),\\xa0<a href=\"/resource/copland.writ0060?sp=1\">Gabriel Fauré</a>,\\xa0<a href=\"/resource/copland.writ0062?sp=1\">Franz Liszt</a>, Gustav Mahler\\xa0<a href=\"/resource/copland.writ0077?sp=1\">(\"Mahler (XX Cent[ury]\")</a>,\\xa0<a href=\"/resource/copland.writ0091?sp=1\">Igor Stravinsky</a>, Serge Prokofieff [Sergey Prokofiev]\\xa0<a href=\"/resource/copland.writ0087?sp=1\">(\"On the Occasion of the 70th Birthday of Serge Prokofieff\")\\xa0</a>, Benjamin Britten\\xa0<a href=\"/resource/copland.writ0090?sp=1\">(\"Special Fondness for B.B. [Benjamin Britten]\")\\xa0</a>, and\\xa0<a href=\"/resource/copland.writ0097?sp=1\">Zoltán Kodály</a>. Copland was concerned above all with educating others about composers and their music, and in these writings he sometimes presents his personal viewpoints and reflections. At the National Arts Club in 1968, for example, he spoke about Leonard Bernstein\\'s gifts and how it was \"impossible to imagine the American musical scene in the last quarter century without him.\" [Example:\\xa0<a href=\"/resource/copland.writ0075?sp=1\">\"LB\"</a>]</p> <p>As Copland lived on through the century, he was asked to write celebratory epistles or obituaries about many of his contemporaries, whether they were composers or others who had influenced his life. These writings about other people offer Copland\\'s portraits of his Parisian teacher, Nadia Boulanger\\xa0<a href=\"/resource/copland.writ0099?sp=1\">(\"Intro[duction] of N[adia] Boulanger as Teacher\")</a>; his early theory teacher, Rubin Goldmark<a href=\"/resource/copland.writ0112?sp=1\">(\"Rubin Goldmark: A Tribute\")</a>; his publisher, Ralph Hawkes\\xa0<a href=\"/resource/copland.writ0111?sp=1\">(\"Ralph Hawkes: In Memoriam\")\\xa0</a>; his friend and colleague at the League of Composers,<a href=\"/resource/copland.writ0109?sp=1\">Claire Reis</a>; and his long-time supporter, the conductor of the Boston Symphony Orchestra, Serge Koussevitzky\\xa0<a href=\"/resource/copland.writ0114?sp=1\">(\"Serge Koussevitzky - The 100th Anniversary [unpublished writings]\")</a>. \"It is almost forty years since first I rang the bell at Nadia Boulanger\\'s Paris apartment . . . \" begins the 1960 tribute to his teacher,\\xa0<a href=\"/resource/copland.writ0102?sp=1\">(\"The Teacher: Nadia Boulanger\")</a>, the person who was most influential in molding and forming the composer Aaron Copland.</p>'], 'timestamp': '2019-11-22T09:43:42.035Z', 'campaigns': [], 'extract_timestamp': '2019-11-22T09:26:57.751Z', 'date': '1841', 'shelf_id': '~/collections/aaron-copland/about-this-collection/', 'other_title': ['Copland collection,'], 'count': 982, 'dates': ['1841-01-01T00:00:00Z'], 'number_lccn': ['2003561015'], 'language': ['english'], 'url': 'https://www.loc.gov/collections/aaron-copland/about-this-collection/', 'items': 'https://www.loc.gov/collections/aaron-copland/', 'hassegments': False, 'image_url': ['https://www.loc.gov/static/collections/aaron-copland/155_155.jpg#h=155&w=155', 'https://www.loc.gov/static/collections/aaron-copland/500_500.jpg#h=500&w=500'], 'aka': ['http://www.loc.gov/collections/aaron-copland/about-this-collection/', 'http://www.loc.gov/collections/copland/', 'http://lccn.loc.gov/2003561015', 'http://www.loc.gov/item/2003561015/', 'http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.music/eadmus.mu002006', 'http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.music/collmus.mu000006', 'http://www.loc.gov/resource/eadmus.mu002006.3/', 'http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.music/eadmus.mu002006.3', 'http://www.loc.gov/resource/collmus.mu000006/', 'http://www.loc.gov/resource/eadmus.mu002006/']}, {'access_restricted': False, 'original_format': ['collection', 'book'], 'id': 'http://www.loc.gov/collections/abdul-hamid-ii-books/about-this-collection/', 'partof': ['african and middle eastern division', 'digital collections', 'abdul-hamid ii collection of books and serials gifted to the library of congress'], 'subject': ['world cultures & history'], 'index': 12, 'group': ['collections-portal'], 'title': 'Abdul-Hamid II Collection of Books and Serials Gifted to the Library of Congress', 'digitized': True, 'description': ['<p>In 1884 Sultan Abdul-Hamid II gifted the Library of Congress with a collection of Ottoman Turkish, Persian, Arabic works that he had richly embossed with this inscription in English, French and Ottoman: \"Gift made by H.I. M. the Sultan Abdul-Hamid II to the national library of the United States of America through the Honorable A.S. Hewitt Member of the House of Representatives A.H. 1302-1884 A.D.\" </p>  <p>The Sultan\\'s gift arrived in the U.S. Capitol, where the Library of Congress was housed, until the Jefferson Building was completed and they could be unpacked and shelved.</p>  <p>In the 1907 Annual Report of the Librarian of Congress, Herbert Putnam stated: \"About 400 volumes, bound in red Morocco with gilt edges, have been given by the present Sultan, Ghasee Abdul-Hamid II. They comprise works of native authorship, also translations from European languages of works on Medicine, History, Law, Mathematics, Arts, Drama, Fiction, etc.\"</p>  <p>The remarkable story of how the Sultan met and befriended Abram Stevens Hewitt (1822-1903), Member from New York\\'s 10th district, reported in the <em>New York Tribune </em>(July 13, 1884), began while Hewitt and his young son were touring around St. Sophia and palace grounds in Constantinople during a very hot day. When the young boy fainted, he was taken to the guard house where two other boys his age observed all the excitement and reported back to their father, the Sultan, what they had seen.\\xa0Their father dispatched his emissaries to Hewitt\\'s hotel to inquire about his son\\'s well-being and to request that he and his son visit the palace the next day.</p>  <p>During the visit, the Sultan noticed Hewitt\\'s indelible pencil and special cigarettes which resulted in a gift shipment to Abdul-Hamid II when Hewitt returned home. Shortly thereafter, Hewitt received a notice that he owed $1,480 in customs duties on a shipment of Ottoman books. He wrote back to the Sultan that he didn\\'t deserve such an honor and that the Sultan should give the books to the Library of Congress. The Sultan agreed and had the special collection prepared for the Library and invited Hewitt to keep the first set for himself. Hewitt paid the duty and this set is now in the New York University Elmer Holmes Bobst Library.</p>  <p>By 1984, it was determined that the Abdul-Hamid II gift books had become very brittle with paper that was too fragile to serve to researchers and a decision was made to microfilm the collection. 309 books and serials have been scanned from this microfilm for this digital collection. There are 26 existent Abdul-Hamid II books which also have been digitized.</p>'], 'timestamp': '2019-11-22T09:43:42.035Z', 'campaigns': [], 'extract_timestamp': '2019-11-22T09:26:29.783Z', 'shelf_id': '~/collections/abdul-hamid-ii-books/about-this-collection/', 'other_title': [], 'count': 323, 'url': 'https://www.loc.gov/collections/abdul-hamid-ii-books/about-this-collection/', 'items': 'https://www.loc.gov/collections/abdul-hamid-ii-books/', 'hassegments': False, 'image_url': ['https://www.loc.gov/static/collections/abdul-hamid-ii-books/155_155.jpg#h=155&w=155', 'https://www.loc.gov/static/collections/abdul-hamid-ii-books/500_500.jpg#h=500&w=500'], 'aka': ['http://www.loc.gov/collections/abdul-hamid-ii-books/about-this-collection/', 'http://www.loc.gov/collections/hamidbooks/']}, {'item': {'digital_id': ['http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/pp.ahii'], 'call_number': ['Guide Record'], 'contributors': ['Abdülhamid II, Sultan of the Turks, 1842-1918 donor.', 'Abdullah frères, photographer.', 'Sebah & Joaillier, photographer.'], 'language': ['ota'], 'title': 'Abdul-Hamid II collection of photographs of the Ottoman Empire', 'notes': ['Albums generally arranged by subject. Each album assigned a LOT number and photographs numbered within each LOT.', 'Well-known Ottoman commercial photographers such as Abdullah Frères, Sebah & Joaillier, and Phèbus took the bulk of the photographs. Turkish military photographer Ali Rıza Pasa and the Photographic Unit of the Imperial School of Engineering also contributed numerous images.', 'Collection title devised by Library staff.', 'Albums include four major subject categories: Category I: views, buildings, monuments and antiquities (LOTS 9515, 9516, 9517, 9518, 9523, 9524, 9528, 9529, 9532, 9533, 9534, 9535, 9541, 11907, 11910, 11912, 11913); Category II: military, naval, rescue services and military and industrial facilities (LOTS 9521, 9522, 9536, 9537, 9539, 9540, 9543, 9545, 11905, 11906, 11909, 11911, 11914, 11915, 11917, 11918, 11919); Category III: educational facilities (LOTS 9511, 9512, 9513, 9514, 9519, 9520, 9525, 9526, 9527, 9530, 9531, 9538, 9542, 9544, 11908); and Category IV: horses and imperial stables (LOTS 9546, 11916)', 'Photographs are chiefly albumen, some gelatin silver.', 'Black-and-white copy photographs are also available for reference purposes under LOT call numbers.', 'Digitized images of all items in the collection display with their associated catalog records in the Prints & Photographs Division Online Catalog, hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/pp.ahii', 'Guide to the Special Collections of Prints & Photographs in the Library of Congress / compiled by Paul Vanderbilt. Washington, D.C. : 1955, no. 2', 'Special Collections in the Library of Congress / compiled by Annette Melville. Washington, D.C. : Library of Congress, 1980, no. 1', 'Gift; Abdülhamid II; 1893-1894.', 'Collection profile available online hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/pp.ahii', 'A set of catalog records describing each item is available through the Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting. See http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.gdc/lcoa1.about', 'Abdul-Hamid II (1842-1918), an avid collector and promoter of photography, appears to have conceived this collection as a portrait of his empire for a western audience. He presented a copy of the survey to the Library of Congress in 1893 or 1894. He also gave another almost identical collection to the British Museum (now in the British Library).', \"The Abdul Hamid II (1842-1918) Collection of 402 volumes in Turkish and Arabic on a variety of topics was presented to the Library of Congress by the Ottoman monarch.  Many of the books are available on microfilm in the African & Middle Eastern Division. Some of the fragile volumes are preserved in the Near East Section's rare materials collection.\", 'Abdulhamid II gave over 400 books printed in the Ottoman Empire to U.S. Representative and New York City Mayor Abram S. Hewitt. Hewitt later donated this collection to New York University where they are located in the Elmer Holmes Bobst Library.', \"Imperial self-portrait: The Ottoman Empire as revealed in the Sultan Abdul Hamid II's Photographic Albums. Edited by Carney E.S. Gavin and the Harvard Semitic Museum. Journal of Turkish Studies, v. 12, 1988. [Cambridge, Mass] : Harvard University, 1988.\"], 'format': ['still image', 'collection'], 'rights_advisory': ['No known restrictions on publication.'], 'summary': [\"These photographic albums portray the Ottoman Empire during the reign of one of its last sultans, Abdul-Hamid  II. They highlight the modernization of numerous aspects of the Ottoman Empire. Most of the places depicted are within the boundaries of modern-day Turkey, but buildings and sites in Iraq, Lebanon, Greece and other countries are also included. The images show students and educational facilities, including law, medical and military schools; well-equipped army and navy personnel and facilities; technologically advanced lifesaving and fire fighting brigades; factories; mines; harbors; hospitals; and government buildings. The     collection also documents historic Byzantine and Ottoman monuments, mosques, mosaics, fountains, palaces, and mausoleums, and includes panoramic landscapes and urban scenes. Other photographs depict Abdul Hamid's Yildiz Palace, yacht, and horses.\"], 'repository': ['Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA dcu'], 'date': '1880', 'subjects': ['Abdülhamid--II,--Sultan of the Turks,--1842-1918--Associated objects', 'Government facilities--Turkey--1880-1900', 'Educational facilities--Turkey--1880-1900', 'Military facilities--Turkey--1880-1900', 'Lifesaving--Turkey--1880-1900', 'Students--Turkey--1880-1900', 'Mosaics--Turkey--1880-1900', 'Fountains--Turkey--1880-1900', 'Tombs & sepulchral monuments--Turkey--1880-1900', 'Horses--Turkey--1880-1900', 'Mosques--Turkey--1880-1900', 'Castles & palaces--Turkey--1880-1900', 'Hospitals--Turkey--1880-1900', 'Ships--Turkey--1880-1900', 'Fire fighting--Turkey--1880-1900', 'Forts & fortifications--Turkey--1880-1900', 'City walls--Turkey--1880-1900', 'Yachts--Turkey--1880-1900', 'Factories--Turkey--1880-1900', 'Navies--Turkey--1880-1900', 'Military personnel--Turkey--1880-1900', 'Military life--Turkey--1880-1900', 'Greece--1880-1900', 'Middle East--1880-1900', 'Turkey--History--Ottoman Empire, 1288-1918', 'Turkey--History--1878-1909', 'Bosporus (Turkey)--1880-1900', 'Istanbul (Turkey)--1880-1900', 'Bursa (Turkey)--1880-1900'], 'location': ['Turkey', 'Greece', 'Middle East', 'Bosporus (Turkey)', 'Istanbul (Turkey)', 'Bursa (Turkey)'], 'genre': ['Cityscapes--1880-1900', 'Photograph albums--1880-1900', 'Portrait photographs--1880-1900', 'Group portraits--1880-1900', 'Albumen prints--1880-1900'], 'created_published': ['1880-1893.'], 'medium': ['51 albums ; 19 x 32 in. or smaller.'], 'access_advisory': ['Please use digital and print surrogates instead originals, following preservation policy.', 'Original albums; Restricted access: Materials extremely fragile; Served by appointment only.']}, 'access_restricted': False, 'number': ['2016-04-15t16:13:07', '2003652945'], 'original_format': ['collection', 'photo, print, drawing'], 'contributor': ['sebah & joaillier', 'abdullah frères', 'abdülhamid ii'], 'id': 'http://www.loc.gov/collections/abdul-hamid-ii/about-this-collection/', 'partof': ['digital collections', 'prints and photographs division', 'abdul hamid ii collection'], 'subject': ['portrait photographs', 'photograph albums', 'cityscapes', 'world cultures & history', 'group portraits', 'albumen prints'], 'index': 13, 'group': ['collections-portal'], 'title': 'Abdul Hamid II Collection', 'number_source_modified': ['2016-04-15t16:13:07'], 'location': ['turkey', 'istanbul', 'bosporus', 'ottoman empire', 'bursa', 'middle east', 'greece'], 'resources': [], 'digitized': True, 'description': [\"<p>This collection contains 1,819  photographs in 51 large-format albums date from about 1880 to 1893. They portray the Ottoman  Empire during the  reign of one of its last sultans,  Abdul-Hamid II and highlight the  modernization of numerous aspects  of the Ottoman  Empire.   Most of the places depicted are within the boundaries of  modern-day Turkey, but buildings and sites in Iraq, Lebanon, Greece and  other countries are also included.</p>  <p>Abdul-Hamid (1842-1918),  an avid collector and promoter of  photography, appears to have conceived the work as a portrait of his  empire for a western audience.  He presented a copy of the survey to the  Library of Congress in 1893 or 1894.  He also gave another almost  identical collection to the British Museum (now in the British Library). </p>  <p>Well-known Ottoman commercial photographers such as Abdullah Frères,  Sébah &amp; Joaillier, and Phébus took the bulk of the photographs.  Turkish military photographer Ali Riza Pasa and the Photographic Unit of  the Imperial School of Engineering also contributed numerous images. </p>  <p>The images show students and educational facilities, including law,  medical and military schools; well-equipped army and navy personnel and  facilities; technologically advanced lifesaving and fire fighting  brigades; factories; mines; harbors; hospitals; and government  buildings. The collection also documents historic Byzantine and Ottoman  monuments, mosques, mosaics, fountains, palaces, and mausoleums, and  includes panoramic landscapes and urban scenes. Other photographs depict  Abdul Hamid's Yildiz Palace, yacht, and horses.</p>\"], 'timestamp': '2019-11-22T09:43:42.035Z', 'campaigns': [], 'extract_timestamp': '2019-11-22T09:26:29.783Z', 'date': '1880', 'shelf_id': '~/collections/abdul-hamid-ii/about-this-collection/', 'other_title': [], 'count': 1819, 'dates': ['1880-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1881-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1882-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1883-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1884-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1885-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1886-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1887-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1888-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1889-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1890-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1891-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1892-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1893-01-01T00:00:00Z'], 'number_lccn': ['2003652945'], 'language': ['turkish, ottoman (1500-1928)'], 'url': 'https://www.loc.gov/collections/abdul-hamid-ii/about-this-collection/', 'items': 'https://www.loc.gov/collections/abdul-hamid-ii/', 'hassegments': False, 'image_url': ['https://www.loc.gov/static/collections/abdul-hamid-ii/155_155.jpg#h=155&w=155', 'https://www.loc.gov/static/collections/abdul-hamid-ii/500_500.jpg#h=500&w=500'], 'aka': ['http://www.loc.gov/collections/abdul-hamid-ii/about-this-collection/', 'http://www.loc.gov/collections/ahii/', 'http://lccn.loc.gov/2003652945', 'http://www.loc.gov/item/2003652945/', 'http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/pp.ahii', 'http://www.loc.gov/resource/pp.ahii/']}, {'item': {'digital_id': ['http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/collmss.ms000005', 'http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/eadmss.ms009304', 'http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/eadmss.ms009304.3', 'http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.gdc/scd0001.20101124004al.1', 'http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.gdc/scd0001.20101124004al.2'], 'medium': ['40,550 items.', '221 containers plus 11 oversize.', '98 microfilm reels.', '48 linear feet.'], 'repository': ['Library of Congress Manuscript Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA dcu http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/mss.home'], 'contributors': ['Lincoln, Abraham, 1809-1865.'], 'title': 'Abraham Lincoln papers,', 'notes': ['Arranged in five series.  Series 1: General Correspondence and Related Documents, 1833-1916; Series 2: Additional Correspondence, 1858-1865; Series 3: Miscellaneous, 1837-1897; Series 4: Addenda, 1774-1948; and Series 5: Oversize, 1776-1865.', 'Abraham Lincoln Papers at the Library of Congress : Series 1-3 available through the Library of Congress Web site at http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/collmss.ms000005', 'Microfilm edition (J.F. Alexander) available, no. 5,075 (1N).', 'Microfilm edition of Series 1-3 available, no. 12,005-97N (no. 12,088-97P; 2nd copy: no. 12,088.1-97P).', 'Microfilm produced from originals in the Manuscript Division. Washington, D.C. : Library of Congress Photoduplication Service, 1960.', 'Gift, Robert Todd Lincoln, 1923.', 'Gift, Helen Nicolay, 1947.', 'Other gifts, transfers, deposits, purchases, and reproductions, 1901-2013.', 'Selected materials transferred to appropriate custodial divisions of the Library of Congress.', 'U.S. president and representative and lawyer from Illinois.', 'Collection material in English.', 'Finding aid available in the Library of Congress Manuscript Reading Room and at http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/eadmss.ms009304', 'Index published by the Library of Congress in 1960 available in the Library of Congress Manuscript Reading Room and at http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.gdc/scd0001.20101124004al.2'], 'format': ['manuscript', 'collection'], 'summary': [\"Correspondence and other papers relating primarily to Abraham Lincoln's presidency and the Civil War.  Includes two drafts of the Gettysburg address, material preserved by John G. Nicolay in his capacities as Lincoln's secretary and editor of the Complete Works of Abraham Lincoln (1905), a letter of condolence from Queen Victoria to Mary Todd Lincoln, and a small amount of material about Lincoln dated after 1865.\", 'Correspondents include Nathaniel Prentiss Banks, Edward Bates, Montgomery Blair, Benjamin Harris Brewster, Salmon P. Chase, Schuyler Colfax, David Davis, Ulysses S. Grant, John Hay, Andrew Johnson, Reverdy Johnson, George Brinton McClellan, George Gordon Meade, Edwin D. Morgan, John G. Nicolay, William S. Rosecrans, William Henry Seward, Horatio Seymour, Caleb B. Smith, James Speed, Edwin McMasters Stanton, Charles Sumner, Lyman Trumbull, Lew Wallace, E.B. Washburne, and Gideon Welles.'], 'language': ['eng'], 'subjects': ['Banks, Nathaniel Prentiss,--1816-1894--Correspondence', 'Bates, Edward,--1793-1869--Correspondence', 'Blair, Montgomery,--1813-1883--Correspondence', 'Brewster, Benjamin Harris,--1816-1888--Correspondence', 'Chase, Salmon P.--(Salmon Portland),--1808-1873--Correspondence', 'Colfax, Schuyler,--1823-1885--Correspondence', 'Davis, David,--1815-1886--Correspondence', 'Grant, Ulysses S.--(Ulysses Simpson),--1822-1885--Correspondence', 'Hay, John,--1838-1905--Correspondence', 'Johnson, Andrew,--1808-1875--Correspondence', 'Johnson, Reverdy,--1796-1876--Correspondence', 'Lincoln, Mary Todd,--1818-1882--Correspondence', 'McClellan, George B.--(George Brinton),--1826-1885--Correspondence', 'Meade, George Gordon,--1815-1872--Correspondence', 'Morgan, Edwin D.--(Edwin Denison),--1811-1883--Correspondence', 'Nicolay, John G.--(John George),--1832-1901', 'Nicolay, John G.--(John George),--1832-1901--Correspondence', 'Rosecrans, William S.--(William Starke),--1819-1898--Correspondence', 'Seward, William H.--(William Henry),--1801-1872--Correspondence', 'Seymour, Horatio,--1810-1886--Correspondence', 'Smith, Caleb B.--(Caleb Blood),--1808-1864--Correspondence', 'Speed, James,--1812-1887--Correspondence', 'Stanton, Edwin M.--(Edwin McMasters),--1814-1869--Correspondence', 'Sumner, Charles,--1811-1874--Correspondence', 'Trumbull, Lyman,--1813-1896--Correspondence', 'Victoria,--Queen of Great Britain,--1819-1901--Correspondence', 'Wallace, Lew,--1827-1905--Correspondence', 'Washburne, E. B.--(Elihu Benjamin),--1816-1887--Correspondence', 'Welles, Gideon,--1802-1878--Correspondence', 'United States--History--Civil War, 1861-1865', 'United States--Politics and government--1861-1865'], 'location': ['United States', 'Illinois'], 'date': '||||', 'access_advisory': ['Open to research.']}, 'access_restricted': False, 'number': ['mm78030189', '2016-10-07t07:52:38'], 'original_format': ['collection', 'manuscript/mixed material'], 'contributor': ['lincoln, abraham'], 'id': 'http://www.loc.gov/collections/abraham-lincoln-papers/about-this-collection/', 'partof': ['abraham lincoln papers at the library of congress', 'digital collections', 'manuscript division'], 'subject': ['government, law & politics', 'american history', 'war & military'], 'index': 14, 'group': ['collections-portal'], 'title': 'Abraham Lincoln Papers at the Library of Congress', 'number_source_modified': ['2016-10-07t07:52:38'], 'location': ['united states', 'illinois'], 'resources': [], 'digitized': True, 'description': ['<p>The papers of  Abraham Lincoln (1809-1865), lawyer, representative from Illinois, and  sixteenth president of the United States, contain approximately 40,550  documents dating from 1774 to 1948, although most of the collection spans from the 1850s through Lincoln&rsquo;s presidency  (1861-1865). \\xa0Roughly half of the  collection, more than 20,000 documents, comprising 62,000 images, as well as  transcriptions of approximately 10,000 documents, is online. Included on this  website in their entirety are Series 1-3 of the Lincoln Papers and the original  materials in Series 4. Excluded from this online presentation is a sizeable  portion of Series 4, which consists of printed material and reproductions of government  and military documents made from originals in the holdings of the National  Archives and Records Administration.