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Computer-Network.txt
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Computer-Network.txt
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PAN- Private area network
LAN- Local area network
CAN- Campus area network
MAN- Metropolitician area network
WAN- Wide area network
SAN- Storage area network
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
How Internet Work?
>Through ISP
>tracert <|www.google.com|> = to find total IPs from source to destination (Run in cmd)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
peer To peer method
client - server method
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Mesh Topology = Each node connect with each node
Star Topology = Each node connected with one switch/hub as a star design
Bus/Line Topology = Main line(Back bone), Semi line(Drop line), Connection(Tap)
Ring Topology = Each device connected with two devices
Tree Topology = Star + Bus
Hybrid Topology = Collection of 2+ Topologies attached with one main line
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ICANN (Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers) =
Non profit organization which store all the IPs and there Domain name and provide DNS service with security
IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority) =
ICANN perform all the IANA function, Responsible for global unique internet identifier systems
To find IP of any domain =
Run this command in cmd: nslookup <|www.google.com|>
To find all IP and domain server detailes of our system =
Run this command in cmd: ipconfig /all
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
MAC Address (Media Access Control) =
Its a Physical address,
NIC (Network Interface Controller) card have this address,
MM:MM:MM:SS:SS:SS (12 numericals, 6 pairs, M - manufacturing num, S - serial num)
To find mac add in cmd =
getmac, ipconfig /all
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Sofware Ports = Logical data connection for exchange data
TCP ( Transmission Control Protocoal ) =
Forward package and check
Connection is byte stream
HTTP 80, HTTPS 443, FTP
Xender, ShareIT (Full Duplex)
UDP ( User Datagram Protocoal ) =
Directly send data
Connection is message stream
Support Broadcasting
DNS,IP,DHCP
Bluetooth (Half Duplex)
Types of communication =
Simplex: only can send data OR only can recive data
Duplex: Send and recive parallely
Half Duplex: Send and Recive but not parallel
Port Addresing
Port Forwarding = Forwarding Private to Public and wise-versa (Router)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
IP address =
IANA provide unique identification of each device in internet via IPs
Types: IPv4, IPv6
IPv4 (32 bit) is limited Therefor IPv6 (128 bit) is introduce
Dynamic IPs = IP of device is free when its internet is off, because of limitation of IPs
Static IPs = we can make our IP static by ISP, then its all time same even internet is off or not
Private IP = Provided by our ISP or Router
Public IP = Provided by IANA for globle identification ( Mobile data self)
------------------------------------------
IPv4 =
Size: 32 bits
Range: 0.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.255 ( 4 OCTET of 8 bits )
5 Diff classes =
127.0.0.0 to 127.255.255.255 ( look back IPs, work in localhost )
A: 1 to 126 ( diff: 125 )
format: NHHH ( N- network, H- host )
range: 1.1.1.1 to 126.255.255.255 ( means total host in this network is: 255*255*255 )
B: 128 to 191( diff: 63 )
format: NNHH
range: 128.16.0.0 to 191.255.255.255 ( means total network: N*N, host in one network: H*H )
C: 192 to 223( diff: 31 )
format: NNNH
range: 192.168.0.0 to 223.255.255.0 ( total network: N*N*N, host in one network: H )
D: 224 to 239 ( diff: 15 )
Used for special purpose ( SmartHome, SelfDrive Car )
Known as Multicast address
E: 240 to 255 ( diff: 15 )
Reserved for research and devlopement
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Protocoal = Set of rules for communication on internet
DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) =
Extention of BOOTP,
Provide Temp IP Automatically,
No need to IP config, DNS setup and all...
ARP (Address Resolution Protocol)=
Private IP -> Port Forwarding -> MAC and IP(Port Num) Table -> Server
RARP (Reverse Address Resolution Protocol)=
Reverse of ARP
DHCP Alternate =
BOOTP (BOOTstrap Protocol): Work on UDP, Provide Static IP
APIPA: When DHCP is Failed to provide IP then APIPA is active for Providing IP
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
DNS (Domain Name Server)=
Its a database for storing IPs and their corresponding Domain
Used for converting IP to Domain name & vise-wersa
Last_name.Sub_domain(Third-level).Second-level.Top-level domain
Top-level Domain:
Organization Domain (.com/.org/.edu/.net/.gov)
Geographic/Contry Domain (.in)
Reverse Domain (.info/.xyz)
Forward DNS Lookup: Domain to IP
Reverse DNS Lookup: IP to Domain (When search direct IP)
CMD Command: nslookup google.com (for get IP of ...)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
NAT (Network Address Translation)=
Alternat way of IPv4 solution: IPv6, CIDR (Classless InterDomain Routing), NAT
Way for Conserve IPs, Hide host behind single IP, Use private IPs
Its a Router function which connect Private and public host in internate
NAT create table for port forwarding
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
OSI Model (Open System Interconnection)=
Define how data tranfer & Recive in internate throught 7 Layers
Application, Presentation, Session, Transport, Network, Data-Link, Physical
TCP/ IP Model =
Sub part of OSI Model
Application layer (Application, Presentation, Session):
HTTP, HTTPS, SMTP, FTP, TELNET, SSH, DNS, SNMP, NFS, RPC, TFTP
Transport:
TCP, UDP
Network:
ICMP, IGMP, IP, ARP, RARP
Network Interface (Data-link, Physical)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
TELNET (23)=
Alternate of anydesk/team viewer (min 32bit)
Work in CMD ( 8 bit - faster then software)
Use TCP
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
PING (Packet Internet Groper) =
Used for check IP (of device) is available in our network or not
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SWITCH =
For connect more than one computer together
Use MAC (ARP) table for identification
Inteligent than HUB
HUB =
Similar like SWITCH but no internet access
Broadcasting all the connected devices
Used in private network
ROUTER=
Provide route to the data and devices which connected in network
Connect with ISP throught public IP and provide private IPs to all connected nodes
Broadcat routing: packet sent all the other node which is connected (like HUB)
Multicaste routing: packet sent to those node which want it...
REPEATER=
Used for regenerate signal on long distance, and clear noice, and manage speed
BRIDGE=
Used for interconnect two networks
Filterd unwanted request
GATEWAY=
Part of router which is used for connect public and private network
Can forward packets between different protocoals
MODEM (Modulator & Demodulator)=
Convert Analog to Digital (Modulate) & Digital to Analog (Demodulate) from Wire to Computer and wise versa
========================================================
PROXY =
Like VPN, Hide our real IP with another IP and enlable to serve ban websites