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R语言从入门到放弃 (1). 基础
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目录
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<div id="toc"><ul><li><a class="toc-href" href="#terminology" title="terminology">terminology</a></li><li><a class="toc-href" href="#rstudio" title="Rstudio">Rstudio</a></li><li><a class="toc-href" href="#kuai-jie-jian" title="快捷键">快捷键</a></li><li><a class="toc-href" href="#r-wen-dang" title="R 文档">R 文档</a></li><li><a class="toc-href" href="#r-101" title="R 101">R 101</a></li><li><a class="toc-href" href="#chang-yong-han-shu" title="常用函数">常用函数</a></li></ul></div>
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<p>这个"从入门到放弃"系列是为了应付eth的<a href="https://stat.ethz.ch/education/semesters/ss2016/CompStat">computational statistics</a>这门课... 对R无爱... </p>
<h2 id="terminology">terminology</h2>
<p>首先在stat里面有一些叫法和以前不太一样: </p>
<ul>
<li><code>predictor variable</code>: 就是机器学习里面说的feature (Xi)</li>
<li><code>design points</code>: 是机器学习里的训练数据(X1...Xn)</li>
<li><code>response variable</code>: 要预测的变量(y)</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="rstudio">Rstudio</h2>
<p>这个是用R编程的标配, 确实很方便, 不用可惜. 另外R markdown也不错, 可以边写markdown边运行代码, 建议编辑器窗口里新建rmd文件. </p>
<ul>
<li>默认有四个窗口: 编辑器, 变量, 命令行, 画图/帮助. </li>
</ul>
<p><img alt="" class="img-responsive" src="../images/Rnotes-1-basics/pasted_image.png"/></p>
<h2 id="kuai-jie-jian">快捷键</h2>
<p>一些常用的快捷键: </p>
<ul>
<li><code>alt+-</code>: 用于输入赋值符号<code><-</code></li>
<li>(编辑器窗口中) <code>ctrl+enter</code>: (在console里)执行光标所在的行, 等同于按钮"run"</li>
<li>(r markdown编辑器窗口中) <code>ctrl+alt+I</code>: 插入一个R代码的chunk</li>
<li>(r markdown编辑器窗口中) <code>ctrl+shift+enter</code>: 运行当前code chunk</li>
<li>(选中一个函数名) <code>F1</code>: 在右下角帮助窗口里显示相关文档. </li>
</ul>
<h2 id="r-wen-dang">R 文档</h2>
<p>获得文档也可以输入: <code>?funcname</code> 或者 <code>help(funcname)</code> 输入 <code>??funcname</code> 则是非精确匹配的查找.</p>
<p>另外获得例子可以使用<code>demo()</code>/<code>example()</code>, 例如: </p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="code-line"><span></span><span class="err">demo(graphs)</span></span>
<span class="code-line"><span class="err">example("plot")</span></span>
</pre></div>
<p>下面是一个R文档的例子(运行<code>?lm</code>得到): </p>
<p><img alt="" class="img-responsive" src="../images/Rnotes-1-basics/pasted_image002.png"/></p>
<p>章节Arguments里介绍了每个参数的意义和用法, 然后往下翻还有一个Values章节: </p>
<p><img alt="" class="img-responsive" src="../images/Rnotes-1-basics/pasted_image003.png"/></p>
<p>Values里的每一项是这个函数的返回值(object)的内容, 比如要获得一个lm object的参数, 只需要: <code>lm_obj$coefficients</code></p>
<h2 id="r-101">R 101</h2>
<p>首先, R非常让我非常不习惯的一点是: 在R里面, dot<code>.</code><strong>只是一个普通的字符</strong>, 它的用法和python里的下划线<code>_</code>类似, 只是起到分割函数名里的单词而已... 在其他语言里, dot<code>.</code>一般都是用来调用函数或者获取field的. 所以见到<code>cv.ss</code>之类的名字的时候别以为是变量cv的一个field... 这个就相当于python里一个叫<code>cv_ss</code>的变量...</p>
<p>获取一个object的field, 在R里面是用dollar<code>$</code>(另外R里的object似乎并没有method!) . </p>
<p>另外, 赋值使用的是<code><-</code>, 等号似乎只在指定函数参数的时候用到. </p>
<h2 id="chang-yong-han-shu">常用函数</h2>
<p>接下来列举一些常用的函数, 它们的详细用法可以看文档... </p>
<ul>
<li><code>c(...)</code></li>
</ul>
<p>combine values into vector/list.