</p>  <p>Treasures in the  collection include Lincoln&rsquo;s first and second inaugural addresses, his  preliminary draft of the Emancipation Proclamation, the two earliest known  copies of the Gettysburg Address (the Nicolay and Hay copies), his August 23,  1864, memorandum expressing his expectation of being defeated for re-election  in the upcoming presidential contest, and a condolence letter written to Mary  Todd Lincoln by Queen Victoria following the assassination of Abraham Lincoln  in 1865. The Lincoln Papers are characterized by a large number of  correspondents, including friends and associates from Lincoln&rsquo;s Springfield  days, well-known political figures and reformers, and local people and  organizations writing to their president.</p>  <p>Notable  correspondents include Nathaniel Prentiss Banks, Edward Bates, Montgomery  Blair, Salmon P. Chase, Schuyler Colfax, David Davis, Ulysses S. Grant, John  Hay, Andrew Johnson, Reverdy Johnson, Mary Todd Lincoln, George Brinton  McClellan, George Gordon Meade, Edwin D. Morgan, John G. Nicolay, William S.  Rosecrans, William Henry Seward, Horatio Seymour, Caleb B. Smith, Edwin  McMasters Stanton, Charles Sumner, Lyman Trumbull, E. B. Washburne, and Gideon  Welles.</p>  <p>The <em>Index to the  Abraham Lincoln Papers</em> (<a href=\"http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.gdc/scd0001.20101124004al.1\">PDF</a> and <a href=\"http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.gdc/scd0001.20101124004al.2\">page view</a>) created by the Manuscript Division in 1960 after the bulk of the  collection was microfilmed, provides a full list of the correspondents and  notes the series number, dates, and mounting-sheet numbers for items in Series  1-3 of the Abraham Lincoln Papers. This information, in addition to the keyword  search capability in the online presentation, is helpful in finding individual  letters or documents in the online version. Additional letters received by the  Library after 1960 are not listed in this index.</p>  <p>A current finding aid  (<a href=\"http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/eadmss.ms009304.3\">PDF</a> and <a href=\"http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/eadmss.ms009304\">HTML</a>) to the Abraham Lincoln Papers is also available online.</p>  <h2>Brief History of the Lincoln Papers</h2>  <p>Abraham Lincoln&rsquo;s papers were acquired by gifts, transfers, deposits, purchases, and reproductions  during the years 1901-2013. The Lincoln Papers came to the Library of  Congress from Lincoln\\'s oldest son, Robert Todd Lincoln (1843-1926), who  arranged for their organization and care shortly after his father was  assassinated on April 14, 1865. At that time, Robert Todd Lincoln had the  Lincoln Papers removed to Illinois, where they were first organized under the  direction of Judge David Davis of Bloomington, Illinois, Abraham Lincoln\\'s  longtime associate. Later, Lincoln&rsquo;s presidential secretaries, John G. Nicolay  and John Hay, assisted in the project. In 1874, most of the Lincoln Papers  returned to Washington, D.C., and Nicolay and Hay used them in the research and  writing of their ten-volume biography, <em>Abraham Lincoln: A History</em> (New  York, 1890). Robert Todd Lincoln deposited the Lincoln Papers with the Library  of Congress in 1919, and deeded them to the Library on January 23, 1923. The  deed stipulated that the Lincoln Papers remain sealed until twenty-one years  after Robert Todd Lincoln&rsquo;s death. On July 26, 1947, the Lincoln Papers were  officially opened to the public. </p>  <p>The most complete account  of the early history of the Abraham Lincoln Papers appears in volume 1 of David  C. Mearns, <em>The Lincoln Papers</em> (Garden City, N.Y., 1948), 3-136. An  article by the same author which appeared in the December 1947 issue of the <a href=\"http://quod.lib.umich.edu/a/alajournals/\" target=\"_blank\"><em>Abraham Lincoln Quarterly</em> <i class=\"icon icon-external-link\"><span>External</span></i></a> contains the substance of the story. An additional  history of the provenance of the collection was prepared for the <em>Index to  the Abraham Lincoln Papers</em>, pp. v-vi (<a href=\"http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.gdc/scd0001.20101124004al.1\">PDF</a> and <a href=\"http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.gdc/scd0001.20101124004al.2\">page  view</a>) and  subsequently reproduced in the finding aid (<a href=\"http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/eadmss.ms009304.3\">PDF</a> and <a href=\"http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/eadmss.ms009304\">HTML</a>). A version appears on this website as the  essay <a href=\"/collections/abraham-lincoln-papers/articles-and-essays/provenance/\">Provenance  of the Abraham Lincoln Papers</a>.</p>  <p>Some Lincoln documents which had been retained  by Nicolay were restored to the Lincoln Papers and were arranged as Series 2 to  assure their identification. Other miscellaneous acquisitions are found in  Series 3 and 4. </p>  <p>Scanned images from the Abraham Lincoln Papers  first became available online in 2001 as the American Memory website <em>Abraham  Lincoln Papers at the Library of Congress</em>. Transcriptions prepared for roughly  half of the documents by the Lincoln Studies Center at Knox College were added  in 2002. The present iteration of the online Abraham Lincoln Papers is an  updated version of the American Memory site, with additional features, original  materials not included in the previous presentation, and the replacement of  images scanned from the microfilm edition with full-color images scanned from  the original documents.</p>  <h2>Description of Series</h2>  <p>The Abraham Lincoln Papers are arranged in five  series. All of the documents contained in Series 1-3 are reproduced online, as  are the original materials contained in Series 4. \\xa0Although collection items in the online presentation are described at the item  level, they may be accessed in groups at the Series level.\\xa0 Individual document headings and available  transcriptions can be searched by keyword.</p>  <p><a href=\"/collections/abraham-lincoln-papers/?fa=partof%3Aabraham+lincoln+papers+at+the+library+of+congress%3A+series+1.+general+correspondence.+1833-1916\">Series  1, General Correspondence and Related Documents, 1833-1916</a> <br>   Consists of manuscripts inherited by Robert  Todd Lincoln, which have been designated &ldquo;The Robert Todd Lincoln Collection of  the Papers of Abraham Lincoln.&rdquo; Series 1 includes the so-called &ldquo;Carpet Bag  Documents,&rdquo; which were stored in a carpet bag that suffered water damage. A <a href=\"/resource/mal.4167500/\">list of the &ldquo;Carpet Bag Documents&rdquo;</a> created  in 1874 by Lincoln&rsquo;s secretary John G. Nicolay is available in this series.</p>  <p><a href=\"/collections/abraham-lincoln-papers/?fa=partof%3Aabraham+lincoln+papers+at+the+library+of+congress%3A+series+2.+general+correspondence.+1858-1864\">Series  2, Additional Correspondence, 1858-1865</a> <br>   Comprised of correspondence retained by  Lincoln&rsquo;s secretary John G. Nicolay, which remained with the Nicolay Papers  (received by the Library in 1947) until August 1959, when the letters were  removed and reincorporated with the Lincoln Papers.</p>  <p><a href=\"/collections/abraham-lincoln-papers/?fa=partof%3Aabraham+lincoln+papers+at+the+library+of+congress%3A+series+3.+general+correspondence.+1837-1897\">Series  3, Miscellaneous, 1837-1897</a> <br>   Includes single or small numbers of manuscripts  which have been acquired by the Library of Congress from a variety of sources.</p>  <p><a href=\"/collections/abraham-lincoln-papers/?fa=partof%3Aabraham+lincoln+papers+at+the+library+of+congress%3A+series+4.+addenda%2C+1774-1948\">Series  4, Addenda, 1774-1948</a> <br>   The addenda to the Abraham Lincoln Papers  consists mostly of reproductions of government and military documents made from  originals in the holdings of the National Archives and Records Administration,  1774-1887. Reproductions of documents held by the National Archives are not  represented on this online collection, nor are published materials. Original  items contained in Series 4 are included in this online collection and include  letters written by Abraham Lincoln, an autobiographical sketch written in 1859  at the request of Jesse W. Fell, mourning cards, political ephemera, a pen  purportedly used by Abraham Lincoln, and papers omitted as not being integral  to the collection when it was microfilmed and indexed in 1960. Please consult  the collection finding aid (<a href=\"http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/eadmss.ms009304.3\">PDF</a> and <a href=\"http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/eadmss.ms009304\">HTML</a>) for more detailed information about the  contents of Series 4. </p>  <p>Oversize, 1776-1865<br>   Includes original correspondence and facsimile  reproductions, certificates, pardons, a petition, a poem, pen, and printed  matter. Images of all oversize materials in Series 1-3 and original materials  in Series 4 are included in the online presentation and appear with the series  from which they were withdrawn when rehoused as part of an oversize series. Oversize  facsimiles and reproductions were not included in the online presentation.</p>  <p><strong>Transcriptions Included on  this Website</strong></p>  <p> Transcriptions are included for about 10,000  items (about half of the online collection). The Lincoln Studies Center at Knox  College in Galesburg, Illinois performed the editorial work, which included  selecting the documents to be transcribed. &nbsp;Their choices were based on  either a document\\'s historical importance or as representative of the  president&rsquo;s unsolicited incoming mail. Annotated transcriptions were provided  for all of the documents in Lincoln\\'s own hand and for secretarial copies of  Lincoln documents located in Series 1-3 of the Lincoln Papers.&nbsp;Many of the  other transcriptions were also annotated to aid users in identifying the people  involved and in better understanding the content and historical contexts.&nbsp;Annotations for Lincoln\\'s  autograph documents usually include a headnote providing historical and  documentary context, as well as annotations on the content of the document.  Annotations for incoming correspondence typically identify persons and  organizations writing to Lincoln or referred to in the documents, explain terms  and events, and provide brief historical context. Together, these fully  searchable transcriptions and annotations dramatically extend access to the  Abraham Lincoln Papers and enhance their teaching and research value. For more  information on transcriptions in the Abraham Lincoln Papers see the essay <a href=\"/collections/abraham-lincoln-papers/articles-and-essays/editors-preface-to-the-transcriptions/\">Editors&rsquo;  Preface to the Transcriptions</a>.</p>  <p>&nbsp;</p>'], 'timestamp': '2019-11-22T09:43:42.035Z', 'campaigns': [], 'extract_timestamp': '2019-11-22T09:26:50.534Z', 'shelf_id': '~/collections/abraham-lincoln-papers/about-this-collection/', 'other_title': [], 'count': 20206, 'number_lccn': ['mm78030189'], 'language': ['english'], 'url': 'https://www.loc.gov/collections/abraham-lincoln-papers/about-this-collection/', 'items': 'https://www.loc.gov/collections/abraham-lincoln-papers/', 'hassegments': False, 'image_url': ['https://www.loc.gov/static/collections/abraham-lincoln-papers/155_155.jpg#h=155&w=155', 'https://www.loc.gov/static/collections/abraham-lincoln-papers/500_500.jpg#h=500&w=500'], 'aka': ['http://www.loc.gov/collections/abraham-lincoln-papers/about-this-collection/', 'http://www.loc.gov/collections/lincoln/', 'http://lccn.loc.gov/mm78030189', 'http://www.loc.gov/item/mm78030189/', 'http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/collmss.ms000005', 'http://www.loc.gov/resource/scd0001.20101124004al.2/', 'http://www.loc.gov/resource/eadmss.ms009304.3/', 'http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/eadmss.ms009304.3', 'http://www.loc.gov/resource/scd0001.20101124004al.1/', 'http://www.loc.gov/resource/eadmss.ms009304/', 'http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/eadmss.ms009304', 'http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.gdc/scd0001.20101124004al.2', 'http://www.loc.gov/resource/collmss.ms000005/', 'http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.gdc/scd0001.20101124004al.1']}, {'number_oclc': ['n1112496325'], 'item': {'call_number': ['DS357.5'], 'language': ['eng'], 'contributors': ['Library of Congress. African and Middle Eastern Division, collector.', 'Library of Congress, collector.'], 'format': ['text'], 'notes': ['Collection Period: July 2, 2009 to December 8, 2010.', 'Description based on contents viewed on August 19, 2019; title from overview page.'], 'title': 'Afghanistan web archive.', 'summary': [\"The Afghanistan Web Archive is comprised primarily of websites produced by the Afghan government, specifically the executive branch. Also included are a selection of sites from statistical reporting agencies, banking institutions, universities, U.S. Embassy and critical NGOs supporting democratic and human rights initiatives. The date range of the collection overlaps with the country's presidential (2009) and parliamentary (2009) elections, which were the second national elections held in the country since the founding of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan in 2003.\"], 'subjects': ['Afghanistan--Politics and government--2001', 'Elections--Afghanistan', 'Democracy--Afghanistan', 'Human rights--Afghanistan', 'Democracy', 'Elections', 'Human rights', 'Politics and government', 'Afghanistan', 'Since 2001'], 'location': ['Afghanistan'], 'date': '2009', 'created_published': ['Washington, D.C. : Library of Congress, 2009-2010.'], 'medium': ['1 online resource (collection of archived web sites)']}, 'access_restricted': False, 'number': ['n1112496325', '2019210570', '2019-09-13t07:57:57'], 'original_format': ['collection', 'archived web site'], 'contributor': ['library of congress', 'library of congress. african and middle eastern division'], 'id': 'http://www.loc.gov/collections/afghanistan-web-archive/about-this-collection/', 'partof': ['afghanistan web archive', 'digital collections'], 'subject': ['world cultures & history'], 'index': 15, 'group': ['collections-portal'], 'title': 'Afghanistan Web Archive', 'number_source_modified': ['2019-09-13t07:57:57'], 'location': ['afghanistan'], 'resources': [], 'digitized': True, 'description': [\"<dl class='collection-capture-period'>      <dt>Collection Period:</dt>      <dd>July 2, 2009 to December 8, 2010.</dd>  </dl>      <p>      The Afghanistan Web Archive is comprised primarily of websites produced by the Afghan government, specifically      the executive branch. Also included are a selection of sites from statistical reporting agencies,      banking institutions, universities, U.S. Embassy and critical NGOs supporting democratic and human rights      initiatives. The date range of the collection overlaps with the country's presidential (2009) and      parliamentary (2009) elections, which were the second national elections held in the country since the      founding of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan in 2003.  </p>\"], 'timestamp': '2019-11-22T09:43:42.035Z', 'campaigns': [], 'extract_timestamp': '2019-11-22T09:26:40.115Z', 'date': '2009', 'shelf_id': '~/collections/afghanistan-web-archive/about-this-collection/', 'other_title': [], 'count': 22, 'dates': ['2009-01-01T00:00:00Z'], 'number_lccn': ['2019210570'], 'language': ['english'], 'url': 'https://www.loc.gov/collections/afghanistan-web-archive/about-this-collection/', 'items': 'https://www.loc.gov/collections/afghanistan-web-archive/', 'hassegments': False, 'image_url': ['https://www.loc.gov/static/collections/afghanistan-web-archive/155_155.jpg#h=155&w=155', 'https://www.loc.gov/static/collections/afghanistan-web-archive/500_500.jpg#h=500&w=500'], 'aka': ['http://www.loc.gov/collections/afghanistan-web-archive/about-this-collection/', 'http://www.loc.gov/collections/afghan-web-archive/', 'http://lccn.loc.gov/2019210570', 'http://www.loc.gov/item/2019210570/']}, {'access_restricted': False, 'original_format': ['collection', 'notated music', 'sound recording'], 'id': 'http://www.loc.gov/collections/african-american-band-music/about-this-collection/', 'partof': ['music division', 'digital collections', 'african-american band music & recordings, 1883-1923'], 'subject': ['performing arts', 'african american history'], 'index': 16, 'group': ['collections-portal'], 'title': 'African-American Band Music & Recordings, 1883-1923', 'location': ['united states'], 'digitized': True, 'description': ['<p>The core of this presentation consists of \"stock\" arrangements for bands or small orchestras of popular songs written by African Americans. In addition, we offer a smaller selection of historic sound recordings illustrating these songs and many others by the same composers (the arrangements might not necessarily be the same as those on the stocks). Educational materials include short biographies of composers and performers of the time and historical essays.</p>  <figure class=\"image-align-right\"> <img src=\"/static/collections/african-american-band-music/images/aa-stocks-home.jpg\" alt=\"\" /> <figcaption>Image captions: (background) <a href=\"/item/ihas.100010159\">My little belle Creole</a> [flute part], Gussie Davis, composer. (clockwise from top) My little belle Creole [drums and bells part]; Bob Cole (1868-1911) and J. Rosamond Johnson (1873-1954); James Reese Europe\\'s Clef Club, ca. 1914; [<a href=\"/item/99472444/\">African American band posed on steps to brick building</a>], [1899 or 1900]. Collected by W.E.B. Du Bois.</figcaption> </figure>  <h2>Disclaimer</h2> <p>The Library of Congress presents these documents as part of the record of the past. These primary historical documents reflect the attitudes, perspectives, and beliefs of different times. Some of the music of this period, including that composed by African-Americans, features words, phrases, and \"dialect\" portrayals that can be considered offensive and demeaning. The Library of Congress does not endorse the views expressed in these collections, but is displaying this little-known facet of American history in order to draw attention to the struggles and triumphs of the great African-American musicians of a century ago.</p>'], 'timestamp': '2019-11-22T09:43:42.035Z', 'campaigns': [], 'extract_timestamp': '2019-11-22T09:26:57.751Z', 'date': '1883', 'shelf_id': '~/collections/african-american-band-music/about-this-collection/', 'other_title': [], 'count': 365, 'dates': ['1883-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1884-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1885-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1886-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1887-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1888-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1889-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1890-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1891-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1892-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1893-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1894-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1895-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1896-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1897-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1898-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1899-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1900-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1901-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1902-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1903-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1904-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1905-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1906-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1907-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1908-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1909-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1910-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1911-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1912-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1913-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1914-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1915-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1916-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1917-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1918-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1919-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1920-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1921-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1922-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1923-01-01T00:00:00Z'], 'url': 'https://www.loc.gov/collections/african-american-band-music/about-this-collection/', 'items': 'https://www.loc.gov/collections/african-american-band-music/', 'hassegments': False, 'image_url': ['https://www.loc.gov/static/collections/african-american-band-music/155_155.jpg#h=155&w=155', 'https://www.loc.gov/static/collections/african-american-band-music/500_500.jpg#h=500&w=500'], 'aka': ['http://www.loc.gov/collections/african-american-band-music/about-this-collection/', 'http://www.loc.gov/collections/aabm/']}, {'access_restricted': False, 'original_format': ['collection', 'book'], 'id': 'http://www.loc.gov/collections/african-american-perspectives-rare-books/about-this-collection/', 'partof': ['african american perspectives: materials selected from the rare book collection', 'digital collections', 'rare book and special collections division'], 'subject': ['african american history'], 'index': 17, 'group': ['collections-portal'], 'title': 'African American Perspectives: Materials Selected from the Rare Book Collection', 'location': ['north america'], 'digitized': True, 'description': ['<p>\"African American Perspectives\" gives a panoramic and eclectic review of African American history and culture and is primarily comprised of two collections in the Rare Book and Special Collections Division: the African American Pamphlet Collection and the Daniel A.P. Murray Collection with a date range of 1822 through 1909. Most were written by African-American authors, though some were written by others on topics of particular importance in African-American history. Among the authors represented are Frederick Douglass, Ida B. Wells-Barnett, Benjamin W. Arnett, Alexander Crummel, Emanuel Love, Lydia Maria Child, Kelly Miller, Charles Sumner, Mary Church Terrell, and Booker T. Washington, among others.