Feature_Selection_Ridge_Regression.ipynb

{
 "cells": [
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 1,
   "id": "9ea7e908",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "import pandas as pd\n",
    "import numpy as np\n",
    "\n",
    "from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split\n",
    "from sklearn.linear_model import Ridge\n",
    "from sklearn.preprocessing import StandardScaler\n",
    "\n",
    "import warnings\n",
    "warnings.filterwarnings('ignore')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 2,
   "id": "939b0909",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style scoped>\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
       "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
       "        vertical-align: top;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
       "        text-align: right;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "</style>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>diagnosis</th>\n",
       "      <th>radius_mean</th>\n",
       "      <th>texture_mean</th>\n",
       "      <th>perimeter_mean</th>\n",
       "      <th>area_mean</th>\n",
       "      <th>smoothness_mean</th>\n",
       "      <th>compactness_mean</th>\n",
       "      <th>concavity_mean</th>\n",
       "      <th>concave points_mean</th>\n",
       "      <th>symmetry_mean</th>\n",
       "      <th>...</th>\n",
       "      <th>radius_worst</th>\n",
       "      <th>texture_worst</th>\n",
       "      <th>perimeter_worst</th>\n",
       "      <th>area_worst</th>\n",
       "      <th>smoothness_worst</th>\n",
       "      <th>compactness_worst</th>\n",
       "      <th>concavity_worst</th>\n",
       "      <th>concave points_worst</th>\n",
       "      <th>symmetry_worst</th>\n",
       "      <th>fractal_dimension_worst</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>0</th>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>17.99</td>\n",
       "      <td>10.38</td>\n",
       "      <td>122.80</td>\n",
       "      <td>1001.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.11840</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.27760</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.3001</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.14710</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.2419</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>25.38</td>\n",
       "      <td>17.33</td>\n",
       "      <td>184.60</td>\n",
       "      <td>2019.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.1622</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.6656</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.7119</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.2654</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.4601</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.11890</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1</th>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>20.57</td>\n",
       "      <td>17.77</td>\n",
       "      <td>132.90</td>\n",
       "      <td>1326.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.08474</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.07864</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.0869</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.07017</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.1812</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>24.99</td>\n",
       "      <td>23.41</td>\n",
       "      <td>158.80</td>\n",
       "      <td>1956.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.1238</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.1866</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.2416</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.1860</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.2750</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.08902</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2</th>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>19.69</td>\n",
       "      <td>21.25</td>\n",
       "      <td>130.00</td>\n",
       "      <td>1203.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.10960</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.15990</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.1974</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.12790</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.2069</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>23.57</td>\n",
       "      <td>25.53</td>\n",
       "      <td>152.50</td>\n",
       "      <td>1709.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.1444</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.4245</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.4504</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.2430</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.3613</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.08758</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>3</th>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>11.42</td>\n",
       "      <td>20.38</td>\n",