注意的是它会自动把list/vector参数展开: </p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="code-line"><span></span><span class="err">> c(1,2,3)</span></span>
<span class="code-line"><span class="err">[1] 1 2 3</span></span>
<span class="code-line"><span class="err">> c(c(1,2),3)</span></span>
<span class="code-line"><span class="err">[1] 1 2 3</span></span>
</pre></div>
<p>利用这个性质, 可以这样向一个列表(向量)添加东西: </p>
<p><code>l <- c(l, new_element)</code></p>
<ul>
<li><code>numeric(l)</code></li>
</ul>
<p>生成长度为l的(全0)向量. 经常用这个命令生成一个"数组" 然后用一个循环向里面写入东西. </p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="code-line"><span></span><span class="err">> numeric(5)</span></span>
<span class="code-line"><span class="err">[1] 0 0 0 0 0</span></span>
</pre></div>
<p>获取向量第i个元素: <code>vec[i]</code>(btw, R index是从1开始的)</p>
<ul>
<li><code>matrix(v, nrow=nr, ncol=nc)</code></li>
</ul>
<p>生成一个矩阵, 全部初始化为v, nr行, nc列.
获取i行j列: <code>mat[i,j]</code>
获取第i行: <code>mat[i,]</code> 第j列: <code>mat[,j]</code></p>
<ul>
<li><code>seq(from, to, by)</code></li>
</ul>
<p>类似py的range函数... 另外<code>1:n</code>是<code>seq(1,n,by=1)</code>的简写</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="code-line"><span></span><span class="err">> seq(1,10, 2)</span></span>
<span class="code-line"><span class="err">[1] 1 3 5 7 9</span></span>
<span class="code-line"><span class="err">> 1:5</span></span>
<span class="code-line"><span class="err">[1] 1 2 3 4 5</span></span>
</pre></div>
<ul>
<li>
<p>for循环: <code>for(i in 1:n){...</code></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>rep</code></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p>直接看例子: </p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="code-line"><span></span><span class="err">> rep(1, 10)</span></span>
<span class="code-line"><span class="err"> [1] 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1</span></span>
<span class="code-line"><span class="err">> rep(c(1,2), 10)</span></span>
<span class="code-line"><span class="err"> [1] 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2</span></span>
<span class="code-line"><span class="err">> rep(c(1,2), each=10)</span></span>
<span class="code-line"><span class="err"> [1] 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2</span></span>
</pre></div>
<ul>
<li><code>length(lst)</code></li>
</ul>
<p>用来获得一个向量/列表的长度</p>
<ul>
<li><code>dim(mat)</code></li>
</ul>
<p>获得一个矩阵的维度, 类似numpy的<code>mat.shape</code></p>
<ul>
<li><code>cbind/rbind</code></li>
</ul>
<p>按行/列合成矩阵</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="code-line"><span></span><span class="err">> cbind(c(1,2),c(3,4))</span></span>
<span class="code-line"><span class="err"> [,1] [,2]</span></span>
<span class="code-line"><span class="err">[1,] 1 3</span></span>
<span class="code-line"><span class="err">[2,] 2 4</span></span>
</pre></div>
<ul>
<li><code>str</code>/<code>summary</code></li>
</ul>
<p>输出一个obj的信息</p>
<ul>
<li><code>cat</code>/<code>print</code></li>
</ul>
<p>打印, 区别是<code>cat</code>可以依次打印多个字符串/对象</p>
<ul>
<li><code>which</code>/<code>which.max</code>/<code>which.min</code></li>
</ul>
<p>which.max/min类似于argmax/min</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="code-line"><span></span><span class="err">> which(2>c(1,2,1))</span></span>
<span class="code-line"><span class="err">[1] 1 3</span></span>
<span class="code-line"><span class="err">> which.max(c(1,2,1))</span></span>
<span class="code-line"><span class="err">[1] 2</span></span>
<span class="code-line"><span class="err">> which.min(c(1,2,1))</span></span>
<span class="code-line"><span class="err">[1] 1</span></span>
</pre></div>
<ul>
<li><code>paste</code></li>
</ul>
<p>这个函数可以用来给一个数组的前面加一个前缀, 看例子: </p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="code-line"><span></span><span class="err">> paste("a", 1:5, sep="-")</span></span>
<span class="code-line"><span class="err">[1] "a-1" "a-2" "a-3" "a-4" "a-5"</span></span>
</pre></div>
<ul>
<li>operators: with <code>%</code></li>
</ul>
<p>一些运算符需要用%包裹起来, 比如:
- <code>%%</code>: 取模
- <code>%*%</code>: 矩阵相乘
- <code>%/%</code>: 整数相除(类似java里int的除法)
- <code>a %in% b</code>: 判断元素是否属于b</p>
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