</p>    <p>The 800 + titles in the collection include sermons on racial pride and political activism; annual reports of charitable, educational, and political organizations; and college catalogs and graduation orations from the Hampton Institute, Morgan College, and Wilberforce University. Also included are biographies, slave narratives, speeches by members of Congress, legal documents, poetry, playbills, dramas, and librettos. Other materials focus on segregation, voting rights, violence against African Americans, the colonization of Africa by freed slaves, anti-slavery organizations and investigative reports. Several of the items are illustrated with portraits of the authors.</p>'], 'timestamp': '2019-11-22T09:43:42.035Z', 'campaigns': [], 'extract_timestamp': '2019-11-22T09:26:40.115Z', 'date': '1875', 'shelf_id': '~/collections/african-american-perspectives-rare-books/about-this-collection/', 'other_title': [], 'count': 862, 'dates': ['1875-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1876-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1877-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1878-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1879-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1880-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1881-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1882-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1883-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1884-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1885-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1886-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1887-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1888-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1889-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1890-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1891-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1892-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1893-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1894-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1895-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1896-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1897-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1898-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1899-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1900-01-01T00:00:00Z'], 'url': 'https://www.loc.gov/collections/african-american-perspectives-rare-books/about-this-collection/', 'items': 'https://www.loc.gov/collections/african-american-perspectives-rare-books/', 'hassegments': False, 'image_url': ['https://www.loc.gov/static/collections/african-american-perspectives-rare-books/155_155.jpg#h=155&w=155', 'https://www.loc.gov/static/collections/african-american-perspectives-rare-books/500_500.jpg#h=500&w=500'], 'aka': ['http://www.loc.gov/collections/african-american-perspectives-rare-books/about-this-collection/', 'http://www.loc.gov/collections/murray/', 'http://lccn.loc.gov/99483603', 'http://www.loc.gov/item/99483603/']}, {'item': {'digital_id': ['http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/ppmsca.38447', 'http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/pp.anedub'], 'call_number': ['Guide Record'], 'contributors': ['Du Bois, W. E. B. (William Edward Burghardt), 1868-1963, compiler.', 'Calloway, Thomas J.', 'Du Bois, W. E. B. (William Edward Burghardt), 1868-1963.', 'Daniel Murray Collection (Library of Congress)'], 'language': ['eng'], 'title': 'Du Bois Collection of visual materials about African Americans assembled for the Paris Exposition of 1900', 'notes': ['Organized under the call number prefix: LOT. This collection includes 363 photographs (in four albums) compiled by Du Bois to show \"Types of American Negroes, Georgia, U.S.A.\" (people) and \"Negro Life in Georgia, U.S.A.\" (activities) (LOT 11930); 217 mounted photographs organized by subject (LOT 11293-LOT 11308); 72 drawings of charts, graphs, and maps showing statistical and census data (Microfilm LOT 11931); three albums entitled \"The Black Code of Georgia, U.S.A.,\" containing transcriptions of Georgia state laws relating to African Americans, 1732-1899 (Microfilm LOT 11932). Each LOT is separately cataloged.', 'Digitized images of photographs in LOT 11930 along with associated identifying information are available through the Prints & Photographs Division Online Catalog.', 'Charts (LOT 11931) and transcripts of Georgia Black codes (LOT 11932) are available on microfilm in the Prints & Photographs Division Reading Room.', 'Du Bois, W. E. Burghardt, \"The American Negro at Paris\" American Monthly Review of Reviews 22:5 (November 1900), p. 576.', 'Report of the Commissioner-General of the United States to the International Universal Exposition, Paris, 1900 (Washington : Government Printing Office, 1901) v. II, pp. 381, 408-409, 463-467.', 'These materials were assembled for the \"American Negro\" exhibit at the 1900 Paris Exposition by W.E.B. Du Bois with direction from Thomas J. Calloway, special agent for the Exposition. Both men were awarded gold medals for their efforts: Calloway as compiler for the \"Negro Exhibit\" and Du Bois, as compiler for special studies related to the \"Georgia Negro.\"', 'Collection title devised by Library staff.', 'Most of the photographs lack photographer credits.', 'A set of catalog records describing each item is available through the Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting. See http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.gdc/lcoa1.about', 'Forms part of the Daniel Murray Collection at the Library of Congress.', 'Gift; Daniel Murray; 1925.'], 'format': ['still image', 'collection'], 'rights_advisory': ['No known restrictions on publication.'], 'summary': ['Photographs and other visual material documenting the history of African Americans in Georgia and other areas of the Southern United States. Subjects include portraits of unidentified men, women, and children; photographs of colleges, students, businesses, workers, and houses. Additional views of churches, clubs, unions, home interiors, and family groups provide glimpses of everyday life. Charts of census and statistical data show the economic and social condition of African Americans since emancipation with special studies for the state of Georgia (microfilm LOT 11931).  Handwritten transcriptions of Georgia state laws governing slaves and freedmen from 1732-1899 are also included (microfilm LOT 11932).'], 'repository': ['Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA dcu http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/pp.print'], 'date': '1899', 'subjects': ['Exposition universelle--(1900 :--Paris, France)', 'African Americans--1890-1900', 'Slaves--Georgia--1890-1900', 'Freedmen--Georgia--1730-1900', 'Laws--Georgia--1730-1900'], 'location': ['Georgia'], 'genre': ['Photographic prints--1890-1900', 'Charts--1890-1900', 'Transcripts', 'Portrait photographs--1890-1900', 'Group portraits--1890-1900'], 'created_published': ['1899-1900.'], 'medium': ['ca. 650 items (chiefly photographic prints)'], 'other_title': ['African American photographs assembled for the Paris Exposition', 'Visual materials about African Americans assembled for the Paris Exposition of 1900'], 'access_advisory': ['For reference access, please use the digital images in the online catalog or the microfilm copy to preserve the fragile original items.']}, 'access_restricted': False, 'number': ['2016-09-12t11:50:25', '2005682657'], 'original_format': ['collection', 'photo, print, drawing'], 'contributor': ['daniel murray collection (library of congress)', 'calloway, thomas j.', 'du bois, w. e. (william edward burghardt)'], 'id': 'http://www.loc.gov/collections/african-american-photographs-1900-paris-exposition/about-this-collection/', 'partof': ['african american photographs assembled for 1900 paris exposition', 'digital collections', 'prints and photographs division'], 'subject': ['portrait photographs', 'african american history', 'photographic prints', 'charts', 'group portraits', 'transcripts'], 'index': 18, 'group': ['collections-portal'], 'title': 'African American Photographs Assembled for 1900 Paris Exposition', 'number_source_modified': ['2016-09-12t11:50:25'], 'online_format': ['image'], 'location': ['north america', 'georgia'], 'resources': [], 'digitized': True, 'description': ['<p>The Paris Exposition of 1900 (Exposition universelle internationale de 1900) devoted a building to matters of \"social economy.\" The United States  section of the building featured an exhibit that, according to W. E. B. Du Bois, attempted to show \"(a) The history of the American Negro. (b)  His present condition. (c) His education. (d) His literature.\" <a href=\"#notes\">1</a></p>  <p>Du Bois and Thomas J. Calloway, who was named special agent for the Exposition, spearheaded the planning, collection and installation of the exhibit materials, which included 500 photographs, as well as 32 charts, numerous maps, and a display of 200 books written by African Americans. Calloway\\'s report to the U.S. Commissioner-General for the exposition mentions such sources of photographs as:</p>  <ul>   <li>Coleman Manufacturing Company, Concord, N.C.</li>   <li>C.E. Fleetwood of the U.S. War Department</li>   <li>Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute, Hampton, Va.</li>   <li>Bishop B.F. Lee of Wilberforce, Ohio, James P. Niell of Nashville,  Tenn.</li>   <li>Roger Williams University</li>   <li>Shaw University</li>   <li>Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute. <a href=\"#notes\">2</a></li>  </ul>  <p>The Library of Congress holds approximately 220 mounted photographs reportedly  displayed in the exhibition (LOTs11293-11308), as well as <a href=\"/collections/african-american-photographs-1900-paris-exposition/articles-and-essays/materials-compiled-by-web-du-bois/\">material specially compiled by Du Bois</a>: four photograph albums showing \"Types\" and \"Negro Life\" (LOT 11930); three albums entitled \"The Black Code of Georgia, U.S.A.,\" offering transcriptions of Georgia state laws relating to blacks, 1732-1899 (LOT 11932); and 72 drawings charting the condition of African Americans at the turn of the century (LOT 11931).</p>  <p>The materials cataloged online include all of the photos in LOT 11930, and any materials in the other groups for which copy negatives have been made.</p>  <h3 id=\"notes\">Notes</h3>  <ol>  <li> Du Bois, W.E. Burghardt, \"The American Negro at Paris\" <em>American Monthly Review of Reviews 22:5</em> (November 1900): 576. </li>  <li>Report of the Commissioner-General for the United States to the International Universal Exposition, Paris, 1900</cite>, (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1901), v. II, p. 464.</li>  </ol>'], 'timestamp': '2019-11-22T09:43:42.035Z', 'campaigns': [], 'extract_timestamp': '2019-11-22T09:26:29.783Z', 'date': '1899', 'shelf_id': '~/collections/african-american-photographs-1900-paris-exposition/about-this-collection/', 'other_title': ['African American photographs assembled for the Paris Exposition', 'Visual materials about African Americans assembled for the Paris Exposition of 1900'], 'count': 557, 'dates': ['1900-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1899-01-01T00:00:00Z'], 'number_lccn': ['2005682657'], 'language': ['english'], 'url': 'https://www.loc.gov/collections/african-american-photographs-1900-paris-exposition/about-this-collection/', 'items': 'https://www.loc.gov/collections/african-american-photographs-1900-paris-exposition/', 'hassegments': False, 'image_url': ['https://www.loc.gov/static/collections/african-american-photographs-1900-paris-exposition/155_155.jpg#h=155&w=155', 'https://www.loc.gov/static/collections/african-american-photographs-1900-paris-exposition/500_500.jpg#h=500&w=500'], 'mime_type': ['image/jpeg'], 'aka': ['http://www.loc.gov/collections/african-american-photographs-1900-paris-exposition/about-this-collection/', 'http://www.loc.gov/collections/anedub/', 'http://lccn.loc.gov/2005682657', 'http://www.loc.gov/item/2005682657/', 'http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/ppmsca.38447', 'http://www.loc.gov/resource/ppmsca.38447/', 'http://www.loc.gov/resource/pp.anedub/', 'http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/pp.anedub']}, {'item': {'rights_advisory': ['Duplication of sound recordings may be governed by copyright and other restrictions.'], 'medium': ['250 sound discs : analog, 33 1/3 and 78 rpm ; 12 in.', 'manuscripts 8 folders.'], 'repository': ['Library of Congress Archive of Folk Culture, American Folklife Center, 101 Independence Ave. S.E., Washington, DC USA 20540-4610 http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.afc/folklife.home'], 'contributors': ['Aho, Lillian, 1917-2011', 'Aho, Pekka, 1884-1959, performer.', 'Allen, Perry, performer.', 'Bangac, Petar, performer.', 'Baratono, Art, performer.', 'Basrak, Stjepan, performer.', 'Bellaire, Exilia, 1889-1965, performer.', 'Bellaire, Mose, 1883-1955, performer.', 'Berky, Nandor, performer.', 'Bonner, Daniel, 1872- performer.', 'Bonner, Patrick, 1882-1973, performer.', 'Brideup, Louis, performer.', 'Cadeau, Ed, 1894-1981, performer.', 'Cadeau, John, 1879-1948, performer.', 'Cadeau, Mathilda, performer.', 'Carrière, Dolphis, performer.', 'Carrière, Fred, 1875-1954, performer.', 'Cloud, Joe, 1885-1965, performer.', 'Cloud, Clarence, 1908-1969, performer.', 'Delmas, Adolphus, 1859-1943, performer.', 'Dobričan, Lazar, performer.', 'Dragić, Todor, performer.', 'Erickson, Max, performer.', 'Floriani, Margaret, performer.', 'Floriani, Veko, performer.', 'Floriani, Vladimir, performer.', 'Floriani, Vladimir, 1906-1947, performer.', 'Forster, Yalmer Eino, performer.', 'Frazier, Belle, performer.', 'Frazier, Calvin, performer.', 'Frazier, Clara, performer.', 'Frazier, Lonnie, performer.', 'Frazier, Viola, performer.', 'Fredrickson, John, 1856-1940, performer.', 'Fredrickson, Kaisa, performer.', 'Gallagher, Dominic, performer.', 'Gallagher, Andrew E., performer.', 'Gallagher, Emerald, performer.', 'Gaza, V. Sipoo, performer.', 'Graham, Bert, performer.', 'Green, John W., 1871-1963, performer.', 'Grbić, Ludevit, performer.', 'Guzal, Frank, performer.', 'Halinen, Selma Elona, 1902-1971, performer.', 'Happy Jack Woodward, performer.', 'Härkönen, Amanda, 1888-1959, performer.', 'Hirvelä, Wäinö, 1880-1949, performer.', 'Hulan, Mrs., performer.', 'Hyvönen, John, 1865-1945, performer.', 'Jackson, Andrew (Vocalist), performer.', 'Juhani, Aapo, performer.', 'Kallio, Kalle, performer.', 'Kania, Felix, 1882-1966, performer.', 'Ketvirtis, Charles, 1893-1968, performer.', 'King, Edward, 1908-1988, performer.', 'Korvenpaa, Charles, 1885-1973, performer.', 'Krawezak, B., performer.', 'Kruczynski, Clara, performer.', 'Kubesh, John G., performer.', 'Kubien, Rose, performer.', 'Larson, Nils, 1907-1973, performer.', 'Larson, John (Vocalist), performer.', 'Larson, Steen, performer.', 'Lathrop, Carl, performer.', 'LeClaire, Leilia, performer.', 'Lewandowski, Edwina, performer.', 'Lewandowski, Stephan, performer.', 'Lewandowski, Stephanie, performer.', 'Lewandowski, Ted, performer.', 'Mahoski, Henry, 1917-1986, performer.', 'Maki, Emil, 1893-1957, performer.', 'Maki, Frank, 1892-1944, performer.', 'Marczis, Joseph, Mrs., performer.', 'Marinetti, Victor, performer.', 'Marinetti, Victor, Jr., performer.', 'Marinetti, John, performer.', 'Marttila, Mrs., performer.', 'Maté, Mrs., performer.', 'McBride, Bill (Vocalist), perfomer.', 'McCauley, Edward, performer.', 'McCarthy, Barney, performer.', 'McCormick, Ed, performer.', 'McDonough, Patrick, 1862-1947, performer.', 'Meyers, Herman, performer.', 'Miron, Joe, 1888-1942, performer.', 'Nemeth, Kalman, performer.', 'Niewiadomska, Frances, performer.', 'Norman, John (Vocalist) performer.', \"O'Donnell, Mike J., performer.\", 'Olah, Julius, performer.', 'Palmer, Mason, performer.', 'Pischner, Helen, performer.', 'Pittman, Sampson, performer.', 'Pohjala, Aina, performer.', 'Pol, Thomas, performer.', 'Pope, Allan C., performer.', 'Preda, Emil Milan, performer.', 'Rajčević, Stepan, performer.', 'Rautanen, Vernon, performer.', 'Ricksgers, Joseph, performer.', 'Romel, Adolph, 1909-1986, performer.', 'Romel, Leo, performer.', 'Romel, Sylvester, 1913-1994, performer.', 'Romel, Ted, performer.', 'Romel, Mrs., performer.', 'Rudzinski, Alex, performer.', 'Sainović, Ilija, performer.', 'Scheffer, Peter, performer.', 'Sielvankiewiez, Mrs. performer.', 'Similä, Gusti, 1880-1949, performer.', 'Strzelecki, Tony, 1882-1969, performer.', 'Styes, Archie, performer.', 'Szilagyi, Dizso, performer.', 'Szabo, Andy, performer.', 'Thrasher, Ed, performer.', 'Tomić, Pajo, performer.', 'Trivanović, Stefan, performer.', 'Trueblood, Asel, performer.', 'Vasvary, Steve, performer.', 'Velin, Maria, performer.', 'Viita, Frank, performer.', 'Vizina, Adelore, 1885-1981, performer.', 'Vujanović, Stjepan, performer.', 'Wallen, Mr., performer.', 'Warslzyk, Tony, performer.', 'Wells, Lester, performer.', 'Lomax, Alan, 1915-2002, collector.', 'Archive of American Folk Song, collector.'], 'title': 'Alan Lomax collection of Michigan and Wisconsin recordings', 'notes': ['Various performers.', 'Alan Lomax collection of Michigan and Wisconsin recordings (AFC 1939/007), Archive of Folk Culture, American Folklife Center, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.', 'Audio recordings from this collection are available online https://www.loc.gov/collection/alan-lomax-in-michigan/about-this-collection/', 'Selections from the audio recordings in this collection are also available as podcasts from the Library of Congress, \"Alan Lomax and the Soundscapes of the Upper Midwest, 75th anniversary of the Library of Congress Folk-Song Expedition to Michigan\" https://www.loc.gov/podcasts/lomax/index.html', 'Accessioned, 1939.', 'Related materials include: 8 film rolls (800 feet, 23 minutes): color, silent ; 16 mm on a compilation reel titled: Archive of American Folk Song films, 1936-1942 (AFC 1990/017) FRA 8183. Digital preservation files and access copies are available in the Folklife Reading Room, Library of Congress.', 'In August 1938 the Archive of American Folk-Song at the Library of Congress equipped and sent Alan Lomax to complete a folklife survey of the Great Lakes region. He returned almost three months later with a cache of 250 discs and 8 reels of film. These materials documented the diversity of ethnic music -- Irish, Italian, Finnish, Serbian, Lithuanian, Polish, German, Croatian, Canadian French, Hungarian, Romanian, Swedish, and more -- in Michigan and Wisconsin, as well as stories, recitations, and other cultural expressions of loggers and lake sailors.', 'Spoken and sung in English, French, Finnish, German, Serbian, Croatian, Hungarian, Italian, Polish, Romanian, Lithuanian, and Swedish.', 'Bibliographic information for titles in this collection is found in the online resource link: Search for audio titles in the Alan Lomax Collection of Michigan and Wisconsin Recordings.', 'Publications: Harvey, Todd. Michigan-I-O: Alan Lomax and the 1938 Library of Congress folk-song expedition. ebook Dust to digital, 2013.'], 'format': ['manuscript', 'collection'], 'digital_id': ['https://www.loc.gov/collection/alan-lomax-in-michigan/about-this-collection/'], 'related_items': [{'url': 'http://www.dust-digital.com/michigan/', 'title': ''}, {'url': 'https://www.loc.gov/podcasts/lomax/index.html', 'title': 'Podcasts'}, {'url': 'http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.afc/collafc.af000129', 'title': 'Search for audio titles in the Alan Lomax Collection of Michigan and Wisconsin Recordings'}], 'language': ['eng'], 'subjects': ['Lomax, Alan,--1915-2002--Ethnomusicological collections', 'Folk music--Michigan', 'Folk music--Wisconsin', 'Folk songs, English--Michigan', 'Folk songs, English--Wisconsin', 'Ballads', 'Dance music--Michigan', 'Dance music--Wisconsin', 'Popular music--1931-1940', 'Tales--Michigan', 'Tales--Wisconsin', 'Bawdy songs--Michigan', 'African Americans--Music', 'Croatian Americans--Music', 'Irish Americans--Music', 'Finnish Americans--Music', 'Franco-Americans--Music', 'French-Canadians--Music', 'German Americans--Music', 'Hungarian Americans--Music', 'Italian Americans--Music', 'Lithuanian Americans--Music', 'Norwegian Americans--Music', 'Polish Americans--Music', 'Romanian Americans--Music', 'Serbian Americans--Music', 'Swedish Americans--Music', 'Bunyan, Paul--(Legendary character)', 'Folk music--Illinois', 'Field recordings--Michigan', 'Field recordings--Wisconsin'], 'location': ['Michigan', 'Wisconsin', 'Illinois'], 'date': '1938', 'created_published': ['1938-1939.'], 'summary': ['Collection of field recordings with related color film documenting instrumental music, songs, stories, and interviews recorded primarily in Michigan and Wisconsin by Alan Lomax, August 1-November 1, 1938 for the Archive of American Folk-Song, Library of Congress. Includes folk songs, sea songs, ballads, lumbering songs and stories, Paul Bunyan stories, bawdy songs, blues, humorous and popular songs, and dance music. Vocal and instrumental music from various ethnic groups was performed musical instruments including svirale, gusle, diple, duduk, fiddle, clarinet, cymbalon, banjo, guitar, concertina, mandolin, accordion, harmonica, and kantele. A few items were recorded in Illinois. The collection includes correspondence, song lists, and notes.'], 'access_advisory': ['Collection is open for research. To request materials, please contact the Folklife Reading Room at http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.afc/folklife.contact']}, 'access_restricted': False, 'number': ['2008700315', '2018-05-21t17:08:56'], 'original_format': ['collection', 'sound recording'], 'contributor': ['pope, allan c.', 'fredrickson, john', 'vizina, adelore', 'delmas, adolphus', 'carrière, fred', 'hulan', 'guzal, frank', 'dragić, todor', 'marttila', 'leclaire, leilia', 'scheffer, peter', 'baratono, art', 'styes, archie', 'maté', 'larson, john', 'frazier, clara', 'marinetti, john', 'norman, john', 'szabo, andy', 'strzelecki, tony', 'bellaire, exilia', 'allen, perry', 'kallio, kalle', 'miron, joe', 'pischner, helen', 'cadeau, ed', 'korvenpaa, charles', 'mccauley, edward', 'thrasher, ed', 'bonner, patrick', 'niewiadomska, frances', 'marczis, joseph', 'szilagyi, dizso', 'frazier, calvin', 'similä, gusti', 'erickson, max', 'gallagher, dominic', 'frazier, lonnie', 'velin, maria', 'floriani, margaret', 'cadeau, john', 'floriani, veko', 'mcbride, bill', 'nemeth, kalman', 'king, edward', 'berky, nandor', 'härkönen, amanda', 'pohjala, aina', 'tomić, pajo', 'olah, julius', 'kania, felix', 'lomax, alan', 'green, john w.', 'happy jack woodward', 'frazier, belle', 'maki, frank', 'lathrop, carl', 'bellaire, mose', 'frazier, viola', 'bangac, petar', 'vujanović, stjepan', 'wells, lester', 'dobričan, lazar', 'larson, nils', 'aho, pekka', 'ricksgers, joseph', 'maki, emil', 'romel, adolph', 'romel, ted', 'pol, thomas', 'sielvankiewiez', 'gaza, v. sipoo', 'wallen, mr.', \"o'donnell, mike j.