       "      <td>77.58</td>\n",
       "      <td>386.1</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.14250</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.28390</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.2414</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.10520</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.2597</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>14.91</td>\n",
       "      <td>26.50</td>\n",
       "      <td>98.87</td>\n",
       "      <td>567.7</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.2098</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.8663</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.6869</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.2575</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.6638</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.17300</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>4</th>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>20.29</td>\n",
       "      <td>14.34</td>\n",
       "      <td>135.10</td>\n",
       "      <td>1297.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.10030</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.13280</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.1980</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.10430</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.1809</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>22.54</td>\n",
       "      <td>16.67</td>\n",
       "      <td>152.20</td>\n",
       "      <td>1575.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.1374</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.2050</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.4000</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.1625</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.2364</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.07678</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "<p>5 rows × 31 columns</p>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "   diagnosis  radius_mean  texture_mean  perimeter_mean  area_mean  \\\n",
       "0          1        17.99         10.38          122.80     1001.0   \n",
       "1          1        20.57         17.77          132.90     1326.0   \n",
       "2          1        19.69         21.25          130.00     1203.0   \n",
       "3          1        11.42         20.38           77.58      386.1   \n",
       "4          1        20.29         14.34          135.10     1297.0   \n",
       "\n",
       "   smoothness_mean  compactness_mean  concavity_mean  concave points_mean  \\\n",
       "0          0.11840           0.27760          0.3001              0.14710   \n",
       "1          0.08474           0.07864          0.0869              0.07017   \n",
       "2          0.10960           0.15990          0.1974              0.12790   \n",
       "3          0.14250           0.28390          0.2414              0.10520   \n",
       "4          0.10030           0.13280          0.1980              0.10430   \n",
       "\n",
       "   symmetry_mean  ...  radius_worst  texture_worst  perimeter_worst  \\\n",
       "0         0.2419  ...         25.38          17.33           184.60   \n",
       "1         0.1812  ...         24.99          23.41           158.80   \n",
       "2         0.2069  ...         23.57          25.53           152.50   \n",
       "3         0.2597  ...         14.91          26.50            98.87   \n",
       "4         0.1809  ...         22.54          16.67           152.20   \n",
       "\n",
       "   area_worst  smoothness_worst  compactness_worst  concavity_worst  \\\n",
       "0      2019.0            0.1622             0.6656           0.7119   \n",
       "1      1956.0            0.1238             0.1866           0.2416   \n",
       "2      1709.0            0.1444             0.4245           0.4504   \n",
       "3       567.7            0.2098             0.8663           0.6869   \n",
       "4      1575.0            0.1374             0.2050           0.4000   \n",
       "\n",
       "   concave points_worst  symmetry_worst  fractal_dimension_worst  \n",
       "0                0.2654          0.4601                  0.11890  \n",
       "1                0.1860          0.2750                  0.08902  \n",
       "2                0.2430          0.3613                  0.08758  \n",
       "3                0.2575          0.6638                  0.17300  \n",
       "4                0.1625          0.2364                  0.07678  \n",
       "\n",
       "[5 rows x 31 columns]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df = pd.read_excel(\"cancer_data_cleaned.xlsx\")\n",
    "df.head()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 3,
   "id": "4fce4128",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "X = df.drop('diagnosis', axis=1)\n",
    "y = df.diagnosis"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 4,
   "id": "75abee42",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "scaler = StandardScaler()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 5,