\", 'kruczynski, clara', 'cadeau, mathilda', 'preda, emil milan', 'bonner, daniel', 'archive of american folk song', 'romel, leo', 'rajčević, stepan', 'hirvelä, wäin', 'ketvirtis, charles', 'marinetti, victor', 'mahoski, henry', 'jackson, andrew', 'juhani, aapo', 'halinen, selma elona', 'mccarthy, barney', 'basrak, stjepan', 'fredrickson, kaisa', 'romel', 'mcdonough, patrick', 'pittman, sampson', 'graham, bert', 'meyers, herman', 'lewandowski, stephanie', 'trivanović, stefan', 'cloud, joe', 'warslzyk, tony', 'rautanen, vernon', 'kubesh, john g.', 'gallagher, andrew e.', 'lewandowski, stephan', 'romel, sylvester', 'krawezak', 'larson, steen', 'grbić, ludevit', 'viita, frank', 'palmer, mason', 'forster, yalmer eino', 'cloud, clarence', 'vasvary, steve', 'sainović, ilija', 'gallagher, emerald', 'lewandowski, edwina', 'carrière, dolphis', 'mccormick, ed', 'kubien, rose', 'lewandowski, ted', 'floriani, vladimir', 'aho, lillian', 'hyvönen, john', 'trueblood, asel', 'rudzinski, alex', 'brideup, louis'], 'id': 'http://www.loc.gov/collections/alan-lomax-in-michigan/about-this-collection/', 'partof': ['alan lomax collection of michigan and wisconsin recordings', 'digital collections', 'american folklife center'], 'subject': ['local history & folklife', 'performing arts'], 'index': 19, 'group': ['collections-portal'], 'title': 'Alan Lomax Collection of Michigan and Wisconsin Recordings', 'number_source_modified': ['2018-05-21t17:08:56'], 'location': ['michigan', 'wisconsin', 'illinois'], 'resources': [], 'digitized': True, 'description': ['<p>In 1938 the Library of Congress dispatched the pioneering folklorist and song collector Alan Lomax—already a seasoned field worker at age 23—to conduct a folk song survey of the Great Lakes region. He traveled in a 1935 Plymouth sedan, toting a Presto disc recorder and a movie camera. When he returned nearly three months later, having driven thousands of miles on barely paved roads, it was with a cache of 250 instantaneous discs and eight reels of film documenting the incredible range of ethnic diversity and expressive traditions primarily in Michigan. </p> <p>The Alan Lomax collection of Michigan and Wisconsin recordings (AFC 1939/007) documents Irish, Italian, Finnish, Serbian, Lithuanian, Polish, German, Croatian, French Canadian, Hungarian, Romanian, and Swedish songs and stories, as well as occupational folklife among loggers and lake sailors in Michigan and Wisconsin. Lomax&rsquo;s itinerary took him from Detroit through the Saginaw River valley to the northern counties of the Lower Peninsula, including Beaver Island. Crossing the Straits of Mackinac, he collected across the Upper Peninsula to the far northern Calumet area and then along the Lake Superior coast to easternmost Wisconsin.</p> <p>The recordings in this collection and related collections in the American Folklife Center provide early documentation of the Upper Midwest&rsquo;s rich culture. This collection is the result of a conscious decision by the Library of Congress to undertake regional documentation of American folk song in recognition that the voices of ordinary people have a place at the national library. The sound recordings in this online collection are presented in their raw form, as full disc sides without speed correction or other digital processing. The eight folders of manuscripts (primarily correspondence, song lists, and notes) and the films are not included at this time. </p>'], 'timestamp': '2019-11-22T09:43:42.035Z', 'campaigns': [], 'extract_timestamp': '2019-11-22T09:26:57.751Z', 'date': '1938', 'shelf_id': '~/collections/alan-lomax-in-michigan/about-this-collection/', 'other_title': [], 'count': 444, 'dates': ['1938-01-01T00:00:00Z'], 'number_lccn': ['2008700315'], 'language': ['english'], 'url': 'https://www.loc.gov/collections/alan-lomax-in-michigan/about-this-collection/', 'items': 'https://www.loc.gov/collections/alan-lomax-in-michigan/', 'hassegments': False, 'image_url': ['https://www.loc.gov/static/collections/alan-lomax-in-michigan/155_155.jpg#h=155&w=155', 'https://www.loc.gov/static/collections/alan-lomax-in-michigan/500_500.jpg#h=500&w=500'], 'aka': ['http://www.loc.gov/collections/alan-lomax-in-michigan/about-this-collection/', 'http://www.loc.gov/collections/lomax-michigan/', 'http://lccn.loc.gov/2008700315', 'http://www.loc.gov/item/2008700315/', 'http://www.loc.gov/collection/alan-lomax-in-michigan/about-this-collection/']}, {'item': {'digital_id': ['https://www.loc.gov/collections/alan-lomax-manuscripts/about-this-collection/'], 'medium': ['845 linear feet (330,000 manuscripts, 6400 sound recordings, 5500 graphic images, 6000 moving images)'], 'date': '1933', 'repository': ['Library of Congress Archive of Folk Culture, American Folklife Center, 101 Independence Ave. S.E., Washington, DC USA 20540-4610 http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.afc/folklife.home'], 'contributors': ['Lomax, Alan, 1915-2002, collector.', 'Archive of American Folk Song.', 'American Folklife Center.', 'Association for Cultural Equity.'], 'title': 'Alan Lomax collection,', 'notes': ['Alan Lomax collection (AFC 2004/004), Archive of Folk Culture, American Folklife Center, Library of Congress.', 'Manuscripts and visual materials from the Alan Lomax Collection are available online https://www.loc.gov/collections/alan-lomax-manuscripts/about-this-collection/', 'Association for Cultural Equity; 2004.', 'Alan Lomax, folklorist, ethnomusicologist, born Jan. 15, 1915, Austin, Texas; died July 19, 2002, Safety Harbor, Florida.'], 'format': ['manuscript', 'collection'], 'rights_advisory': ['Duplication of the collection materials may be governed by copyright and other restrictions.'], 'related_items': [{'url': 'https://www.loc.gov/collections/alan-lomax-manuscripts/articles-and-essays/lomax-family-collections/', 'title': 'Essay on Alan Lomax and family collections'}], 'language': ['eng', 'fre'], 'subjects': ['Lomax, Alan,--1915-2002--Ethnomusicological collections', 'Lomax, Alan,--1915-2002--Correspondence', 'Arensberg, Conrad M.--(Conrad Maynadier),--1910-1997--Correspondence', 'Bartenieff, Irmgard--Correspondence', 'Berkowitz, Norman--Correspondence', 'Birdwhistell, Ray L.,--1918-1994--Correspondence', 'Biskin, Andy--Correspondence', 'Child, Irvin L.--(Irvin Long),--1915-2000--Correspondence', 'Elder, J. D.--(Jacob Delworth),--1913-2003--Correspondence', 'Grauer, Victor--Correspondence', 'Guthrie, Woody,--1912-1967--Correspondence', 'Hawes, Bess Lomax,--1921-2009--Correspondence', 'Halifax, Joan', 'Kulig, Carol--Correspondence', 'Markel, Norman N.--(Norman Nathan),--1929---Correspondence', 'Murdock, George Peter,--1897-1985--Correspondence', 'Paulay, Forrestine--Correspondence', 'Rudd, Roswell--Correspondence', 'Textor, Robert B.--Correspondence', 'Titon, Jeff Todd,--1943---Correspondence', 'Trager, Edith Crowell--Correspondence', 'Udy, Stanley H.,--1928---Correspondence', 'Whiting, John Wesley Mayhew,--1908-1999--Correspondence', 'Cross-cultural studies--United States', 'Comparative studies of cultures and civilizations', 'Music--Performance', 'Folk music--Analysis, appreciation', 'Folk dance music--Analysis, appreciation', 'Style, Musical', 'Dance--Social aspects', 'Popular music--1971-1980--Analysis, appreciation', 'Ethnology', 'Folklore', 'Linguistics', 'Sociolinguistics', 'Field recordings', 'Musical instruments', 'African Americans--Music', 'Indians of North America--Music'], 'location': ['United States'], 'genre': ['Songs', 'Interviews', 'Photographs', 'Sound recordings', 'Motion pictures', 'Ethnographic films', 'Video recordings', 'Manuscripts', 'Manuscripts for publication', 'Correspondence'], 'summary': ['Collection comprises manuscripts, sound recordings, photographs, film, and videorecordings created and collected by Alan Lomax in his work documenting song, music, dance, and body movement from many cultures. Includes field recordings and photographs Lomax made in the Bahamas, the Caribbean, England, France, Georgia, Haiti, Ireland, Italy, Morocco, Romania, Russia, Scotland, Spain, the United States, and Wales, 1930s-2004; plus his worldwide collection of ethnographic documentary materials from many collaborators for his studies of cantometrics and choreometrics.'], 'other_title': ['Alan Lomax archive'], 'access_advisory': ['Collection is open for research. Access to recordings may be restricted. To request materials, please contact the Folklife Reading Room at http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.afc/folklife.contact']}, 'access_restricted': False, 'number': ['2004447761', '2017-04-27t14:17:22'], 'original_format': ['collection', 'manuscript/mixed material'], 'contributor': ['association for cultural equity', 'archive of american folk song', 'lomax, alan', 'american folklife center'], 'id': 'http://www.loc.gov/collections/alan-lomax-manuscripts/about-this-collection/', 'partof': ['digital collections', 'american folklife center', 'alan lomax collection'], 'subject': ['photographs', 'motion pictures', 'performing arts', 'video recordings', 'interviews', 'ethnographic films', 'manuscripts for publication', 'local history & folklife', 'sound recordings', 'correspondence', 'manuscripts', 'songs'], 'index': 20, 'group': ['collections-portal'], 'title': 'Alan Lomax Collection', 'number_source_modified': ['2017-04-27t14:17:22'], 'location': ['united states'], 'resources': [], 'digitized': True, 'description': ['<p>The Alan Lomax Collection includes  ethnographic field documentation, materials from Lomax&rsquo;s various projects, and  cross-cultural research created and collected by Alan Lomax and others on  traditional song, music, dance, and body movement from around the world. Lomax  conducted fieldwork in the Bahamas, the Caribbean, England, France, Georgia  (Republic), Haiti, Ireland, Italy, Morocco, Romania, Russia, Scotland, Spain,  the United States, and Wales from the 1930s-1990s. The collection contains  approximately 650 linear feet of manuscripts, 6400 sound recordings, 5500  graphic images, and 6000 moving images.</p>  <p>This presentation contains more than  500,000 pages of Alan Lomax&rsquo;s personal papers and office files from his time at  the Library of Congress (1932-1942) and from his post-Library career through  the 1990s. Featured are Lomax&rsquo;s writing projects such as <em>Land Where the  Blues Began</em> (1993), the unpublished <em>Big Ballad Book</em>, as well as  documentation of his extensive work in radio for the CBS and BBC networks.  &nbsp;Also included are thousands of pages of field notes and correspondence  associated with his field projects beginning in the 1930s.</p>  <p>The 2004 acquisition of the Alan  Lomax Collection was made possible through a cooperative agreement between the  American Folklife Center, the <a href=\"http://www.culturalequity.org\" target=\"_blank\">Association for Cultural  Equity <i class=\"icon icon-external-link\"><span>External</span></i></a>, and the  generosity of an anonymous donor. This collection joins the material Alan Lomax  collected during the 1930s and early 1940s for the Library\\'s Archive of  American Folk-Song, bringing together the entire seventy years of Alan Lomax\\'s  work under one roof at the Library of Congress.</p>'], 'timestamp': '2019-11-22T09:43:42.035Z', 'campaigns': [], 'extract_timestamp': '2019-11-22T09:26:29.783Z', 'date': '1933', 'shelf_id': '~/collections/alan-lomax-manuscripts/about-this-collection/', 'other_title': ['Alan Lomax archive'], 'count': 6605, 'dates': ['1933-01-01T00:00:00Z'], 'number_lccn': ['2004447761'], 'language': ['french', 'english'], 'url': 'https://www.loc.gov/collections/alan-lomax-manuscripts/about-this-collection/', 'items': 'https://www.loc.gov/collections/alan-lomax-manuscripts/', 'hassegments': False, 'image_url': ['https://www.loc.gov/static/collections/alan-lomax-manuscripts/155_155.jpg#h=155&w=155', 'https://www.loc.gov/static/collections/alan-lomax-manuscripts/500_500.jpg#h=500&w=500'], 'aka': ['http://www.loc.gov/collections/alan-lomax-manuscripts/about-this-collection/', 'http://www.loc.gov/collections/lomax-manscripts/', 'http://lccn.loc.gov/2004447761', 'http://www.loc.gov/item/2004447761/', 'https://www.loc.gov/collections/alan-lomax-manuscripts/about-this-collection/']}, {'access_restricted': False, 'original_format': ['collection', 'book'], 'id': 'http://www.loc.gov/collections/albert-schatz/about-this-collection/', 'partof': ['music division', 'digital collections', 'albert schatz collection'], 'subject': ['performing arts'], 'index': 21, 'group': ['collections-portal'], 'title': 'Albert Schatz Collection', 'digitized': True, 'description': [\"<p> Albert Schatz (1839-1910) was a German music dealer with life-long interest in opera and its history. In 1873, when Schatz assumed ownership of the Musikalienhandlung Ludwig Trutschel Nachfolger in Rostock, Germany, he confirmed his intent to write a comprehensive history of opera through the study of primary sources. Research for the book necessitated extensive travel throughout Europe to collect libretti including many first and early Italian, German and French editions from the 17th and 18th centuries: in the end, his collection totaled 12,000 operatic and 238 oratorio and cantata libretti. </p>  <p> Schatz's poor health impeded the completion of his book; in 1908, he personally offered to sell his unparalleled libretto collection to Music Division Chief and friend Oscar Sonneck, who negotiated the purchase that same year. Later, after Schatz's death, the purchase of the manuscript portion of his collection, consisting of research papers and notes, was also arranged by Sonneck. </p>  <p>The scope of this digital presentation comprises all 12,253 Schatz libretti; the images were generated from the Library's microfilm copy of that collection.</p>\"], 'timestamp': '2019-11-22T09:43:42.035Z', 'campaigns': [], 'extract_timestamp': '2019-11-22T09:26:50.534Z', 'shelf_id': '~/collections/albert-schatz/about-this-collection/', 'other_title': [], 'count': 12255, 'url': 'https://www.loc.gov/collections/albert-schatz/about-this-collection/', 'items': 'https://www.loc.gov/collections/albert-schatz/', 'hassegments': False, 'image_url': ['https://www.loc.gov/static/collections/albert-schatz/155_155.jpg#h=155&w=155', 'https://www.loc.gov/static/collections/albert-schatz/500_500.jpg#h=500&w=500'], 'aka': ['http://www.loc.gov/collections/albert-schatz/about-this-collection/', 'http://www.loc.gov/collections/schatz/']}, {'item': {'digital_id': ['http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/collmss.ms000006', 'http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/eadmss.ms000011', 'http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/eadmss.ms000011.3'], 'medium': ['147,700 items.', '446 containers plus 8 oversize.', '23 microfilm reels.', '183.2 linear feet.'], 'repository': ['Library of Congress Manuscript Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA dcu http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/mss.home'], 'contributors': ['Bell, Alexander Graham, 1847-1922.', 'Bell, Alexander Melville, 1819-1905.', 'Bell, Mabel Gardiner Hubbard, 1857-1923.', 'Fairchild, Marian, 1880-1962.', 'Hubbard, Gardiner G. (Gardiner Greene), 1822-1897.'], 'title': 'Alexander Graham Bell family papers,', 'notes': ['Arranged in twelve series.  Series 1: Journals and Diaries, 1867-1910; Series 2: Family Papers, 1834-1972; Series 3: General Correspondence, 1870-1922; Series 4: Subject File, circa 1870-1970; Series 5: Beinn Bhreagh Recorder, 1909-1922; Series 6: Scientific Notebooks, 1879-1922; Series 7: Article and Book File, 1901-1904; Series 8: Speeches and Interviews File, 1876-1922; Series 9: Miscellany, 1865-1974; Series 10: Additions, 1847-1954; Series 11: Oversize, 1872-1956; and Series 12: Microfilm, 1861-1922.', 'Selected correspondence, scientific notebooks, journals, blueprints, articles, and photographs also available through the Library of Congress Web site at http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/collmss.ms000006', 'Microfilm edition (edition filmed prior to arrangement of the Alexander Graham Bell Family Papers by the Library of Congress Manuscript Division) of selected scientific notebooks available, no. 10,998 & 13,638.', 'Negative microfilm edition of a poem, \"The Tongue,\" (1861) by Alexander Bell (1792-1865)  available through Library of Congress Photoduplication Service, no. 16,395.', 'Microfilm produced from originals now in the Manuscript Division. [S.l.] 1956-1966, undated.', 'Gift and deposit, descendants of Alexander Graham Bell and others, 1947-1984.', 'Transfer, National Museum of History and Technology, Smithsonian Institution, 1977.', 'Transfer, Library of Congress Rare Book and Special Collections Division, 1977.', 'Purchase, 1998.', 'Maps transferred to Library of Congress Geography and Map Division.', 'Musical compositions transferred to Library of Congress Music Division.', \"Photographs, negatives, and other pictorial materials transferred to Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division's Gilbert H. Grosvenor Collection of Photographs of the Alexander Graham Bell Family.\", 'Alexander Graham Bell, inventor and educator, and members of the related Bell, Fairchild, Grosvenor, and Hubbard families.', 'Collection material in English.', 'Finding aid available in the Library of Congress Manuscript Reading Room and at http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/eadmss.ms000011'], 'format': ['manuscript', 'collection'], 'summary': [\"Correspondence, diaries, journals, laboratory notebooks, patent records, speeches, writings, subject files, genealogical records, printed material, and other papers pertaining primarily to Bell's invention of the telephone (1876).  Also includes material documenting his contributions to the education of the deaf and his interests in a wide range of scientific and technological fields including aviation, eugenics, and marine engineering.  Includes bound volumes of the Beinn Bhreagh Recorder, a bulletin concerning Bell's laboratory and estate in Baddeck, N.S.; and volumes of the American Annals of the Deaf and Dumb, later American Annals of the Deaf.  Correspondents include Edward Miner Gallaudet, Ulysses S. Grant, Joseph Henry, Helen Keller, George Kennan, S. P. Langley, Guglielmo Marconi, Simon Newcomb, John Wesley Powell, Theodore Roosevelt, William H. Taft, Charles Sumner Tainter, and Woodrow Wilson.\", \"Family papers include papers of Bell's father, Alexander Melville Bell, relating chiefly to elocution and the physiology of speech; papers of Alexander Graham Bell's father-in-law, Gardiner Greene Hubbard; papers of Mabel Hubbard Bell including correspondence with her husband, Alexander Graham Bell; correspondence of their daughter, Marian Fairchild; and papers of other members of the Bell, Fairchild, Grosvenor, and Hubbard families.\"], 'language': ['eng'], 'subjects': ['Bell, Alexander Graham,--1847-1922--Homes and haunts', 'Gallaudet, Edward Miner,--1837-1917--Correspondence', 'Grant, Ulysses S.--(Ulysses Simpson),--1822-1885--Correspondence', 'Henry, Joseph,--1797-1878--Correspondence', 'Keller, Helen,--1880-1968--Correspondence', 'Kennan, George,--1845-1924--Correspondence', 'Langley, S. P.--(Samuel Pierpont),--1834-1906--Correspondence', 'Marconi, Guglielmo,--marchese,--1874-1937--Correspondence', 'Newcomb, Simon,--1835-1909--Correspondence', 'Powell, John Wesley,--1834-1902--Correspondence', 'Roosevelt, Theodore,--1858-1919--Correspondence', 'Taft, William H.--(William Howard),--1857-1930--Correspondence', 'Tainter, Charles Sumner,--1854-1940--Correspondence', 'Wilson, Woodrow,--1856-1924--Correspondence', 'Bell family', 'Fairchild family', 'Grosvenor family', 'Hubbard family', 'American annals of the deaf', 'American annals of the deaf and dumb', 'Aeronautics', 'Deaf--Education', 'Deaf--Periodicals', 'Elocution', 'Eugenics', 'Marine engineering', 'Presidents--United States', 'Science', 'Science--Periodicals', 'Speech--Physiological aspects', 'Technology', 'Telephone--History', 'Baddeck (N.S.)', 'Beinn Bhreagh recorder'], 'location': ['United States', 'Baddeck (N.S.)'], 'date': '||||', 'access_advisory': ['Open to research.']}, 'access_restricted': False, 'number': ['2018-02-16t10:14:24', 'mm76051268'], 'original_format': ['collection', 'manuscript/mixed material'], 'contributor': ['fairchild, marian', 'bell, mabel gardiner hubbard', 'bell, alexander graham', 'hubbard, gardiner g. (gardiner greene)', 'bell, alexander melville'], 'id': 'http://www.loc.gov/collections/alexander-graham-bell-papers/about-this-collection/', 'partof': ['alexander graham bell family papers at the library of congress', 'digital collections', 'manuscript division'], 'subject': ['science & technology', 'american history'], 'index': 22, 'group': ['collections-portal'], 'title': 'Alexander Graham Bell Family Papers at the Library of Congress', 'number_source_modified': ['2018-02-16t10:14:24'], 'location': ['united states', 'nova scotia', 'baddeck'], 'resources': [], 'digitized': True, 'description': ['<p>The collection contains over 145,000 items. The online version contains 4,695 items (equaling about 51,500 images), consists of correspondence, scientific notebooks, journals, blueprints, articles, and photographs documenting Bell\\'s invention of the telephone and his involvement in the first telephone company, his family life, his interest in the education of the deaf, and his aeronautical and other scientific research. Dates span from 1862 to 1939, with the bulk of the materials dating from 1865 to 1920. Included among Bell\\'s papers are pages from his experimental notebook from March 10, 1876, describing the first successful experiment with the telephone, during which he spoke through the instrument to his assistant the famous words, \"Mr. Watson--Come here--I want to see you.\" Bell\\'s various roles in life as teacher, inventor, celebrity, and family man are covered extensively in his papers. Complementing the Bell Papers are digital images of photographs from the Gilbert H. Grosvenor Collection in the Library\\'s Prints and Photographs Division.</p>  <p>The Bell Family Papers is divided into several archival series, including Family Papers, General Correspondence, Subject File, <em>Beinn Bhreagh Recorder</em>, Laboratory Notebooks, Article File, and Speech File. The online presentation includes the following:</p>  <ul class=\"plain margin-bottom-double-li list-plain-extra-margin\">    <li><a href=\"/search/?q=&fa=partof%3Aalexander+graham+bell+family+papers%2C+1834-1974.%3A+family+papers&sb=date\"><strong>Family Papers</strong></a><br />      The Family Papers mainly consist of correspondence between Alexander   Graham Bell and various members of his family. Some family members may   also have their own files, which include diaries, articles, and other   correspondence.</li>    <li><a href=\"/search/?q=&fa=partof%3Aalexander+graham+bell+family+papers%2C+1834-1974.%3A+general+correspondence&sb=date\"><strong>General Correspondence</strong></a><br />      These are letters between Alexander Graham Bell and his friends,   colleagues, and other acquaintances. Correspondence between Bell and his   family is found in Family Papers.</li>    <li><a href=\"/search/?q=&fa=partof%3Aalexander+graham+bell+family+papers%2C+1834-1974.%3A+subject+file&sb=date\"><strong>Subject File</strong></a><br />      These files consist of correspondence, scientific notebooks,   blueprints, and other materials covering a range of subjects, from the   telephone, to Bell\\'s scientific research, to his work with the deaf.</li>    <li><a href=\"/item/magbell.30700101/\"><strong>Beinn Bhreagh Recorder, Volume 1</strong></a><br />      The Beinn Bhreagh Recorder was a regular publication, created by   Alexander Graham Bell, that recorded the progress of Bell\\'s various   scientific research projects as well as local and family events at his   summer home in Nova Scotia.</li>    <li><a href=\"/item/magbell.33800101/\"><strong>Laboratory Notebooks - Home Notes, Volume 64, 1910</strong></a><br />      <a href=\"/item/magbell.36500101//\"><strong>Laboratory Notebooks - Laboratory Notes, Volume 31, 1891-1893</strong></a><br />      These laboratory notebooks, dated 1910 and 1891-1893, are representative of the more than 200 volumes of laboratory notebooks   compiled by Alexander Graham Bell from 1879 to 1922. Scientific   notebooks and journals, particularly those pertaining to the telephone,   can also be found among the Subject Files.</li>    <li><a href=\"/search/?q=&fa=partof%3Aalexander+graham+bell+family+papers%2C+1834-1974.%3A+article+and+speech+files&sb=date\"><strong>Article and Speech Files</strong></a><br />      These articles and one speech are a sample of the handwritten and   typewritten drafts and printed copies written by Alexander Graham Bell.   Their various subjects include Bell\\'s childhood, aeronautics, deaf   education, and scientific experiments. </li>    <li><a href=\"/search/?q=&fa=partof%3Aalexander+graham+bell+family+papers%2C+1834-1974.