   "id": "f90b8ea6",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "X_scaled = scaler.fit_transform(X)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 6,
   "id": "8319114e",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(X_scaled, y, test_size=0.33, random_state=42)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 7,
   "id": "e593d2ab",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "ridge_reg = Ridge(alpha=1.0)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 8,
   "id": "2d09f146",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<style>#sk-container-id-1 {\n",
       "  /* Definition of color scheme common for light and dark mode */\n",
       "  --sklearn-color-text: black;\n",
       "  --sklearn-color-line: gray;\n",
       "  /* Definition of color scheme for unfitted estimators */\n",
       "  --sklearn-color-unfitted-level-0: #fff5e6;\n",
       "  --sklearn-color-unfitted-level-1: #f6e4d2;\n",
       "  --sklearn-color-unfitted-level-2: #ffe0b3;\n",
       "  --sklearn-color-unfitted-level-3: chocolate;\n",
       "  /* Definition of color scheme for fitted estimators */\n",
       "  --sklearn-color-fitted-level-0: #f0f8ff;\n",
       "  --sklearn-color-fitted-level-1: #d4ebff;\n",
       "  --sklearn-color-fitted-level-2: #b3dbfd;\n",
       "  --sklearn-color-fitted-level-3: cornflowerblue;\n",
       "\n",
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       "  --sklearn-color-text-on-default-background: var(--sg-text-color, var(--theme-code-foreground, var(--jp-content-font-color1, black)));\n",
       "  --sklearn-color-background: var(--sg-background-color, var(--theme-background, var(--jp-layout-color0, white)));\n",
       "  --sklearn-color-border-box: var(--sg-text-color, var(--theme-code-foreground, var(--jp-content-font-color1, black)));\n",
       "  --sklearn-color-icon: #696969;\n",
       "\n",
       "  @media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) {\n",
       "    /* Redefinition of color scheme for dark theme */\n",
       "    --sklearn-color-text-on-default-background: var(--sg-text-color, var(--theme-code-foreground, var(--jp-content-font-color1, white)));\n",
       "    --sklearn-color-background: var(--sg-background-color, var(--theme-background, var(--jp-layout-color0, #111)));\n",
       "    --sklearn-color-border-box: var(--sg-text-color, var(--theme-code-foreground, var(--jp-content-font-color1, white)));\n",
       "    --sklearn-color-icon: #878787;\n",
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       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "#sk-container-id-1 {\n",
       "  color: var(--sklearn-color-text);\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "#sk-container-id-1 pre {\n",
       "  padding: 0;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "#sk-container-id-1 input.sk-hidden--visually {\n",
       "  border: 0;\n",
       "  clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px);\n",
       "  clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);\n",
       "  height: 1px;\n",
       "  margin: -1px;\n",
       "  overflow: hidden;\n",
       "  padding: 0;\n",
       "  position: absolute;\n",
       "  width: 1px;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "#sk-container-id-1 div.sk-dashed-wrapped {\n",
       "  border: 1px dashed var(--sklearn-color-line);\n",
       "  margin: 0 0.4em 0.5em 0.4em;\n",
       "  box-sizing: border-box;\n",
       "  padding-bottom: 0.4em;\n",
       "  background-color: var(--sklearn-color-background);\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "#sk-container-id-1 div.sk-container {\n",
       "  /* jupyter's `normalize.less` sets `[hidden] { display: none; }`\n",
       "     but bootstrap.min.css set `[hidden] { display: none !important; }`\n",
       "     so we also need the `!important` here to be able to override the\n",
       "     default hidden behavior on the sphinx rendered scikit-learn.org.\n",
       "     See: https://github.com/scikit-learn/scikit-learn/issues/21755 */\n",
       "  display: inline-block !important;\n",
       "  position: relative;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "#sk-container-id-1 div.sk-text-repr-fallback {\n",
       "  display: none;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "div.sk-parallel-item,\n",
       "div.sk-serial,\n",
       "div.sk-item {\n",
       "  /* draw centered vertical line to link estimators */\n",
       "  background-image: linear-gradient(var(--sklearn-color-text-on-default-background), var(--sklearn-color-text-on-default-background));\n",
       "  background-size: 2px 100%;\n",
       "  background-repeat: no-repeat;\n",
       "  background-position: center center;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "/* Parallel-specific style estimator block */\n",
       "\n",
       "#sk-container-id-1 div.sk-parallel-item::after {\n",
       "  content: \"\";\n",
       "  width: 100%;\n",
       "  border-bottom: 2px solid var(--sklearn-color-text-on-default-background);\n",