%3A+miscellany&sb=date\"><strong>Miscellany</strong></a><br />      This last series is composed of miscellaneous writings and copies   of correspondence, mostly by Alexander Graham Bell. There is also some   poetry, written both by and for Bell. </li>  </ul>  <p>Several factors defined the selection of Bell Papers for digitization. The collection as a whole includes the personal papers of not only Alexander Graham Bell but also those of his father, mother, wife, father-in-law, and other family members. Because the Bell Papers are so numerous and inclusive, navigation through them can be difficult. Therefore, one of the main objectives of the selection process was to identify those materials which mainly focused on Alexander Graham Bell and his work, varied interests, and achievements. Another important goal was to choose those materials that best offered a well-rounded portrayal of Bell--not only as an inventor and scientist but also as a teacher, husband, and father. Items were also selected if they appeared historically useful or significant, such as correspondence pertaining to the development of the Bell Telephone Company or Mabel Hubbard Bell\\'s written accounts of her experiences growing up deaf. </p>  <p> The Alexander Graham Bell Family Papers were donated to the Library of Congress by his heirs in 1975. Prior to this donation, the papers were on deposit at the National Geographic Society, where they were organized and maintained. In order to make the collection easier to use, the Society prepared typed transcripts of a large portion of the handwritten letters. These valuable transcriptions were retained and have been reproduced here along with the original letters. Occasionally the original is missing and only the transcription is still available. One should keep in mind that these transcripts are now decades old and may occasionally be difficult to read due to faded, bleeding, or blurred text.</p>  <p> The Bell Papers contain a considerable amount of correspondence, much of which reflects the writing practices of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. As letter writing becomes less popular, some awareness of common, older practices may be helpful. Since the typical handwritten letter is essentially a single sheet of paper folded in half (and usually written on all four sides), the digital scan and display of each unfolded sheet usually show an image of pages four and one (or back and front), and another of pages three and two (or the inside two pages). <a href=\"/resource/magbell.03500220/seq-1\" target=\"_blank\">Example</a> Today\\'s readers also should be aware of such papers-saving tactics as writing-over, or text over text. In such cases, the writer would literally write over a completed page, making the added words somewhat readable by turning the page sideways and writing horizontally against what were now vertical written lines. <a href=\"/resource/magbell.02800127/?sp=1\" target=\"_blank\">Example</a> Surprisingly, if the writer was careful and lengthened his or her hand while also trying to write only in the spaces between lines, such letters can be read with little difficulty. </p>    <div class=\"i_aligncenter i_caption\"       style=\"width: 444px;\">  <a href=\"/item/magbellbib000925\"><img src=\"/static/collections/alexander-graham-bell-papers/images/03500220-1tc.jpg\" alt=\"\" border=\"0\" height=\"211\" width=\"232\" /></a>    <a href=\"/item/magbellbib000925\"><img src=\"/static/collections/alexander-graham-bell-papers/images/03500220-2tc.jpg\" alt=\"\" border=\"0\" height=\"202\" width=\"202\" /></a>                 <p class=\"i_caption_text\"><a href=\"/item/magbellbib000925\">Letter from Alexander Graham Bell to Mabel Hubbard Bell, November 19, 1876</a>.</strong> Box 35, \"Subject File: Bell, Mabel Hubbard--Family Correspondence--Bell, Alexander Graham, August-November 1876.\" <em>Alexander Graham Bell Family Papers, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress.</em></p>                  <p class=\"i_caption_text\">Example of a folded letter with pages one and four on one side and pages three and two on the other. </p>                    </div>'], 'timestamp': '2019-11-22T09:43:42.035Z', 'campaigns': [], 'extract_timestamp': '2019-11-22T09:26:40.115Z', 'shelf_id': '~/collections/alexander-graham-bell-papers/about-this-collection/', 'other_title': [], 'count': 4715, 'dates': ['1862-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1863-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1864-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1865-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1866-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1867-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1868-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1869-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1870-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1871-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1872-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1873-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1874-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1875-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1876-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1877-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1878-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1879-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1880-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1881-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1882-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1883-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1884-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1885-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1886-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1887-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1888-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1889-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1890-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1891-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1892-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1893-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1894-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1895-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1896-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1897-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1898-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1899-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1900-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1901-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1902-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1903-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1904-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1905-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1906-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1907-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1908-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1909-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1910-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1911-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1912-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1913-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1914-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1915-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1916-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1917-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1918-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1919-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1920-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1921-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1922-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1923-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1924-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1925-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1926-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1927-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1928-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1929-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1930-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1931-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1932-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1933-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1934-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1935-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1936-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1937-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1938-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1939-01-01T00:00:00Z'], 'number_lccn': ['mm76051268'], 'language': ['english'], 'url': 'https://www.loc.gov/collections/alexander-graham-bell-papers/about-this-collection/', 'items': 'https://www.loc.gov/collections/alexander-graham-bell-papers/', 'hassegments': False, 'image_url': ['https://www.loc.gov/static/collections/alexander-graham-bell-papers/155_155.jpg#h=155&w=155', 'https://www.loc.gov/static/collections/alexander-graham-bell-papers/500_500.jpg#h=500&w=500'], 'aka': ['http://www.loc.gov/collections/alexander-graham-bell-papers/about-this-collection/', 'http://www.loc.gov/collections/magbell/', 'http://lccn.loc.gov/mm76051268', 'http://www.loc.gov/item/mm76051268/', 'http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/collmss.ms000006', 'http://www.loc.gov/resource/eadmss.ms000011.3/', 'http://www.loc.gov/resource/eadmss.ms000011/', 'http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/eadmss.ms000011', 'http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/eadmss.ms000011.3', 'http://www.loc.gov/resource/collmss.ms000006/']}, {'item': {'digital_id': ['http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/collmss.ms000059', 'http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/eadmss.ms003014', 'http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/eadmss.ms003014.3'], 'medium': ['12,000 items.', '44 containers plus 3 oversize.', '34 microfilm reels.', '22.4 linear feet.'], 'repository': ['Library of Congress Manuscript Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA dcu http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/mss.home'], 'contributors': ['Hamilton, Alexander, 1757-1804.', 'First Church in Albany.'], 'title': 'Alexander Hamilton papers,', 'notes': ['Arranged in nine series.  Series 1: General Correspondence, 1734-1804; Series 2: Speeches and Writings File, 1778-1804; Series 3: Legal File, 1708-1804; Series 4: Financial Papers, 1782-1804; Series 5: Family Papers, 1737-1917; Series 6: Miscellany, 1711-1820; Series 7: 1998 Addition, 1780-1820; Series 8: 2017 Addition, 1790-1804; and Series 9: Oversize, 1775-1805.', 'Researchers wishing to cite this collection should include the following information: Container or reel number, Alexander Hamilton Papers, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.', 'Alexander Hamilton Papers available through the Library of Congress Web site at http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/collmss.ms000059', 'Microfilm edition of part of these papers available, no. 18,482.', 'Microfilm produced from originals in the Manuscript Division. Washington, D.C. : Library of Congress Photoduplication Service, 1981.', 'Transfer, U.S. Department of State, 1904.', 'Transfer, U.S. Department of the Treasury, 1917.', 'Gifts, deposits converted to gift, and purchases, 1916-2017.', 'Delegate from New York to the U.S. Continental Congress, U.S. secretary of the treasury, U.S. army officer, statesman, and lawyer.', 'Collection material in English.', 'Finding aid available in the Library of Congress Manuscript Reading Room and at http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/eadmss.ms003014', 'Includes a photostat of marriage records listing Alexander Hamilton and Elizabeth Schuyler which was formerly cataloged separately under First Church of Albany Records.'], 'format': ['manuscript', 'collection'], 'summary': [\"Correspondence, speeches, writings, legal and financial records, printed matter, and other papers relating to Hamilton's personal life and public career, especially his service as an aide to George Washington during the Revolutionary War, his participation in the U.S. Continental Congress and the Constitutional Convention, his service as U.S. secretary of the treasury, his New York law practice, and his service as inspector general of the U.S. Army.  Subjects include military affairs such as recruiting and organizing the army, supply logistics, and condition at the forts, especially in the West; economic issues such as public finance, creation of a national bank, establishment of a mint, development of manufacturing, and the Society for Establishing Useful Manufactures; U.S. relations with France and Great Britain; acceptance of the U.S. Constitution by the New York ratifying convention in 1788; legal cases before the New York Supreme Court; and the Hamilton, McLane, Schuyler, and Church families.\", \"Correspondents include John Adams; Angelica Schuyler Church; Henry Clay; Elizabeth Schuyler Hamilton; John Francis Hamtramck; William Heth; John Jay; Thomas Jefferson; Rufus King; Marie Joseph Paul Yves Roch Gilbert du Motier, marquis de Lafayette; Henry Lee; Pierre Charles L'Enfant; James McHenry; James Monroe; Robert Morris; Timothy Pickering; Charles Cotesworth Pinckney; Nathan Rice; John J.U. Rivardi; Philip John Schuyler; Theodore Sedgwick; William Seton; William Stephens Smith; Friedrich Wilhelm Ludolf Gerhard Augustin, Baron von Steuben; Caleb Swan; Louis de Tousard; Robert Troup; Jeremiah Wadsworth; George Washington; James Wilkinson; and Oliver Wolcott.\"], 'language': ['eng'], 'subjects': ['Adams, John,--1735-1826--Correspondence', 'Church, Angelica Schuyler,--1756-1815--Correspondence', 'Clay, Henry,--1777-1852--Correspondence', 'Hamilton, Elizabeth Schuyler,--1757-1854--Correspondence', 'Hamtramck, John Francis,--1756-1803--Correspondence', 'Heth, William,--1735-1808--Correspondence', 'Jay, John,--1745-1829--Correspondence', 'Jefferson, Thomas,--1743-1826--Correspondence', 'King, Rufus,--1755-1827--Correspondence', 'Lafayette, Marie Joseph Paul Yves Roch Gilbert du Motier,--marquis de,--1757-1834--Correspondence', 'Lee, Henry,--1756-1818--Correspondence', \"L'Enfant, Pierre Charles,--1754-1825--Correspondence\", 'McHenry, James,--1753-1816--Correspondence', 'Monroe, James,--1758-1831--Correspondence', 'Morris, Robert,--1734-1806--Correspondence', 'Pickering, Timothy,--1745-1829--Correspondence', 'Pinckney, Charles Cotesworth,--1746-1825--Correspondence', 'Rice, Nathan,--1754-1829--Correspondence', 'Rivardi, John J. U.--(John Jacob Ulrich)--Correspondence', 'Schuyler, Philip John,--1733-1804--Correspondence', 'Sedgwick, Theodore,--1746-1813--Correspondence', 'Seton, William,--1746-1798--Correspondence', 'Smith, William Stephens,--1755-1816--Correspondence', 'Steuben, Friedrich Wilhelm Ludolf Gerhard Augustin,--Baron von,--1730-1794--Correspondence', 'Swan, Caleb,---1809--Correspondence', 'Tousard, Louis de,--1749-1817--Correspondence', 'Troup, Robert,--1757-1832--Correspondence', 'Wadsworth, Jeremiah,--1743-1804--Correspondence', 'Washington, George,--1732-1799', 'Washington, George,--1732-1799--Correspondence', 'Wilkinson, James,--1757-1825--Correspondence', 'Wolcott, Oliver,--1760-1833--Correspondence', 'Church family', 'Hamilton family', 'Schuyler family', 'Mint of the United States', 'New York (State).--Supreme Court of Judicature', 'United States.--Army.--Office of the Inspector General', 'United States.--Constitutional Convention--(1787)', 'United States.--Continental Army', 'United States.--Continental Congress', 'United States.--Department of the Treasury', 'Society for Establishing Useful Manufactures', 'Finance, Public--United States', 'Manufacturing industries--United States', 'National banks (United States)', 'Practice of law--New York (State)--New York', 'France--Foreign relations--United States', 'Great Britain--Foreign relations--United States', 'New York (State)--Politics and government--1775-1865', 'United States--Economic conditions--To 1865', 'United States--Foreign relations--France', 'United States--Foreign relations--Great Britain', 'United States--History--Revolution, 1775-1783', 'United States--Politics and government--1783-1809', 'McLane family'], 'location': ['United States', 'New York (State)--New York', 'New York (State)', 'France--United States', 'Great Britain--United States', 'United States--France', 'United States--Great Britain'], 'date': '||||', 'access_advisory': ['Open to research.']}, 'access_restricted': False, 'number': ['mm81024612', '2017-08-29t13:11:51'], 'original_format': ['collection', 'manuscript/mixed material'], 'contributor': ['first church in albany', 'hamilton, alexander'], 'id': 'http://www.loc.gov/collections/alexander-hamilton-papers/about-this-collection/', 'partof': ['alexander hamilton papers', 'digital collections', 'manuscript division'], 'subject': ['government, law & politics', 'american history'], 'index': 23, 'group': ['collections-portal'], 'title': 'Alexander Hamilton Papers', 'number_source_modified': ['2017-08-29t13:11:51'], 'location': ['united states', 'new york', 'great britain', 'france'], 'resources': [], 'digitized': True, 'description': ['<p>The papers of Alexander Hamilton (ca. 1757-1804), first treasury secretary of the United States, consist of his personal and public correspondence, drafts of his writings (although not his <em>Federalist</em> essays), and correspondence among members of the Hamilton and Schuyler families. The collection, consisting of approximately 12,000 items dating from 1708 to 1917, documents Hamilton\\'s impoverished Caribbean boyhood (scantily); events in the lives of his family and that of his wife, Elizabeth Schuyler Hamilton; his experience as a Revolutionary War officer and aide-de-camp to General George Washington; his terms as a New York delegate to the Continental Congress (1782-1783) and the Constitutional Convention (1787); and his careers as a New York state legislator, United States treasury secretary (1789-1795), political writer, and lawyer in private practice. Most of the papers date from 1777 until Hamilton\\'s death in 1804. Additional details may be found in the collection\\'s finding aid (<a href=\"http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/eadmss.ms003014\">HTML</a> and <a href=\"http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/eadmss.ms003014.3\" target=\"_blank\">PDF</a> versions).</p>  <p>Among the many correspondents in the papers are John Adams, Angelica Schuyler Church, Henry Clay, Elizabeth Schuyler Hamilton, John Jay, Thomas Jefferson, Rufus King, the Marquis de Lafayette, Pierre Charles L\\'Enfant, James McHenry, James Monroe, Robert Morris, Timothy Pickering, Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, Philip Schuyler, Baron von Steuben, Robert Troup, George Washington, James Wilkinson, and Oliver Wolcott, Jr.</p>  <p>The federal government bought the bulk of the Hamilton papers in 1848. They were transferred from the State Department to the Library of Congress in 1904. Additional papers came to the Library of Congress later through gifts and purchases from the Hamilton family and other sources. \\xa0Papers accumulated through 1981 were scanned from the microfilm edition made that year, and items acquired since were digitized from the originals.</p>  <p>Between 1961 and 1987, Columbia University Press published a twenty-seven-volume edition of the <em>Papers of Alexander Hamilton</em>, edited by Harold C. Syrett. Between 1964 and 1981, Columbia University Law School published a five-volume-edition of Hamilton\\'s legal papers, with Julius Goebel as editor. These two editions have been used as definitive sources in the verification of names and in the dating and identification of manuscripts in the Hamilton Papers at the Library of Congress.</p>  <p>Although this collection is the largest gathering of Alexander Hamilton papers at the Library of Congress, there are significant additional groups of Hamilton letters and other papers in other Library of Congress collections, notably in the <a href=\"/collections/george-washington-papers/about-this-collection/\">George Washington Papers</a>. To identify these collections, consult the bibliography under <a href=\"/collections/alexander-hamilton-papers/about-this-collection/related-resources/\">Related Resources</a> or conduct a search for \"Hamilton, Alexander\" in the Library of Congress <a href=\"http://catalog.loc.gov\">online catalog</a>.</p>  <h2>Description of Series</h2>  <p>The collection is arranged in eight series as follows. </p>  <ul class=\"list-plain-extra-margin\">   <li><strong><a href=\"/collections/alexander-hamilton-papers/?fa=partof%3Aalexander+hamilton+papers%3A+general+correspondence,+1734-1804\">General Correspondence, 1734-1804</a> (Reels 1-21)</strong><br>    Hamilton\\'s correspondence begins with his boyhood employment with merchant Nicholas Cruger in St. Croix and continues through his service in the Revolutionary War, his participation as a New York delegate in the Constitutional Convention, and as treasury secretary. It ends with his last letters to his wife before his death in a duel with Aaron Burr in July 1804.</li>   <li><strong><a href=\"/collections/alexander-hamilton-papers/?fa=partof%3Aalexander+hamilton+papers%3A+speeches+and+writings+file%2C+1778-1804\">Speeches and Writings, 1778-1804</a> (Reels 21-23)</strong><br>    Drafts, copies, and notes of reports; political essays, speeches, New York legislative acts, and more composed by Hamilton from the American Revolution until his death. Of note is an outline of the speech he delivered at the Constitutional Convention on June 18, 1787; his notes on debates and speeches at New York\\'s ratifying convention, June 1788; drafts of the four major economic reports he wrote as treasury secretary (on public credit, creation of a national bank, establishment of a mint, and development of manufacturing); drafts of the speeches he wrote for George Washington, including Washington\\'s 1796 farewell address; notes he took at New York\\'s constitutional convention of 1787; and drafts of some of his political essays. None of Hamilton\\'s <em>Federalist</em> essays are included.</li>   <li><strong><a href=\"/collections/alexander-hamilton-papers/?fa=partof%3Aalexander+hamilton+papers%3A+legal+file%2C+1708-1804\">Legal File, 1708-1804</a> (Reels 23-29)</strong><br>    Papers documenting Hamilton\\'s career as a lawyer, which began in 1782. Most of these are ordered alphabetically by case. Some of the landmark cases included in his papers are Rutgers v. Waddington, People v. Croswell, Hylton v. United States, and cases forming the LeGuen v. Gouverneur and Kemble litigation.</li>   <li><strong><a href=\"/collections/alexander-hamilton-papers/?fa=partof%3Aalexander+hamilton+papers%3A+financial+papers%2C+1782-1804\">Financial Papers, 1782-1804</a> (Reel 29)</strong><br>    The financial papers, which form the smallest segment of the collection, consist of two volumes of accounts relating to Hamilton\\'s law practice, and a folder of miscellaneous receipts. Some of the receipts are for money Hamilton paid engineer William Pearce on behalf of the Society for Establishing Useful Manufactures to provide machinery for manufacturing cotton, 1791-1792.