       "  flex-grow: 1;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "#sk-container-id-1 div.sk-parallel {\n",
       "  display: flex;\n",
       "  align-items: stretch;\n",
       "  justify-content: center;\n",
       "  background-color: var(--sklearn-color-background);\n",
       "  position: relative;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "#sk-container-id-1 div.sk-parallel-item {\n",
       "  display: flex;\n",
       "  flex-direction: column;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "#sk-container-id-1 div.sk-parallel-item:first-child::after {\n",
       "  align-self: flex-end;\n",
       "  width: 50%;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "#sk-container-id-1 div.sk-parallel-item:last-child::after {\n",
       "  align-self: flex-start;\n",
       "  width: 50%;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "#sk-container-id-1 div.sk-parallel-item:only-child::after {\n",
       "  width: 0;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "/* Serial-specific style estimator block */\n",
       "\n",
       "#sk-container-id-1 div.sk-serial {\n",
       "  display: flex;\n",
       "  flex-direction: column;\n",
       "  align-items: center;\n",
       "  background-color: var(--sklearn-color-background);\n",
       "  padding-right: 1em;\n",
       "  padding-left: 1em;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "\n",
       "/* Toggleable style: style used for estimator/Pipeline/ColumnTransformer box that is\n",
       "clickable and can be expanded/collapsed.\n",
       "- Pipeline and ColumnTransformer use this feature and define the default style\n",
       "- Estimators will overwrite some part of the style using the `sk-estimator` class\n",
       "*/\n",
       "\n",
       "/* Pipeline and ColumnTransformer style (default) */\n",
       "\n",
       "#sk-container-id-1 div.sk-toggleable {\n",
       "  /* Default theme specific background. It is overwritten whether we have a\n",
       "  specific estimator or a Pipeline/ColumnTransformer */\n",
       "  background-color: var(--sklearn-color-background);\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "/* Toggleable label */\n",
       "#sk-container-id-1 label.sk-toggleable__label {\n",
       "  cursor: pointer;\n",
       "  display: block;\n",
       "  width: 100%;\n",
       "  margin-bottom: 0;\n",
       "  padding: 0.5em;\n",
       "  box-sizing: border-box;\n",
       "  text-align: center;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "#sk-container-id-1 label.sk-toggleable__label-arrow:before {\n",
       "  /* Arrow on the left of the label */\n",
       "  content: \"▸\";\n",
       "  float: left;\n",
       "  margin-right: 0.25em;\n",
       "  color: var(--sklearn-color-icon);\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "#sk-container-id-1 label.sk-toggleable__label-arrow:hover:before {\n",
       "  color: var(--sklearn-color-text);\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "/* Toggleable content - dropdown */\n",
       "\n",
       "#sk-container-id-1 div.sk-toggleable__content {\n",
       "  max-height: 0;\n",
       "  max-width: 0;\n",
       "  overflow: hidden;\n",
       "  text-align: left;\n",
       "  /* unfitted */\n",
       "  background-color: var(--sklearn-color-unfitted-level-0);\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "#sk-container-id-1 div.sk-toggleable__content.fitted {\n",
       "  /* fitted */\n",
       "  background-color: var(--sklearn-color-fitted-level-0);\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "#sk-container-id-1 div.sk-toggleable__content pre {\n",
       "  margin: 0.2em;\n",
       "  border-radius: 0.25em;\n",
       "  color: var(--sklearn-color-text);\n",
       "  /* unfitted */\n",
       "  background-color: var(--sklearn-color-unfitted-level-0);\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "#sk-container-id-1 div.sk-toggleable__content.fitted pre {\n",
       "  /* unfitted */\n",
       "  background-color: var(--sklearn-color-fitted-level-0);\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "#sk-container-id-1 input.sk-toggleable__control:checked~div.sk-toggleable__content {\n",
       "  /* Expand drop-down */\n",
       "  max-height: 200px;\n",
       "  max-width: 100%;\n",
       "  overflow: auto;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "#sk-container-id-1 input.sk-toggleable__control:checked~label.sk-toggleable__label-arrow:before {\n",
       "  content: \"▾\";\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "/* Pipeline/ColumnTransformer-specific style */\n",
       "\n",
       "#sk-container-id-1 div.sk-label input.sk-toggleable__control:checked~label.sk-toggleable__label {\n",
       "  color: var(--sklearn-color-text);\n",
       "  background-color: var(--sklearn-color-unfitted-level-2);\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "#sk-container-id-1 div.sk-label.fitted input.sk-toggleable__control:checked~label.sk-toggleable__label {\n",
       "  background-color: var(--sklearn-color-fitted-level-2);\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "/* Estimator-specific style */\n",
       "\n",
       "/* Colorize estimator box */\n",
       "#sk-container-id-1 div.sk-estimator input.sk-toggleable__control:checked~label.sk-toggleable__label {\n",
       "  /* unfitted */\n",
       "  background-color: var(--sklearn-color-unfitted-level-2);\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "#sk-container-id-1 div.sk-estimator.fitted input.sk-toggleable__control:checked~label.sk-toggleable__label {\n",
       "  /* fitted */\n",
       "  background-color: var(--sklearn-color-fitted-level-2);\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "#sk-container-id-1 div.sk-label label.sk-toggleable__label,\n",
       "#sk-container-id-1 div.sk-label label {\n",
       "  /* The background is the default theme color */\n",
       "  color: var(--sklearn-color-text-on-default-background);\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "/* On hover, darken the color of the background */\n",
       "#sk-container-id-1 div.sk-label:hover label.sk-toggleable__label {\n",
       "  color: var(--sklearn-color-text);\n",
       "  background-color: var(--sklearn-color-unfitted-level-2);\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "/* Label box, darken color on hover, fitted */\n",
       "#sk-container-id-1 div.sk-label.fitted:hover label.sk-toggleable__label.fitted {\n",
       "  color: var(--sklearn-color-text);\n",
       "  background-color: var(--sklearn-color-fitted-level-2);\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "/* Estimator label */\n",
       "\n",
       "#sk-container-id-1 div.sk-label label {\n",
       "  font-family: monospace;\n",
       "  font-weight: bold;\n",
       "  display: inline-block;\n",
       "  line-height: 1.2em;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "#sk-container-id-1 div.sk-label-container {\n",
       "  text-align: center;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "/* Estimator-specific */\n",
       "#sk-container-id-1 div.sk-estimator {\n",
       "  font-family: monospace;\n",
       "  border: 1px dotted var(--sklearn-color-border-box);\n",
       "  border-radius: 0.25em;\n",
       "  box-sizing: border-box;\n",
       "  margin-bottom: 0.5em;\n",
       "  /* unfitted */\n",
       "  background-color: var(--sklearn-color-unfitted-level-0);\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "#sk-container-id-1 div.sk-estimator.fitted {\n",
       "  /* fitted */\n",
       "  background-color: var(--sklearn-color-fitted-level-0);\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "/* on hover */\n",
       "#sk-container-id-1 div.sk-estimator:hover {\n",
       "  /* unfitted */\n",
       "  background-color: var(--sklearn-color-unfitted-level-2);\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "#sk-container-id-1 div.sk-estimator.fitted:hover {\n",
       "  /* fitted */\n",
       "  background-color: var(--sklearn-color-fitted-level-2);\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "/* Specification for estimator info (e.g. \"i\" and \"?\") */\n",
       "\n",
       "/* Common style for \"i\" and \"?\" */\n",
       "\n",
       ".sk-estimator-doc-link,\n",
       "a:link.sk-estimator-doc-link,\n",
       "a:visited.sk-estimator-doc-link {\n",
       "  float: right;\n",
       "  font-size: smaller;\n",
       "  line-height: 1em;\n",
       "  font-family: monospace;\n",
       "  background-color: var(--sklearn-color-background);\n",
       "  border-radius: 1em;\n",
       "  height: 1em;\n",
       "  width: 1em;\n",
       "  text-decoration: none !important;\n",
       "  margin-left: 1ex;\n",
       "  /* unfitted */\n",
       "  border: var(--sklearn-color-unfitted-level-1) 1pt solid;\n",
       "  color: var(--sklearn-color-unfitted-level-1);\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".sk-estimator-doc-link.fitted,\n",
       "a:link.sk-estimator-doc-link.fitted,\n",
       "a:visited.sk-estimator-doc-link.fitted {\n",
       "  /* fitted */\n",
       "  border: var(--sklearn-color-fitted-level-1) 1pt solid;\n",
       "  color: var(--sklearn-color-fitted-level-1);\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "/* On hover */\n",
       "div.sk-estimator:hover .sk-estimator-doc-link:hover,\n",
       ".sk-estimator-doc-link:hover,\n",
       "div.sk-label-container:hover .sk-estimator-doc-link:hover,\n",
       ".sk-estimator-doc-link:hover {\n",
       "  /* unfitted */\n",
       "  background-color: var(--sklearn-color-unfitted-level-3);\n",
       "  color: var(--sklearn-color-background);\n",
       "  text-decoration: none;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "div.sk-estimator.fitted:hover .sk-estimator-doc-link.fitted:hover,\n",
       ".sk-estimator-doc-link.fitted:hover,\n",
       "div.sk-label-container:hover .sk-estimator-doc-link.fitted:hover,\n",
       ".sk-estimator-doc-link.fitted:hover {\n",
       "  /* fitted */\n",
       "  background-color: var(--sklearn-color-fitted-level-3);\n",
       "  color: var(--sklearn-color-background);\n",
       "  text-decoration: none;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "/* Span, style for the box shown on hovering the info icon */\n",