</li>   <li><strong><a href=\"/collections/alexander-hamilton-papers/?fa=partof%3Aalexander+hamilton+papers%3A+family+papers%2C+1737-1917\">Family Papers, 1737-1917</a></strong>  (Reels 29-31)</strong><br>    Letters and other documents of members of the Hamilton, Schuyler, and related families, but not including Alexander Hamilton himself. The series contains letters from Angelica Church (Hamilton\\'s sister-in-law) and Philip Schuyler (Hamilton\\'s father-in-law) to Elizabeth Schuyler Hamilton; from Philip Schuyler to his grandson, Philip Hamilton; and from Elizabeth Schuyler Hamilton to her sister, Catherine Cochran, and to her son, Philip Hamilton. Through the marriage of Philip Hamilton to Rebecca McLane, several McLane family letters were incorporated into the papers. Most of the nonfamily correspondence of Elizabeth Schuyler Hamilton relates to the management of her properties and to arrangements for the publication of Hamilton\\'s papers. Scattered letters addressed to Alexander Hamilton (Alexander and Elizabeth\\'s grandson), James A. Hamilton, John Church Hamilton, and to members of the McLane family are also included.</li>   <li><strong><a href=\"/collections/alexander-hamilton-papers/?fa=partof%3Aalexander+hamilton+papers%3A+miscellany%2C+1711-1820\">Miscellany, 1711-1820</a> (Reels 31-34)</strong><br>    A mixture of original and copied documents. Included are certificates, military papers, legislative papers, newspaper clippings, writings, school exercises attributed to Hamilton, Hamilton family papers including Hamilton\\'s will, printed material, notes on the collection, and more. </li>   <li><strong><a href=\"/collections/alexander-hamilton-papers/?fa=partof%3Aalexander+hamilton+papers%3A+1998+addition%2C+1780-1820\">1998 Addition, 1780-1820</a></strong><br>  This series, consisting of material acquired by gift and purchase since the  collection was microfilmed in 1981, was added to the Hamilton Papers in 1998.  Originals include a letter from Nicholas Everton to Hamilton concerning  legal matters and a Treasury Department circular. Photocopied material includes  letters by Hamilton, miscellaneous images, and a page from a church register  recording his marriage.</li>   <li><strong><a href=\"/collections/alexander-hamilton-papers/?fa=partof%3Aalexander+hamilton+papers%3A+2017+addition%2C+1790-1804\">  2017 Addition, 1790-1804</a></a></strong> <br>       This series consists of fifty-five letters, originally owned by Hamilton  descendants, purchased by the Library of Congress at Sotheby\\'s in January 2017.  Fifty-one of these, 1790-1804, are from Philip Schuyler (1733-1804) to his  son-in-law Alexander Hamilton and daughter Elizabeth Schuyler Hamilton. The  remainder consists of two additional family letters, a letter from Charles  Pierre L\\'Enfant to Hamilton, July 14, 1801, concerning L\\'Enfant\\'s renovation of  City Hall in New York into Federal Hall, and a fragment of a will in Hamilton\\'s  hand, [July 1795].     </li>   <li><strong>Oversize</strong><br>    Correspondence, reports, annotated drafts of the Constitution, writings, deeds, agreements, contracts, financial papers, certificates, and printed matter. These items were microfilmed in their original locations before their physical removal to this series. Included here are samples of lace made by women in Ipswich, Massachusetts. The lace was collected for Hamilton as an example of American manufacturing as he wrote his \"Report on Manufactures,\" 1791.</li>  </ul>'], 'timestamp': '2019-11-22T09:43:42.035Z', 'campaigns': [], 'extract_timestamp': '2019-11-22T09:26:40.115Z', 'shelf_id': '~/collections/alexander-hamilton-papers/about-this-collection/', 'other_title': [], 'count': 882, 'number_lccn': ['mm81024612'], 'language': ['english'], 'url': 'https://www.loc.gov/collections/alexander-hamilton-papers/about-this-collection/', 'items': 'https://www.loc.gov/collections/alexander-hamilton-papers/', 'hassegments': False, 'image_url': ['https://www.loc.gov/static/collections/alexander-hamilton-papers/155_155.jpg#h=155&w=155', 'https://www.loc.gov/static/collections/alexander-hamilton-papers/500_500.jpg#h=500&w=500'], 'aka': ['http://www.loc.gov/collections/alexander-hamilton-papers/about-this-collection/', 'http://www.loc.gov/collections/hamilton/', 'http://lccn.loc.gov/mm81024612', 'http://www.loc.gov/item/mm81024612/', 'http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/collmss.ms000059', 'http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/eadmss.ms003014', 'http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/eadmss.ms003014.3', 'http://www.loc.gov/resource/eadmss.ms003014.3/', 'http://www.loc.gov/resource/eadmss.ms003014/', 'http://www.loc.gov/resource/collmss.ms000059/']}, {'item': {'digital_id': ['http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/collmss.ms000028', 'http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/eadmss.ms010138', 'http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/eadmss.ms010138.3'], 'medium': ['27,000 items.', '116 containers.', '57 microfilm reels.', '29 linear feet.'], 'repository': ['Library of Congress Manuscript Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA dcu http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/mss.home'], 'contributors': ['Stephens, Alexander H. (Alexander Hamilton), 1812-1883.'], 'title': 'Alexander Hamilton Stephens papers,', 'notes': ['Arranged in three series.  Series 1: General Correspondence, 1784-1886; Series 2: Letters from Servants, 1867-1883; and Series 3: Autobiography and Journal, 1834-1837.', 'Alexander Hamilton Stephens Papers available through the Library of Congress Web site at http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/collmss.ms000028', 'Microfilm edition available, no. 15,135.', 'Microfilm produced from originals in the Manuscript Division. Washington, D.C. : Library of Congress Photoduplication Service, 1971.', 'Gifts and purchases, 1900-1938.', 'Lawyer, journalist, governor of Georgia, U.S. senator and representative from Georgia, and vice president of the Confederate States of America.', 'Collection material in English.', 'Finding aid available in the Library of Congress Manuscript Reading Room and at http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/eadmss.ms010138'], 'format': ['manuscript', 'collection'], 'summary': [\"Correspondence, memoranda, telegrams, journal, autobiography, legal documents, clippings, and other papers reflecting Stephens's career in government and politics.  Chiefly correspondence concerning national and sectional questions as well as local affairs, philanthropy, and plantation management.  Subjects include the presidential election of 1876; Civil War; Compromise of 1850; formation and operation of the Confederate Government; Dred Scott decision; Indian affairs; Kansas-Nebraska Act; political parties including the American Party (Know-Nothing Party), Democratic Party, Republican Party (1854- ), and Whig Party; Reconstruction; secession; slavery; states' rights; territorial expansion; and annexation of Texas.  Other subjects include education, tariff, transportation, and other economic, literary, political, and social matters.  Includes letters from Stephens's slaves.  Other correspondents include Francis Preston Blair, Joseph E. Brown, Fitzwilliam Byrdsall, Henry Cleveland, Howell Cobb, A.H. Garland, John Brown Gordon, Paul Hamilton Hayne, William H. Hidell, Henry R. Jackson, Herschel V. Johnson, Richard Malcolm Johnston, L.Q.C. Lamar, James Ryder Randall, J. Henley Smith, Robert Augustus Toombs, James I. Waddell, and Ambrose R. Wright.\"], 'language': ['eng'], 'subjects': ['Blair, Francis Preston,--1791-1876--Correspondence', 'Brown, Joseph E.--(Joseph Emerson),--1821-1894--Correspondence', 'Byrdsall, Fitzwilliam,--1810-1875?--Correspondence', 'Cleveland, Henry--Correspondence', 'Cobb, Howell,--1815-1868--Correspondence', 'Garland, A. H.--(Augustus Hill),--1832-1899--Correspondence', 'Gordon, John Brown,--1832-1904--Correspondence', 'Hayne, Paul Hamilton,--1830-1886--Correspondence', 'Hidell, William H.--Correspondence', 'Jackson, Henry R.--(Henry Rootes),--1820-1898--Correspondence', 'Johnson, Herschel V.--(Herschel Vespasian),--1812-1880--Correspondence', 'Johnston, Richard Malcolm,--1822-1898--Correspondence', 'Lamar, L. Q. C.--(Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus),--1825-1893--Correspondence', 'Randall, James Ryder,--1839-1908--Correspondence', 'Scott, Dred,--1809-1858--Trials, litigation, etc', 'Smith, J. Henley,--1829---Correspondence', 'Toombs, Robert Augustus,--1810-1885--Correspondence', 'Waddell, James I.--(James Iredell),--1824-1886--Correspondence', 'Wright, Ambrose R.--(Ambrose Ransom),--1826-1872--Correspondence', 'United States.--Kansas-Nebraska Act', 'American Party', 'Confederate States of America', 'Democratic Party (U.S.)', 'Republican Party (U.S. : 1854- )', 'Whig Party (U.S.)', 'American literature--19th century', 'Charities', 'Compromise of 1850', 'Education--United States', 'Elections--United States--1876', 'Indians of North America--Government relations', 'Plantations--Georgia', 'Political parties--United States', 'Reconstruction (U.S. history, 1865-1877)', 'Secession', 'Slavery--Law and legislation--United States', 'Slavery--Georgia', 'Slaves--Georgia--Correspondence', \"States' rights (American politics)\", 'Tariff--United States', 'Transportation--United States', 'Confederate States of America--History', 'Confederate States of America--Politics and government', 'Georgia--History--1775-1865', 'Georgia--History--1865', 'Georgia--Politics and government--1775-1865', 'Georgia--Politics and government--1865-1950', 'Southern States--History--1865-1877', 'Texas--Annexation to the United States', 'United States--Economic conditions', 'United States--History--Civil War, 1861-1865', 'United States--History--1865-1898', 'United States--Politics and government--19th century', 'United States--Social conditions', 'United States--Territorial expansion'], 'location': ['United States', 'Georgia', 'Confederate States of America', 'Southern States', 'Texas'], 'date': '||||', 'access_advisory': ['Open to research.']}, 'access_restricted': False, 'number': ['2016-10-07t08:03:36', 'mm78041335'], 'original_format': ['collection', 'manuscript/mixed material'], 'contributor': ['stephens, alexander h. (alexander hamilton)'], 'id': 'http://www.loc.gov/collections/alexander-hamilton-stephens-papers/about-this-collection/', 'partof': ['digital collections', 'manuscript division', 'alexander hamilton stephens papers'], 'subject': ['government, law & politics', 'american history'], 'index': 24, 'group': ['collections-portal'], 'title': 'Alexander Hamilton Stephens Papers', 'number_source_modified': ['2016-10-07t08:03:36'], 'location': ['united states', 'confederate states of america', 'georgia', 'southern states', 'texas'], 'resources': [], 'digitized': True, 'description': ['<p>The papers of Alexander Hamilton Stephens (1812-1883), lawyer, journalist, governor of Georgia, member of both houses of the United States Congress, and vice president of the Confederate States of America, span the years 1784-1886, with the bulk of the material concentrated in the period 1850-1883. \\xa0The collection consists primarily of correspondence, supplemented by an autobiography and journal and miscellaneous memoranda, legal documents, and clippings. \\xa0The papers are organized in three series: General Correspondence, Letters from Servants, and Autobiography and Journal.</p> <p>The correspondence, mainly letters received, touches on virtually all aspects of Stephens&rsquo;s private and public life, focusing on the divisive issues leading to the Civil War, the operation of the Confederate government, and postwar problems and issues in the South. \\xa0Specific topics discussed include plantation management, slavery, Texas annexation, territorial expansion, political parties, states&rsquo; rights, the compromise of 1850, the Kansas-Nebraska Act, the Dred Scott decision, secession, formation of the Confederate government, the conduct of the Civil War, Reconstruction in the South, and the disputed election of 1876. \\xa0Broader subjects include transportation, the tariff, education, and social, economic, and literary matters.</p> <p>Prominent correspondents include Francis Preston Blair (1791-1876), Joseph E. Brown, Fitzwilliam Byrdsall, Henry Cleveland, Howell Cobb, Martin Crawford, A. H. Garland, John. B. Gordon, Paul Hamilton Hayne, William H. Hidell, Henry R. Jackson, Herschel V. Johnson, Richard Malcolm Johnson, L. Q. C. Lamar, James Ryder Randall, J. Henley Smith, Robert Augustus Toombs, James Iredell Waddell, and Ambrose R. Wright.</p>'], 'timestamp': '2019-11-22T09:43:42.035Z', 'campaigns': [], 'extract_timestamp': '2019-11-22T09:26:57.751Z', 'shelf_id': '~/collections/alexander-hamilton-stephens-papers/about-this-collection/', 'other_title': [], 'count': 124, 'number_lccn': ['mm78041335'], 'language': ['english'], 'url': 'https://www.loc.gov/collections/alexander-hamilton-stephens-papers/about-this-collection/', 'items': 'https://www.loc.gov/collections/alexander-hamilton-stephens-papers/', 'hassegments': False, 'image_url': ['https://www.loc.gov/static/collections/alexander-hamilton-stephens-papers/155_155.jpg#h=155&w=155', 'https://www.loc.gov/static/collections/alexander-hamilton-stephens-papers/500_500.jpg#h=500&w=500'], 'aka': ['http://www.loc.gov/collections/alexander-hamilton-stephens-papers/about-this-collection/', 'http://www.loc.gov/collections/stephens/', 'http://lccn.loc.gov/mm78041335', 'http://www.loc.gov/item/mm78041335/', 'http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/collmss.ms000028', 'http://www.loc.gov/resource/eadmss.ms010138.3/', 'http://www.loc.gov/resource/collmss.ms000028/', 'http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/eadmss.ms010138', 'http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/eadmss.ms010138.3', 'http://www.loc.gov/resource/eadmss.ms010138/']}, {'item': {'digital_id': ['http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.rbc/collrbc.rb000004', 'http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.rbc/lprbscsm.scsm1303'], 'call_number': ['E457 .S835 1824'], 'repository': ['Library of Congress Rare Book and Special Collections Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA dcu http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.rbc/rbc.home'], 'contributors': ['Stern, Alfred Whital, 1881-1960, collector.', 'Stern, Alfred Whital, 1881-1960, donor.', 'Library of Congress.', 'Alfred Whital Stern Collection of Lincolniana (Library of Congress)'], 'title': 'Alfred Whital Stern Collection of Lincolniana,', 'notes': ['Formats include books, pamphlets, broadsides, sheet music, prints, cartoons, maps, contemporary newspapers, correspondence, stamps, coins, printed ephemera, medals, and sculpture.', 'Books and pamphlets are cataloged individually in the Library of Congress online catalog.', 'The Alfred Whital Stern Collection of Lincolniana was deposited in the Library of Congress in 1951 and formally given to the Library by Mr. Stern in 1953. The collection has been added to since that time.  A Catalog of the Alfred Whital Stern Collection of Lincolniana (Washington: Library of Congress, 1960) provides access to the collection as it was constituted as of September 1958.', 'A portion of the collection is available on the Library of Congress Web site as the \"The Alfred Whital Stern Collection of Lincolniana.\"', 'Gift, Alfred Whital Stern; 1953.'], 'format': ['manuscript', 'collection'], 'summary': [\"Works by and about Abraham Lincoln (1809-1865) and his era; includes published and unpublished material on contemporary figures, slavery, the Civil War, and Reconstruction; the bronze casts of Lincoln's head and hands made by Leonard W. Volk, the modeling tools he used in their creation, with supporting ms. and photographs; the papers of James B. Merwin, army chaplain appointed by Lincoln during the Civil War.\"], 'language': ['eng'], 'subjects': ['Lincoln, Abraham,--1809-1865', 'Lincoln, Abraham,--1809-1865--Contemporaries', 'Lincoln, Abraham,--1809-1865--Assassination', 'Lincoln, Abraham,--1809-1865--Death and burial', 'Lincoln, Abraham,--1809-1865--Correspondence', 'Lincoln, Abraham,--1809-1865--Songs and music', 'Lincoln, Abraham,--1809-1865--Miscellanea', 'Volk, Leonard Wells,--1828-1895', 'Merwin, James Burtis,--1829-1917', 'Lincoln-Douglas Debates, Ill., 1858--Sources', 'Slavery--United States--History--Sources', 'Reconstruction (U.S. history, 1865-1877)--Sources', 'United States--History--Civil War, 1861-1865--Sources', 'United States--History--Civil War, 1861-1865--Songs and music', 'United States--History--19th century--Sources'], 'location': ['United States'], 'date': '1824', 'medium': ['ca. 11,100 items.'], 'access_advisory': ['Researchers are advised to contact the Rare Book and Special Collections Reading Room for access information well in advance of their visit. http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.rbc/rbc.contact']}, 'access_restricted': False, 'number': ['2014-11-04t11:41:05', '2014656901'], 'original_format': ['collection', 'book', 'photo, print, drawing', 'notated music'], 'contributor': ['library of congress', 'alfred whital stern collection of lincolniana (library of congress)', 'stern, alfred whital'], 'id': 'http://www.loc.gov/collections/alfred-whital-stern-lincolniana/about-this-collection/', 'partof': ['the alfred whital stern collection of lincolniana', 'digital collections', 'rare book and special collections division'], 'subject': ['government, law & politics', 'general', 'american history', 'war & military'], 'index': 25, 'group': ['collections-portal'], 'title': 'The Alfred Whital Stern Collection of Lincolniana', 'number_source_modified': ['2014-11-04t11:41:05'], 'location': ['united states'], 'resources': [], 'digitized': True, 'description': ['<p>The collection contains more than  11,100 items. This online  release presents over 1,300 items with a over 4,000  images and a date  range of 1824-1931. It includes the complete collection of  Stern\\'s  contemporary newspapers, Lincoln\\'s law papers, sheet music, broadsides,   prints, cartoons, maps, drawings, letters, campaign tickets, and other   ephemeral items. The books and pamphlets in this collection are  scheduled for  digitization at a later date.</p>  <p>Alfred Whital Stern (1881-1960) of Chicago presented his  outstanding  collection of Lincolniana to the Library of Congress in 1953. Stern   began collecting in the 1920s. His collection documents the life of  Abraham  Lincoln (1809-1865) both through writings by and about Lincoln  as well as a  large body of publications concerning the issues of the  times including  slavery, the Civil War, Reconstruction, and related  topics. </p>  <p>Highlights of the online collection include Lincoln\\'s own   scrapbook of the 1858 political campaign against Stephen A. Douglas; the  Tiffany  seed pearl necklace and bracelets that Lincoln gave to his  wife, Mary Todd; a  Lincoln life mask cast in bronze by Clark Mills, as  well as the contents of  Lincoln\\'s pockets on the evening of his  assassination. Probably the single most  famous Lincoln manuscript in  the collection is the January 26, 1863, letter to  General Joseph  Hooker, placing him in command of the Army of the Potomac. </p>  <p>Alfred Whital Stern\\'s gift to the Library represents the   most extensive collection of Lincolniana ever assembled by a private   individual. </p>  <p>Below is a listing of the types of items  in the Alfred Whital Stern Collection of Lincolniana.</p>  <table class=\"table-bordered table-padded\">   <tr>    <th scope=\"col\">Types of Items in the     Collection</th>    <th scope=\"col\">Number of Items</th>   </tr>   <tr>    <td>Advertisements </td>    <td>302 </td>   </tr>   <tr>    <td>Books </td>    <td>\\xa0 5 </td>   </tr>   <tr>    <td>Broadsides </td>    <td>515 </td>   </tr>   <tr>    <td>Correspondence </td>    <td>81 </td>   </tr>   <tr>    <td>Ephemera </td>    <td>206 </td>   </tr>   <tr>    <td>Government publications </td>    <td>33 </td>   </tr>   <tr>    <td>Humor, satire </td>    <td>76 </td>   </tr>   <tr>    <td>Legal cases and case notes </td>    <td>224 </td>   </tr>   <tr>    <td>Letters </td>    <td>81 </td>   </tr>   <tr>    <td>Manuscripts </td>    <td>298 </td>   </tr>   <tr>    <td>Maps </td>    <td>\\xa0\\xa0 9 </td>   </tr>   <tr>    <td>Newspapers </td>    <td>296 </td>   </tr>   <tr>    <td>Pamphlets </td>    <td>\\xa0 9 </td>   </tr>   <tr>    <td>Periodicals </td>    <td>290 </td>   </tr>   <tr>    <td>Photographs </td>    <td>69 </td>   </tr>   <tr>    <td>Poetry </td>    <td>57 </td>   </tr>   <tr>    <td>Portraits </td>    <td>336 </td>   </tr>   <tr>    <td>Postcards </td>    <td>\\xa0 9 </td>   </tr>   <tr>    <td>Realia </td>    <td>24 </td>   </tr>   <tr>    <td>Sheet music </td>    <td>249 </td>   </tr>   <tr>    <td>Speeches </td>    <td>27 </td>   </tr>  </table>'], 'timestamp': '2019-11-22T09:43:42.035Z', 'campaigns': [], 'extract_timestamp': '2019-11-22T09:26:57.751Z', 'date': '1824', 'shelf_id': '~/collections/alfred-whital-stern-lincolniana/about-this-collection/', 'other_title': [], 'count': 1541, 'dates': ['1809-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1810-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1811-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1812-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1813-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1814-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1815-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1816-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1817-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1818-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1819-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1820-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1821-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1822-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1823-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1824-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1825-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1826-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1827-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1828-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1829-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1830-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1831-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1832-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1833-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1834-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1835-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1836-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1837-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1838-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1839-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1840-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1841-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1842-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1843-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1844-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1845-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1846-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1847-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1848-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1849-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1850-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1851-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1852-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1853-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1854-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1855-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1856-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1857-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1858-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1859-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1860-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1861-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1862-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1863-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1864-01-01T00:00:00Z', '1865-01-01T00:00:00Z'], 'number_lccn': ['2014656901'], 'language': ['english'], 'url': 'https://www.loc.gov/collections/alfred-whital-stern-lincolniana/about-this-collection/', 'items': 'https://www.loc.gov/collections/alfred-whital-stern-lincolniana/', 'hassegments': False, 'image_url': ['https://www.loc.gov/static/collections/alfred-whital-stern-lincolniana/155_155.jpg#h=155&w=155', 'https://www.loc.gov/static/collections/alfred-whital-stern-lincolniana/500_500.jpg#h=500&w=500'], 'aka': ['http://www.loc.gov/collections/alfred-whital-stern-lincolniana/about-this-collection/', 'http://www.loc.gov/collections/lincolniana/', 'http://lccn.loc.gov/2014656901', 'http://www.loc.gov/item/2014656901/', 'http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.rbc/collrbc.rb000004', 'http://www.loc.gov/resource/lprbscsm.scsm1303/', 'http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.rbc/lprbscsm.scsm1303', 'http://www.loc.gov/resource/collrbc.rb000004/']}], 'link': 'https://www.loc.gov/collections/', 'active': True, 'slug': ''}\n",
      "\n",
      "previous_sibling\n",
      "None\n",
      "\n",
      "facet_trail\n",
      "[{'facet': 'Part of', 'field': 'partof', 'superset': 'https://www.loc.gov/search/?fo=json', 'value': 'digital collections'}, {'facet': 'Available Online', 'field': 'digitized', 'superset': 'https://www.loc.gov/collections/?all=true&fo=json', 'value': 'digitized'}]\n",
      "\n",
      "type\n",
      "content-portal\n",
      "\n",
      "options\n",
      "{'content_filter': None, 'unionFacets': '', 'all': None, 'webcast_permalink': None, 'request_params': {'fo': ['json']}, 'item': None, 'attribute': None, 'site_id': None, 'site_defaults': ['sortBy', 'style'], 'groupBy': '', 'duration': 0.3986020088195801, 'latlong': None, 'startPage': None, 'operator': None, 'page_has_campaign': True, 'embed!': [], 'facetLimits': '', 'port': '80', 'index': '', 'style': 'gallery', 'clip': None, 'redirect_proxy': False, 'clip_rotation': None, 'attribute!': None, 'content_replacement': '', 'facet_count': None, 'id': None, 'is_portal': True, 'field': None, 'newSearch': None, 'sortOrder': None, 'template': 'search/base', 'searchIn': 'partof:digital collections', 'facetPrefix': None, 'scheme': 'https, https, https', 'display_level': None, 'method': 'GET', 'api_version': '1', 'iiif': False, 'onsite': False, 'release_id': 92158, 'outputEncoding': 'UTF-8', 'format': 'json', 'keys': None, 'timestamp': 1574443973.186257, 'clip_image_width': None, 'searchTerms': '', 'host': 'www.loc.gov', 'ical': False, 'referer': None, 'sortBy': 'title_s asc', 'inputEncoding': 'UTF-8', 'path_info': '/collections/', 'new_clip_url': False, 'default_count': 40, 'application_version': '$Revision: 92158 $', 'site_type': 'collections', 'suggested': None, 'distance': None, 'dates': None, 'digital_id': None, 'proxypath': None, 'target': None, 'language': None, 'resource': '', 'region': '', 'facet_style': None, 'count': None, 'app_context': None, 'excludeTerms': None, 'callback': None, 'delimiter': None, 'segments': None, 'solrQuery': '', 'include_facets': ['subject', 'partof', 'original-format'], 'query_string': 'fo=json', 'embed': [], 'downloadOption': None, 'resource_sequence': None}\n",
      "\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "for key in collections.keys():\n",
    "    if key != 'results':\n",
    "        print(key)\n",
    "        print(collections[key])\n",
    "        print()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 4,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'Digital Collections'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 4,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "collections['title']"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
=======
>>>>>>> 00c53ba1e348cfb75703c957a8554c36b965d888
   "execution_count": 5,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
<<<<<<< HEAD
       "dict_keys(['access_restricted', 'original_format', 'id', 'partof', 'subject', 'index', 'group', 'title', 'digitized', 'description', 'timestamp', 'campaigns', 'extract_timestamp', 'shelf_id', 'other_title', 'count', 'url', 'items', 'hassegments', 'image_url', 'aka'])"
=======
       "dict_keys(['next_sibling', 'description', 'views', 'facet_views', 'search', 'image_urls', 'results', 'content_is_post', 'portal', 'expert_resources', 'featured_items', 'form_facets', 'pages', 'categories', 'previous', 'pagination', 'site_type', 'timestamp', 'title', 'breadcrumbs', 'facets', 'next', 'content', 'previous_sibling', 'facet_trail', 'type', 'options'])"
>>>>>>> 00c53ba1e348cfb75703c957a8554c36b965d888
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 5,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
<<<<<<< HEAD
    "collections['results'][0].keys()"
=======
    "collections.keys()"
>>>>>>> 00c53ba1e348cfb75703c957a8554c36b965d888
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 6,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
<<<<<<< HEAD
       "['collection', 'manuscript/mixed material']"
=======
       "'Digital Collections'"
>>>>>>> 00c53ba1e348cfb75703c957a8554c36b965d888
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 6,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
<<<<<<< HEAD
    "collections['results'][0]['original_format']"
=======
    "collections['title']"
>>>>>>> 00c53ba1e348cfb75703c957a8554c36b965d888
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
<<<<<<< HEAD
   "execution_count": 7,
=======
   "execution_count": 35,
>>>>>>> 00c53ba1e348cfb75703c957a8554c36b965d888
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "['portrait photographs',\n",
       " 'photograph albums',\n",
       " 'cityscapes',\n",
       " 'world cultures & history',\n",
       " 'group portraits',\n",
       " 'albumen prints']"
      ]
     },
<<<<<<< HEAD
     "execution_count": 7,
=======
     "execution_count": 35,
>>>>>>> 00c53ba1e348cfb75703c957a8554c36b965d888
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "collections['results'][2]['subject']"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
<<<<<<< HEAD
   "execution_count": 8,
=======
   "execution_count": 43,
>>>>>>> 00c53ba1e348cfb75703c957a8554c36b965d888
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "getting results for batch 1\n",
      "getting results for batch 2\n",
      "getting results for batch 3\n",
      "no subject field in this collection\n",
      "getting results for batch 4\n",
      "getting results for batch 5\n",
      "getting results for batch 6\n",
      "getting results for batch 7\n",
      "getting results for batch 8\n",
      "getting results for batch 9\n",
      "getting results for batch 10\n",
      "next_page is empty, looks like we're done\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "next_page = True\n",
    "subjects = Counter()\n",
    "titles = []\n",
    "batch = 0\n",
    "\n",
    "r = requests.get(\"https://www.loc.gov/collections/?fo=json\")\n",
    "collects = r.json()\n",
    "\n",
    "\n",
    "while next_page:\n",
    "    batch += 1\n",
    "    print('getting results for batch {}'.format(batch))\n",
    "    for collect in collects[\"results\"]: \n",
    "        titles.append(collect[\"title\"])\n",
    "        try:\n",
    "            for subject in collect['subject']:\n",
    "                subjects[subject] += 1\n",
    "        except KeyError:\n",
    "            print('no subject field in this collection')\n",
    "            subjects['none'] += 1\n",
    "    next_page = collects[\"pagination\"][\"next\"] #get the next page url\n",
    "    if next_page: #make sure we haven't hit the end of the pages\n",
    "        r = requests.get(next_page)\n",
    "        collects = r.json()\n",
    "    else:\n",
    "          print(\"next_page is empty, looks like we're done\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
<<<<<<< HEAD
   "execution_count": 9,
=======
   "execution_count": 47,
>>>>>>> 00c53ba1e348cfb75703c957a8554c36b965d888
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
<<<<<<< HEAD
       "[('american history', 128),\n",
       " ('government, law & politics', 94),\n",
       " ('performing arts', 86),\n",
       " ('world cultures & history', 74),\n",
       " ('war & military', 71),\n",
       " ('local history & folklife', 51),\n",
       " ('art & architecture', 43),\n",
       " ('social & business history', 31),\n",
       " ('portrait photographs', 30),\n",
       " ('photographic prints', 30),\n",
       " ('geography & places', 27),\n",
       " ('color', 22),\n",
       " ('science & technology', 21),\n",
       " ('general', 20),\n",
       " ('group portraits', 18),\n",
       " ('african american history', 16),\n",
       " ('photographs', 15),\n",
       " ('correspondence', 14),\n",
       " ('gelatin silver prints', 13),\n",
       " ('religion & philosophy', 12),\n",
       " ('field recordings', 12),\n",
       " ('oral histories', 12),\n",
       " (\"women's history\", 12),\n",
       " ('interviews', 11),\n",
       " ('sound recordings', 11),\n",
       " ('manuscripts', 11),\n",
       " ('sports & recreation', 10),\n",
       " ('drawings', 10),\n",
       " ('glass negatives', 10),\n",
       " ('landscape photographs', 10),\n",
       " ('literature & poetry', 9),\n",
       " ('slides', 9),\n",
       " ('prints', 9),\n",
       " ('interviews (sound recordings)', 9),\n",
       " ('nitrate negatives', 8),\n",
       " ('ethnography', 8),\n",
       " ('songs', 7),\n",
       " ('field notes', 7),\n",
       " ('film negatives', 7),\n",
       " ('history', 7),\n",
       " ('clippings (information artifacts)', 7),\n",
       " ('programs (documents)', 7),\n",
       " ('film transparencies', 7),\n",
       " ('photomechanical prints', 7),\n",
       " ('photograph albums', 6),\n",
       " ('albumen prints', 6),\n",
       " ('scrapbooks', 6),\n",
       " ('cityscape photographs', 6),\n",
       " ('videocassettes', 5),\n",
       " ('cartoons (commentary)', 5),\n",
       " ('american', 5),\n",
       " ('financial records', 5),\n",
       " ('promotional materials', 5),\n",
       " ('cityscapes', 4),\n",
       " ('web sites', 4),\n",
       " ('portrait prints', 4),\n",
       " ('paintings', 4),\n",
       " ('digital photographs', 4),\n",
       " ('posters', 4),\n",
       " ('artifacts (object genre)', 4),\n",
       " ('transparencies', 4),\n",
       " ('acetate negatives', 4),\n",
       " ('lithographs', 4),\n",
       " ('transcripts', 3),\n",
       " ('safety film negatives', 3),\n",
       " ('sermons', 3),\n",
       " ('architectural photographs', 3),\n",
       " ('periodical illustrations', 3),\n",
       " ('clippings', 3),\n",
       " ('caricatures', 3),\n",
       " ('illustrations', 3),\n",
       " ('portraits', 3),\n",
       " ('contracts', 3),\n",
       " ('address books', 3),\n",
       " ('awards', 3),\n",
       " ('scores', 3),\n",
       " ('scripts (documents)', 3),\n",
       " ('autochromes', 3),\n",
       " ('panoramic photographs', 3),\n",
       " ('lantern slides', 3),\n",
       " ('ephemera', 3),\n",
       " ('aerial photographs', 3),\n",
       " ('hymns', 3),\n",
       " ('video recordings', 2),\n",
       " ('speeches', 2),\n",
       " ('halftone photomechanical prints', 2),\n",
       " ('color slides', 2),\n",
       " ('wet plate negatives', 2),\n",
       " ('covers (illustration)', 2),\n",
       " ('book illustrations', 2),\n",
       " ('albums', 2),\n",
       " ('political cartoons', 2),\n",
       " ('japanese', 2),\n",
       " ('notes', 2),\n",
       " ('writings', 2),\n",
       " ('documents', 2),\n",
       " ('reproductions', 2),\n",
       " ('landscapes', 2),\n",
       " ('photochrom prints', 2),\n",
       " ('cityscape drawings', 2),\n",
       " ('landscape drawings', 2),\n",
       " ('portrait drawings', 2),\n",
       " ('contact prints', 2),\n",
       " ('woodcuts', 2),\n",
       " ('tintypes', 2),\n",
       " ('ambrotypes', 2),\n",
       " ('cyanotypes', 2),\n",
       " ('glass transparencies', 2),\n",
       " ('blogs', 2),\n",
       " ('arts & architecture', 2),\n",
       " ('contact sheets', 2),\n",
       " ('maps', 2),\n",
       " ('dye coupler prints', 2),\n",
       " ('screen prints', 2),\n",
       " ('war posters', 2),\n",
       " ('comic books', 2),\n",
       " ('comics (graphic works)', 2),\n",
       " ('alternative comics', 2),\n",
       " ('charts', 1),\n",
       " ('motion pictures', 1),\n",
       " ('ethnographic films', 1),\n",
       " ('manuscripts for publication', 1),\n",
       " ('audio-visual archives', 1),\n",
       " ('language surveys', 1),\n",
       " ('chromolithographs', 1),\n",
       " ('cigarette cards', 1),\n",
       " ('baseball cards', 1),\n",
       " ('almanacs', 1),\n",
       " ('religious radio programs', 1),\n",
       " ('local, regional & folklife', 1),\n",
       " ('sketches', 1),\n",
       " ('comics', 1),\n",
       " ('satires', 1),\n",
       " ('cartoons', 1),\n",
       " ('collages', 1),\n",
       " ('animation cels', 1),\n",
       " ('intaglio prints', 1),\n",
       " ('allegories', 1),\n",
       " ('satires (visual works)', 1),\n",
       " ('british', 1),\n",
       " ('planographic prints', 1),\n",
       " ('books', 1),\n",
       " ('traveling exhibitions', 1),\n",
       " ('world history and cultures', 1),\n",
       " ('sources', 1),\n",
       " ('directories', 1),\n",
       " ('databases', 1),\n",
       " ('filmed interviews', 1),\n",
       " ('daguerreotypes', 1),\n",
       " ('variety shows (radio programs)', 1),\n",
       " ('lecture notes', 1),\n",
       " ('variety shows (television programs)', 1),\n",
       " ('art reproductions', 1),\n",
       " ('mammoth plates', 1),\n",
       " ('waterscapes', 1),\n",
       " ('courtroom sketches', 1),\n",
       " ('abstract drawings', 1),\n",
       " ('none', 1),\n",
       " ('salted paper prints', 1),\n",
       " ('ukiye-o', 1),\n",
       " ('ethnic stereotypes', 1),\n",
       " ('ink drawings', 1),\n",
       " ('negatives', 1),\n",
       " ('cartes de visite', 1),\n",
       " ('card photographs', 1),\n",
       " ('dye destruction prints', 1),\n",
       " ('measured drawings', 1),\n",
       " ('architectural drawings', 1),\n",
       " ('screen color glass transparencies', 1),\n",
       " ('watercolors', 1),\n",
       " ('diaries', 1),\n",
       " ('stereographs', 1),\n",
       " ('articles', 1),\n",
       " ('lectures', 1),\n",
       " ('business records', 1),\n",
       " ('drafts (documents)', 1),\n",
       " ('appointment books', 1),\n",
       " ('writings (document genre)', 1),\n",
       " ('history of printing', 1),\n",
       " ('william blake', 1),\n",
       " ('decorative arts', 1),\n",
       " ('illustrated books', 1),\n",
       " ('graphic arts', 1),\n",
       " ('history of science', 1),\n",
       " ('actualities (motion pictures)', 1),\n",
       " ('compilation films', 1),\n",
       " ('internet videos', 1),\n",
       " ('still life photographs', 1),\n",
       " ('fashion photographs', 1),\n",
       " ('dance music', 1),\n",
       " ('prayers', 1),\n",
       " ('aguinaldos', 1),\n",
       " ('decimas', 1),\n",
       " ('fados', 1),\n",
       " ('dry plate negatives', 1),\n",
       " ('religion & philosphy', 1),\n",
       " ('television programs', 1),\n",
       " ('gum bichromate prints', 1),\n",
       " ('collotypes', 1),\n",
       " ('collodion printing-out paper prints', 1),\n",
       " ('photogravures', 1),\n",
       " ('platinum prints', 1),\n",
       " ('montages', 1),\n",
       " ('photolithographs', 1),\n",
       " ('silver printing-out paper prints', 1),\n",
       " ('portfolios', 1),\n",
       " ('panoramic views', 1),\n",
       " ('landscape prints', 1),\n",
       " ('cityscape prints', 1),\n",
       " ('stock posters', 1),\n",
       " ('theatrical posters', 1),\n",
       " ('offset lithographs', 1),\n",
       " ('spanish', 1),\n",
       " ('political posters', 1),\n",
       " ('soical & business history', 1),\n",
       " ('folk music', 1),\n",
       " ('business correspondents', 1),\n",
       " ('personal correspondence', 1),\n",
       " ('flags', 1),\n",
       " (\"children's art\", 1),\n",
       " ('poems', 1),\n",
       " ('periodicals', 1),\n",
       " ('programs', 1),\n",
       " ('gospel music', 1),\n",
       " ('bluegrass music', 1),\n",
       " ('essays', 1),\n",
       " ('war and military', 1),\n",
       " ('marine photographs', 1),\n",
       " ('self-portraits', 1),\n",
       " ('ethnographic photographs', 1),\n",
       " ('radio scripts', 1),\n",
       " ('questionnaires', 1),\n",
       " ('biographies', 1)]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 9,
=======
       "['abstract drawings',\n",
       " 'acetate negatives',\n",
       " 'actualities (motion pictures)',\n",
       " 'address books',\n",
       " 'aerial photographs',\n",
       " 'african american history',\n",
       " 'aguinaldos',\n",
       " 'albumen prints',\n",
       " 'albums',\n",
       " 'allegories',\n",
       " 'almanacs',\n",
       " 'alternative comics',\n",
       " 'ambrotypes',\n",
       " 'american',\n",
       " 'american history',\n",
       " 'animation cels',\n",
       " 'appointment books',\n",
       " 'architectural drawings',\n",
       " 'architectural photographs',\n",
       " 'art & architecture',\n",
       " 'art reproductions',\n",
       " 'articles',\n",
       " 'artifacts (object genre)',\n",
       " 'arts & architecture',\n",
       " 'audio-visual archives',\n",
       " 'autochromes',\n",
       " 'awards',\n",
       " 'baseball cards',\n",
       " 'biographies',\n",
       " 'blogs',\n",
       " 'bluegrass music',\n",
       " 'book illustrations',\n",
       " 'books',\n",
       " 'british',\n",
       " 'business correspondents',\n",
       " 'business records',\n",
       " 'card photographs',\n",
       " 'caricatures',\n",
       " 'cartes de visite',\n",
       " 'cartoons',\n",
       " 'cartoons (commentary)',\n",
       " 'charts',\n",
       " \"children's art\",\n",
       " 'chromolithographs',\n",
       " 'cigarette cards',\n",
       " 'cityscape drawings',\n",
       " 'cityscape photographs',\n",
       " 'cityscape prints',\n",
       " 'cityscapes',\n",
       " 'clippings',\n",
       " 'clippings (information artifacts)',\n",
       " 'collages',\n",
       " 'collodion printing-out paper prints',\n",
       " 'collotypes',\n",
       " 'color',\n",
       " 'color slides',\n",
       " 'comic books',\n",
       " 'comics',\n",
       " 'comics (graphic works)',\n",
       " 'compilation films',\n",
       " 'contact prints',\n",
       " 'contact sheets',\n",
       " 'contracts',\n",
       " 'correspondence',\n",
       " 'courtroom sketches',\n",
       " 'covers (illustration)',\n",
       " 'cyanotypes',\n",
       " 'daguerreotypes',\n",
       " 'dance music',\n",
       " 'databases',\n",
       " 'decimas',\n",
       " 'decorative arts',\n",
       " 'diaries',\n",
       " 'digital photographs',\n",
       " 'directories',\n",
       " 'documents',\n",
       " 'drafts (documents)',\n",
       " 'drawings',\n",
       " 'dry plate negatives',\n",
       " 'dye coupler prints',\n",
       " 'dye destruction prints',\n",
       " 'ephemera',\n",
       " 'essays',\n",
       " 'ethnic stereotypes',\n",
       " 'ethnographic films',\n",
       " 'ethnographic photographs',\n",
       " 'ethnography',\n",
       " 'fados',\n",
       " 'fashion photographs',\n",
       " 'field notes',\n",
       " 'field recordings',\n",
       " 'film negatives',\n",
       " 'film transparencies',\n",
       " 'filmed interviews',\n",
       " 'financial records',\n",
       " 'flags',\n",
       " 'folk music',\n",
       " 'gelatin silver prints',\n",
       " 'general',\n",
       " 'geography & places',\n",
       " 'glass negatives',\n",
       " 'glass transparencies',\n",
       " 'gospel music',\n",
       " 'government, law & politics',\n",
       " 'government, politics and law',\n",
       " 'graphic arts',\n",
       " 'group portraits',\n",
       " 'gum bichromate prints',\n",
       " 'halftone photomechanical prints',\n",
       " 'history',\n",
       " 'history of printing',\n",
       " 'history of science',\n",
       " 'hymns',\n",
       " 'illustrated books',\n",
       " 'illustrations',\n",
       " 'ink drawings',\n",
       " 'intaglio prints',\n",
       " 'internet videos',\n",
       " 'interviews',\n",
       " 'interviews (sound recordings)',\n",
       " 'japanese',\n",
       " 'landscape drawings',\n",
       " 'landscape photographs',\n",
       " 'landscape prints',\n",
       " 'landscapes',\n",
       " 'language surveys',\n",
       " 'lantern slides',\n",
       " 'lecture notes',\n",
       " 'lectures',\n",
       " 'literature & poetry',\n",
       " 'lithographs',\n",
       " 'local history & folklife',\n",
       " 'local, regional & folklife',\n",
       " 'mammoth plates',\n",
       " 'manuscripts',\n",
       " 'manuscripts for publication',\n",
       " 'maps',\n",
       " 'marine photographs',\n",
       " 'measured drawings',\n",
       " 'montages',\n",
       " 'motion pictures',\n",
       " 'negatives',\n",
       " 'nitrate negatives',\n",
       " 'none',\n",
       " 'notes',\n",
       " 'offset lithographs',\n",
       " 'oral histories',\n",
       " 'paintings',\n",
       " 'panoramic photographs',\n",
       " 'panoramic views',\n",
       " 'performing arts',\n",
       " 'periodical illustrations',\n",
       " 'periodicals',\n",
       " 'personal correspondence',\n",
       " 'photochrom prints',\n",
       " 'photograph albums',\n",
       " 'photographic prints',\n",
       " 'photographs',\n",
       " 'photogravures',\n",
       " 'photolithographs',\n",
       " 'photomechanical prints',\n",
       " 'planographic prints',\n",
       " 'platinum prints',\n",
       " 'poems',\n",
       " 'political cartoons',\n",
       " 'political posters',\n",
       " 'portfolios',\n",
       " 'portrait drawings',\n",
       " 'portrait photographs',\n",
       " 'portrait prints',\n",
       " 'portraits',\n",
       " 'posters',\n",
       " 'prayers',\n",
       " 'prints',\n",
       " 'programs',\n",
       " 'programs (documents)',\n",
       " 'promotional materials',\n",
       " 'religion & philosophy',\n",
       " 'religion & philosphy',\n",
       " 'religious radio programs',\n",
       " 'reproductions',\n",
       " 'safety film negatives',\n",
       " 'salted paper prints',\n",
       " 'satires',\n",
       " 'satires (visual works)',\n",
       " 'science & technology',\n",
       " 'scores',\n",
       " 'scrapbooks',\n",
       " 'screen color glass transparencies',\n",
       " 'screen prints',\n",
       " 'scripts (documents)',\n",
       " 'self-portraits',\n",
       " 'sermons',\n",
       " 'silver printing-out paper prints',\n",
       " 'sketches',\n",
       " 'slides',\n",
       " 'social & business history',\n",
       " 'soical & business history',\n",
       " 'songs',\n",
       " 'sound recordings',\n",
       " 'sources',\n",
       " 'spanish',\n",
       " 'speeches',\n",
       " 'sports & recreation',\n",
       " 'stereographs',\n",
       " 'still life photographs',\n",
       " 'stock posters',\n",
       " 'television programs',\n",
       " 'theatrical posters',\n",
       " 'tintypes',\n",
       " 'transcripts',\n",
       " 'transparencies',\n",
       " 'traveling exhibitions',\n",
       " 'ukiye-o',\n",
       " 'variety shows (radio programs)',\n",
       " 'variety shows (television programs)',\n",
       " 'video recordings',\n",
       " 'videocassettes',\n",
       " 'war & military',\n",
       " 'war and military',\n",
       " 'war posters',\n",
       " 'watercolors',\n",
       " 'waterscapes',\n",
       " 'web sites',\n",
       " 'wet plate negatives',\n",
       " 'william blake',\n",
       " \"women's history\",\n",
       " 'woodcuts',\n",
       " 'world cultures & history',\n",
       " 'world history and cultures',\n",
       " 'writings',\n",
       " 'writings (document genre)']"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 47,
>>>>>>> 00c53ba1e348cfb75703c957a8554c36b965d888
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
<<<<<<< HEAD
    "subjects.most_common()"
=======
    "sorted(subjects)"
>>>>>>> 00c53ba1e348cfb75703c957a8554c36b965d888
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
<<<<<<< HEAD
   "execution_count": 10,
=======
   "execution_count": 48,
>>>>>>> 00c53ba1e348cfb75703c957a8554c36b965d888
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "['10th-16th Century Liturgical Chants',\n",
       " 'Aaron Copland Collection',\n",
       " 'Abdul Hamid II Collection',\n",
       " 'Abdul-Hamid II Collection of Books and Serials Gifted to the Library of Congress',\n",
       " 'Abraham Lincoln Papers at the Library of Congress',\n",
       " 'Afghanistan Web Archive',\n",
       " 'African American Perspectives: Materials Selected from the Rare Book Collection',\n",
       " 'African American Photographs Assembled for 1900 Paris Exposition',\n",
       " 'African-American Band Music & Recordings, 1883-1923',\n",
       " 'After the Day of Infamy: \"Man-on-the-Street\" Interviews Following the Attack on Pearl Harbor',\n",
       " 'Alan Lomax Collection',\n",
       " 'Alan Lomax Collection of Michigan and Wisconsin Recordings',\n",
       " 'Albert Schatz Collection',\n",
       " 'Alexander Graham Bell Family Papers at the Library of Congress',\n",
       " 'Alexander Hamilton Papers',\n",
       " 'Alexander Hamilton Stephens Papers',\n",
       " 'The Alfred Whital Stern Collection of Lincolniana',\n",
       " 'Amazing Grace',\n",
       " 'America at Work, America at Leisure: Motion Pictures from 1894-1915',\n",
       " 'America Singing: Nineteenth-Century Song Sheets',\n",
       " 'An American Ballroom Companion: Dance Instruction Manuals, ca. 1490-1920',\n",
       " 'American Choral Music',\n",
       " 'American Civil War Sesquicentennial Web Archive',\n",
       " 'American Colony in Jerusalem, 1870-2006',\n",
       " 'American English Dialect Recordings: The Center for Applied Linguistics Collection',\n",
       " 'American Leaders Speak: Recordings from World War I',\n",
       " \"American Life Histories: Manuscripts from the Federal Writers' Project, 1936-1940\",\n",
       " 'American Notes: Travels in America, 1750-1920',\n",
       " 'American Revolution and Its Era: Maps and Charts of North America and the West Indies, 1750-1789',\n",
       " 'American Variety Stage: Vaudeville and Popular Entertainment, 1870-1920',\n",
       " 'Ancestral Voices',\n",
       " 'Andrew Jackson Papers',\n",
       " 'Anna E. Dickinson Papers',\n",
       " 'Anna Maria Brodeau Thornton Papers',\n",
       " \"Ansel Adams's Photographs of Japanese-American Internment at Manzanar\",\n",
       " 'Architecture, Design & Engineering Drawings',\n",
       " 'Archive of Hispanic Literature on Tape',\n",
       " 'Archive of Recorded Poetry and Literature',\n",
       " 'Associated Press News Dispatches, 1915-1930',\n",
       " 'Bain Collection',\n",
       " 'Ballets Russes de Serge Diaghilev',\n",
       " 'Band Music from the Civil War Era',\n",
       " 'Baseball Cards',\n",
       " 'Baseball Sheet Music',\n",
       " 'Before and After the Great Earthquake and Fire: Early Films of San Francisco, 1897-1916',\n",
       " 'Benjamin Franklin Papers',\n",
       " 'Betty Herndon Maury Maury Papers',\n",
       " 'Blue Ridge Parkway Folklife Project',\n",
       " 'Books About Music Before 1800',\n",
<<<<<<< HEAD
       " \"Born in Slavery: Slave Narratives from the Federal Writers' Project, 1936-1938\"]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 10,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "titles[0:50]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 53,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "everything_url = 'https://www.loc.gov/search/?&fo=json&at=item'\n",
    "r = requests.get(api_url)\n",
    "everything = r.json()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 54,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "27"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 54,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "len(everything)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 55,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "dict_keys(['next_sibling', 'description', 'views', 'facet_views', 'search', 'image_urls', 'results', 'content_is_post', 'portal', 'expert_resources', 'featured_items', 'form_facets', 'pages', 'categories', 'previous', 'pagination', 'site_type', 'timestamp', 'title', 'breadcrumbs', 'facets', 'next', 'content', 'previous_sibling', 'facet_trail', 'type', 'options'])"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 55,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "everything.keys()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 56,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "dict_keys(['access_restricted', 'original_format', 'id', 'partof', 'subject', 'index', 'group', 'title', 'digitized', 'description', 'timestamp', 'campaigns', 'extract_timestamp', 'shelf_id', 'other_title', 'count', 'url', 'items', 'hassegments', 'image_url', 'aka'])"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 56,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "everything['results'][0].keys()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 57,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'10th-16th Century Liturgical Chants'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 57,
=======
       " \"Born in Slavery: Slave Narratives from the Federal Writers' Project, 1936-1938\",\n",
       " 'Brady-Handy Collection',\n",
       " 'Branch Rickey Papers',\n",
       " 'Brazil Cordel Literature Web Archive',\n",
       " 'Brazilian Presidential Election 2010 Web Archive',\n",
       " 'Bronislava Nijinska Collection',\n",
       " 'Brumfield Collection',\n",
       " 'Buckaroos in Paradise: Ranching Culture in Northern Nevada, 1945-1982',\n",
       " 'Burma/Myanmar General Election 2010 Web Archive',\n",
       " 'Business in America Web Archive',\n",
       " 'By Popular Demand: Jackie Robinson and Other Baseball Highlights, 1860s-1960s',\n",
       " 'Cabinet of American Illustration',\n",
       " \"California as I Saw It: First-Person Narratives of California's Early Years, 1849-1900\",\n",
       " 'California Gold: Northern California Folk Music from the Thirties Collected by Sidney Robertson Cowell',\n",
       " 'Cambini Quintets',\n",
       " 'Capital and the Bay: Narratives of Washington and the Chesapeake Bay Region, 1600-1925',\n",
       " 'Captain Pearl R. Nye: Life on the Ohio and Erie Canal',\n",
       " 'The Carnegie Hall Collection of Conversations with Composers',\n",
       " 'Carnegie Survey of the Architecture of the South',\n",
       " 'Carpenter Collection',\n",
       " 'Carrie Chapman Catt Papers',\n",
       " 'Cartoon Drawings',\n",
       " 'Cartoon Drawings: Herblock Collection',\n",
       " 'Cartoon Drawings: Swann Collection of Caricature and Cartoon',\n",
       " 'Cartoon Prints, American',\n",
       " 'Cartoon Prints, British',\n",
       " 'Case Books',\n",
       " 'A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation: U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates 1774-1875',\n",
       " 'Charles S. Hamlin Papers',\n",
       " 'Charles Wellington Reed Papers, 1776 to 1926',\n",
       " 'Chicago Ethnic Arts Project Collection',\n",
       " \"Children's Book Selections\",\n",
       " 'Chinese Rare Book Digital Collection',\n",
       " 'Chronicling America',\n",
       " 'Cities and Towns',\n",
       " 'Civil Rights History Project',\n",
       " 'Civil War',\n",
       " 'Civil War Glass Negatives and Related Prints',\n",
       " 'Civil War Maps',\n",
       " 'Civil War Sheet Music Collection',\n",
       " 'Civil War Soldier in the Wild Cat Regiment : Selections from the Tilton C. Reynolds Papers',\n",
       " 'Clara Barton Papers',\n",
       " 'Code of Federal Regulations',\n",
       " \"College Women's Association of Japan Print Show Collection\",\n",
       " 'Confederate States of America Records',\n",
       " 'Coptic Orthodox Liturgical Chant and Hymnody',\n",
       " 'Country Studies',\n",
       " 'Crisis in Darfur 2006 Web Archive',\n",
       " 'Curtis (Edward S.) Collection',\n",
       " 'Daguerreotypes',\n",
       " 'The Danny Kaye and Sylvia Fine Collection',\n",
       " 'Dayton C. Miller Collection',\n",
       " 'Department of Defense Annual Reports (1948-1996) and Military Branch Budget Justification Books (1980-1996)',\n",
       " 'Detroit Publishing Company',\n",
       " 'Discovery and Exploration',\n",
       " 'Documents from the Continental Congress and the Constitutional Convention, 1774-1789',\n",
       " 'Dolly Parton and the Roots of Country Music',\n",
       " 'Drawings (Documentary)',\n",
       " 'Drawings (Master)',\n",
       " 'E. B. Washburne Papers',\n",
       " 'Early American Sheet Music',\n",
       " 'Edwin McMasters Stanton Papers, 1818-1921',\n",
       " 'Egypt 2008 Web Archive',\n",
       " 'Elizabeth Cady Stanton Papers',\n",
       " 'Elliott Carter Collection',\n",
       " 'Eltaher Collection',\n",
       " 'Emile Berliner and the Birth of the Recording Industry',\n",
       " 'Ernest Bloch Collection',\n",
       " 'Eugene Meyer Papers',\n",
       " 'Event Videos',\n",
       " 'The Evolution of the Conservation Movement',\n",
       " 'Farm Security Administration/Office of War Information Black-and-White Negatives',\n",
       " 'Farm Security Administration/Office of War Information Color Photographs',\n",
       " 'Federal Courts Web Archive',\n",
       " 'Federal Register',\n",
       " 'Federal Theatre Project, 1935 to 1939',\n",
       " 'Felix Mendelssohn at the Library of Congress',\n",
       " 'Fenton Crimean War Photographs',\n",
       " 'Fiddle Tunes of the Old Frontier: The Henry Reed Collection',\n",
       " 'Finding Our Place in the Cosmos: From Galileo to Sagan and Beyond',\n",
       " 'Fine Prints',\n",
       " 'Fine Prints: Japanese, pre-1915',\n",
       " 'Florida Folklife from the WPA Collections, 1937-1942',\n",
       " 'Foreign Law Web Archive',\n",
       " 'Franklin Pierce Papers',\n",
       " 'Franz Liszt at the Library of Congress',\n",
       " 'Frederick Douglass Papers at the Library of Congress',\n",
       " 'Frederick Law Olmsted Papers',\n",
       " \"Freedom's Fortress: The Library of Congress, 1939-1953\",\n",
       " 'Frontline Diplomacy: The Foreign Affairs Oral History Collection of the Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training',\n",
       " 'General Maps',\n",
       " 'General News on the Internet Web Archive',\n",
       " 'Genthe Collection',\n",
       " 'Geographers on Film',\n",
       " 'George Brinton McClellan Papers',\n",
       " 'George S. Patton Papers: Diaries, 1910-1945',\n",
       " 'George Washington Papers',\n",
       " 'The Gerry Mulligan Collection',\n",
       " 'Gideon Welles Papers',\n",
       " 'Gladstone Collection of African American Photographs',\n",
       " 'Goldstein Foundation Collection--Prints and Drawings',\n",
       " 'Gottscho-Schleisner Collection',\n",
       " 'Grabill Collection',\n",
       " 'Great Conversations in Music',\n",
       " 'Groups of Images (LOTs)',\n",
       " 'Guide Records',\n",
       " 'Hannah Arendt Papers',\n",
       " 'Harris & Ewing Collection',\n",
       " 'Hidden Treasures at the Library of Congress',\n",
       " 'Highsmith (Carol M.) Archive',\n",
       " 'Hispano Music and Culture of the Northern Rio Grande: The Juan B. Rael Collection',\n",
       " 'Historic American Buildings Survey/Historic American Engineering Record/Historic American Landscapes Survey',\n",
       " 'Historic Sheet Music Collection, 1800-1922',\n",
       " 'Home Sweet Home: Life in Nineteenth-Century Ohio',\n",
       " 'Horydczak Collection',\n",
       " 'Hotchkiss Map Collection',\n",
       " 'Ilka Kolsky Artwork',\n",
       " 'Indian General Election 2009 Web Archive',\n",
       " 'Indonesian General Election 2009 Web Archive',\n",
       " 'Inside an American Factory: Films of the Westinghouse Works, 1904',\n",
       " 'International Tribunals Web Archive',\n",
       " 'Inventing Entertainment: The Early Motion Pictures and Sound Recordings of the Edison Companies',\n",
       " 'Iraq War 2003 Web Archive',\n",
       " 'Irving Fine Collection, ca. 1914-1962',\n",
       " 'James A. Garfield Papers',\n",
       " 'James Buchanan and Harriet Lane Johnston Papers',\n",
       " 'James K. Polk Papers',\n",
       " 'James Madison Papers, 1723-1859',\n",
       " 'James Monroe Papers',\n",
       " 'Japanese Censorship Collection',\n",
       " 'Japanese-American Internment Camp Newspapers, 1942-1946',\n",
       " 'Jazz on the Screen Filmography',\n",
       " 'Jedediah Hotchkiss Papers',\n",
       " 'Joe Smith',\n",
       " 'John Carvel Arnold Papers',\n",
       " 'John G. Nicolay Papers',\n",
       " 'John J. Pershing Papers',\n",
       " 'John Tyler Papers',\n",
       " 'Johnston (Frances Benjamin) Collection',\n",
       " 'Joseph Holt Papers',\n",
       " 'Jubal Anderson Early Papers',\n",
       " 'Korab Collection',\n",
       " 'Lamb Studios Archive',\n",
       " 'Laotian General Election 2011 Web Archive',\n",
       " 'Lars Schmidt Collection',\n",
       " 'Last Days of a President: Films of McKinley and the Pan-American Exposition, 1901',\n",
       " 'Lawrence & Houseworth Collection',\n",
       " 'Legal Blawgs Web Archive',\n",
       " 'Legislative Branch Web Archive',\n",
       " 'Leonard Bernstein',\n",
       " 'Lessing J. Rosenwald Collection',\n",
       " 'Lewis Carroll Scrapbooks',\n",
       " 'Lewis H. Machen Family Papers',\n",
       " 'The Library of Congress Celebrates the Songs of America',\n",
       " 'Library of Congress Concerts',\n",
       " 'The Life of a City: Early Films of New York, 1898-1906',\n",
       " 'Liljenquist Family Collection of Civil War Photographs',\n",
       " 'Lomax Collection',\n",
       " 'Look Collection',\n",
       " 'Louisiana: European Explorations and the Louisiana Purchase',\n",
       " 'Lowell Folklife Project Collection',\n",
       " 'Manuscript Division Web Archive',\n",
       " 'Manuscripts from the Monasteries of Mt. Athos',\n",
       " \"Manuscripts in St. Catherine's Monastery, Mount Sinai\",\n",
       " 'Manuscripts in the Libraries of the Greek and Armenian Patriarchates in Jerusalem',\n",
       " 'Mapping the National Parks',\n",
       " 'Maps of Liberia, 1830-1870',\n",
       " 'The March King: John Philip Sousa',\n",
       " 'Margaret Bayard Smith Papers',\n",
       " 'Martha Graham at the Library of Congress',\n",
       " 'Martin Van Buren Papers, 1787 to 1910',\n",
       " 'Mary Ann Bickerdyke Papers',\n",
       " 'Mary Church Terrell Papers',\n",
       " 'Matson (G. Eric and Edith) Photograph Collection',\n",
       " 'Military Battles and Campaigns',\n",
       " 'Millard Fillmore Papers',\n",
       " 'The Moldenhauer Archives - The Rosaleen Moldenhauer Memorial',\n",
       " 'Montana Folklife Survey Collection',\n",
       " 'Music for the Nation: American Sheet Music, ca. 1820-1860',\n",
       " 'Music for the Nation: American Sheet Music, ca. 1870-1885',\n",
       " 'Music Treasures Consortium',\n",
       " 'Musical Instruments at the Library of Congress',\n",
       " 'Nathan W. Daniels Diary and Scrapbook',\n",
       " 'National American Woman Suffrage Association Collection',\n",
       " 'National American Woman Suffrage Association Records',\n",
       " 'National Child Labor Committee Collection',\n",
       " 'National Jukebox',\n",
       " 'National Photo Company Collection',\n",
       " 'National Screening Room',\n",
       " 'Nelson W. Aldrich Papers',\n",
       " 'New Mexico Folklife Project Collection',\n",
       " 'New York Journal and Related Titles, 1896-1899',\n",
       " 'Newspaper Pictorials: World War I Rotogravures, 1914-1919',\n",
       " 'Now What a Time: Blues, Gospel, and the Fort Valley Music Festivals, 1938-1943',\n",
       " 'Occupational Folklife Project',\n",
       " 'Olmsted Associates Records',\n",
       " 'Omaha Indian Music',\n",
       " 'Omar Ibn Said Collection',\n",
       " 'Origins of American Animation',\n",
       " 'Panoramic Maps',\n",
       " 'Panoramic Photographs',\n",
       " 'Papal Transition 2005 Web Archive',\n",
       " 'Papal Transition 2013 Web Archive',\n",
       " 'Patriotic Melodies',\n",
       " 'Persian Language Rare Materials',\n",
       " 'PH Filing Series Photographs',\n",
       " 'Philip Henry Sheridan Papers',\n",
       " 'Philippine General Election 2010 Web Archive',\n",
       " 'Phillips/Mathée Collection',\n",
       " 'Photochrom Prints',\n",
       " 'Pioneering the Upper Midwest: Books from Michigan, Minnesota, and Wisconsin, ca. 1820-1910',\n",
       " 'Polish Declarations of Admiration and Friendship for the United States, 1926',\n",
       " 'Popular Graphic Arts',\n",
       " 'Posters: Artist Posters',\n",
       " 'Posters: Performing Arts Posters',\n",
       " 'Posters: Spanish Civil War Posters',\n",
       " 'Posters: World War I Posters',\n",
       " 'Posters: WPA Posters',\n",
       " 'Posters: Yanker Poster Collection',\n",
       " 'Prairie Settlement: Nebraska Photographs and Family Letters, 1862-1912',\n",
       " 'Pre-1700 Musical Treasures: Manuscript and Print Collection',\n",
       " 'Printed Ephemera: Three Centuries of Broadsides and Other Printed Ephemera',\n",
       " 'Prokudin-Gorskii Collection',\n",
       " 'Prosperity and Thrift: The Coolidge Era and the Consumer Economy, 1921-1929',\n",
       " 'Public Policy Topics Web Archive',\n",
       " 'Puerto Rico at the Dawn of the Modern Age: Nineteenth- and Early-Twentieth-Century Perspectives',\n",
       " 'Quilts and Quiltmaking in America, 1978-1996',\n",
       " 'Ragtime',\n",
       " 'Railroad Maps, 1828-1900',\n",
       " 'Rare Book Selections',\n",
       " 'Rhode Island Folklife Project Collection',\n",
       " 'Robert Lansing Papers',\n",
       " 'Rochambeau Map Collection',\n",
       " 'The Roger Reynolds Collection',\n",
       " 'Roman Totenberg Papers',\n",
       " 'Roman Totenberg Papers: Totenberg-Wilk Holocaust Material',\n",
       " 'Rosa Parks Papers',\n",
       " 'Salmon P. Chase Papers',\n",
       " 'Samuel Barber at the Library of Congress',\n",
       " 'Samuel F. B. Morse Papers at the Library of Congress, 1793-1919',\n",
       " 'Samuel J. Gibson Diary and Correspondence',\n",
       " 'Sanborn Maps',\n",
       " 'Science Blogs Web Archive',\n",
       " 'Selected Digitized Books',\n",
       " 'Selections from the Katherine Dunham Collection',\n",
       " 'Selections from the National Film Registry',\n",
       " 'September 11, 2001 Web Archive',\n",
       " 'September 11, 2001, Documentary Project',\n",
       " 'Show Music on Record',\n",
       " 'Sigmund Freud Papers',\n",
       " 'Sikkim Photos (Kandell Collection)',\n",
       " 'Sir Francis Drake (Kraus Collection)',\n",
       " 'Slaves and the Courts, 1740-1860',\n",
       " 'Small Press Expo Comic and Comic Art Web Archive',\n",
       " 'South Central Georgia Folklife Project Collection',\n",
       " 'Southern Mosaic: The John and Ruby Lomax 1939 Southern States Recording Trip',\n",
       " 'The Spalding Base Ball Guides, 1889-1939',\n",
       " 'Spanish Legal Documents (15th-19th Centuries)',\n",
       " 'The Spanish-American War in Motion Pictures',\n",
       " 'Sports Byline',\n",
       " 'Sri Lankan Presidential and General Elections 2010 Web Archive',\n",
       " \"Stars and Stripes: The American Soldiers' Newspaper of World War I, 1918-1919\",\n",
       " 'Stereograph Cards',\n",
       " 'Susan B. Anthony Papers',\n",
       " 'Tending the Commons: Folklife and Landscape in Southern West Virginia',\n",
       " 'Thaddeus Stevens Papers',\n",
       " 'Thai General Election 2011 Web Archive',\n",
       " 'Theodore Roosevelt Papers',\n",
       " 'Theodore Roosevelt: His Life and Times on Film',\n",
       " 'Thomas Biggs Harned Collection of Walt Whitman Papers',\n",
       " 'Thomas Jefferson Papers, 1606-1827',\n",
       " 'Tibetan Oral History Archive Project',\n",
       " 'Timor-Leste 2010-2011 Web Archive',\n",
       " 'Tissandier Collection',\n",
       " 'Today in History',\n",
       " 'Traditional Music and Spoken Word',\n",
       " 'Transit of Venus March',\n",
       " 'Transportation and Communication',\n",
       " 'U.S. Code',\n",
       " 'U.S. Reports',\n",
       " 'U.S. Telephone Directory Collection',\n",
       " 'Ulysses S. Grant Papers',\n",
       " 'United States Congressional Web Archive',\n",
       " 'United States Elections Web Archive',\n",
       " 'Van Vechten Collection',\n",
       " 'Variety Stage Sound Recordings and Motion Pictures',\n",
       " 'Veterans History Project',\n",
       " 'Vietnam-Era Prisoner-of-War/Missing-in-Action Database',\n",
       " 'Vietnamese General Election 2011 Web Archive',\n",
       " 'Visual Image Web Archive',\n",
       " 'Voices from the Dust Bowl: the Charles L. Todd and Robert Sonkin Migrant Worker Collection, 1940-1941',\n",
       " 'Voices Remembering Slavery: Freed People Tell Their Stories',\n",
       " 'Walt Whitman Papers (Miscellaneous Manuscript Collection)',\n",
       " 'Walt Whitman Papers in the Charles E. Feinberg Collection',\n",
       " 'War of 1812 Bicentennial Web Archive',\n",
       " 'Warren G. Harding-Carrie Fulton Phillips Correspondence',\n",
       " 'Washington During the Civil War: The Diary of Horatio Nelson Taft, 1861-1865',\n",
       " 'Web Cultures Web Archive',\n",
       " 'Webcomics Web Archive',\n",
       " 'Wilbur and Orville Wright Papers at the Library of Congress',\n",
       " 'William A. Gladstone Afro-American Military Collection',\n",
       " 'William Henry Harrison Papers',\n",
       " 'William P. Gottlieb Collection',\n",
       " 'William Speiden Journals',\n",
       " 'William T. Sherman Papers',\n",
       " 'Winter Olympic Games 2002 Web Archive',\n",
       " 'Wm. Oland Bourne Papers',\n",
       " \"Women of Protest: Photographs from the Records of the National Woman's Party\",\n",
       " \"Women's Suffrage in Sheet Music\",\n",
       " 'Woodrow Wilson Papers',\n",
       " 'Woody Guthrie and the Archive of American Folk Song: Correspondence, 1940-1950',\n",
       " 'Working in Paterson: Occupational Heritage in an Urban Setting',\n",
       " 'World War History: Newspaper Clippings, 1914-1926',\n",
       " 'World War I Sheet Music',\n",
       " 'World War II Military Situation Maps',\n",
       " \"World's Transportation Commission\",\n",
       " 'Wright Brothers Negatives',\n",
       " 'Yiddish American Popular Sheet Music',\n",
       " 'Zachary Taylor Papers',\n",
       " 'Zora Neale Hurston Plays at the Library of Congress']"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 48,
>>>>>>> 00c53ba1e348cfb75703c957a8554c36b965d888
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
<<<<<<< HEAD
    "everything['results'][0]['title']"
=======
    "titles"
>>>>>>> 00c53ba1e348cfb75703c957a8554c36b965d888
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": []
  }
 ],
 "metadata": {
  "kernelspec": {
   "display_name": "Python 3",
   "language": "python",
   "name": "python3"
  },
  "language_info": {
   "codemirror_mode": {
    "name": "ipython",
    "version": 3
   },
   "file_extension": ".py",
   "mimetype": "text/x-python",
   "name": "python",
   "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
   "pygments_lexer": "ipython3",
   "version": "3.6.5"
  }
 },
 "nbformat": 4,
 "nbformat_minor": 2
}