       ".sk-estimator-doc-link span {\n",
       "  display: none;\n",
       "  z-index: 9999;\n",
       "  position: relative;\n",
       "  font-weight: normal;\n",
       "  right: .2ex;\n",
       "  padding: .5ex;\n",
       "  margin: .5ex;\n",
       "  width: min-content;\n",
       "  min-width: 20ex;\n",
       "  max-width: 50ex;\n",
       "  color: var(--sklearn-color-text);\n",
       "  box-shadow: 2pt 2pt 4pt #999;\n",
       "  /* unfitted */\n",
       "  background: var(--sklearn-color-unfitted-level-0);\n",
       "  border: .5pt solid var(--sklearn-color-unfitted-level-3);\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".sk-estimator-doc-link.fitted span {\n",
       "  /* fitted */\n",
       "  background: var(--sklearn-color-fitted-level-0);\n",
       "  border: var(--sklearn-color-fitted-level-3);\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".sk-estimator-doc-link:hover span {\n",
       "  display: block;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "/* \"?\"-specific style due to the `<a>` HTML tag */\n",
       "\n",
       "#sk-container-id-1 a.estimator_doc_link {\n",
       "  float: right;\n",
       "  font-size: 1rem;\n",
       "  line-height: 1em;\n",
       "  font-family: monospace;\n",
       "  background-color: var(--sklearn-color-background);\n",
       "  border-radius: 1rem;\n",
       "  height: 1rem;\n",
       "  width: 1rem;\n",
       "  text-decoration: none;\n",
       "  /* unfitted */\n",
       "  color: var(--sklearn-color-unfitted-level-1);\n",
       "  border: var(--sklearn-color-unfitted-level-1) 1pt solid;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "#sk-container-id-1 a.estimator_doc_link.fitted {\n",
       "  /* fitted */\n",
       "  border: var(--sklearn-color-fitted-level-1) 1pt solid;\n",
       "  color: var(--sklearn-color-fitted-level-1);\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "/* On hover */\n",
       "#sk-container-id-1 a.estimator_doc_link:hover {\n",
       "  /* unfitted */\n",
       "  background-color: var(--sklearn-color-unfitted-level-3);\n",
       "  color: var(--sklearn-color-background);\n",
       "  text-decoration: none;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "#sk-container-id-1 a.estimator_doc_link.fitted:hover {\n",
       "  /* fitted */\n",
       "  background-color: var(--sklearn-color-fitted-level-3);\n",
       "}\n",
       "</style><div id=\"sk-container-id-1\" class=\"sk-top-container\"><div class=\"sk-text-repr-fallback\"><pre>Ridge()</pre><b>In a Jupyter environment, please rerun this cell to show the HTML representation or trust the notebook. <br />On GitHub, the HTML representation is unable to render, please try loading this page with nbviewer.org.</b></div><div class=\"sk-container\" hidden><div class=\"sk-item\"><div class=\"sk-estimator fitted sk-toggleable\"><input class=\"sk-toggleable__control sk-hidden--visually\" id=\"sk-estimator-id-1\" type=\"checkbox\" checked><label for=\"sk-estimator-id-1\" class=\"sk-toggleable__label fitted sk-toggleable__label-arrow fitted\">&nbsp;&nbsp;Ridge<a class=\"sk-estimator-doc-link fitted\" rel=\"noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https://scikit-learn.org/1.4/modules/generated/sklearn.linear_model.Ridge.html\">?<span>Documentation for Ridge</span></a><span class=\"sk-estimator-doc-link fitted\">i<span>Fitted</span></span></label><div class=\"sk-toggleable__content fitted\"><pre>Ridge()</pre></div> </div></div></div></div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "Ridge()"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 8,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "ridge_reg.fit(X_train, y_train)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 9,
   "id": "cdc55fea",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "array([ 0.10543786, -0.03902779,  0.07231323, -0.13375463,  0.02307077,\n",
       "       -0.23703659,  0.04745122,  0.23556031, -0.01566328,  0.00347173,\n",
       "        0.17361698, -0.04860694,  0.00605728, -0.1136715 ,  0.06666551,\n",
       "       -0.02918685, -0.12979992,  0.0982854 , -0.01282038,  0.01060335,\n",
       "        0.29566164,  0.13194318, -0.02026447, -0.20852639, -0.02056608,\n",
       "        0.09737568,  0.17472187, -0.09331118,  0.07080295,  0.02462609])"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 9,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "ridge_reg.coef_"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 10,
   "id": "7f0c454e",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[('radius_mean', 0.10543785787617155),\n",
       " ('texture_mean', -0.03902778841848259),\n",
       " ('perimeter_mean', 0.07231323115384364),\n",
       " ('area_mean', -0.1337546295513484),\n",
       " ('smoothness_mean', 0.02307076572899232),\n",
       " ('compactness_mean', -0.23703659180021994),\n",
       " ('concavity_mean', 0.04745121595848032),\n",
       " ('concave points_mean', 0.2355603121154722),\n",
       " ('symmetry_mean', -0.01566328126006452),\n",
       " ('fractal_dimension_mean', 0.0034717261515741058),\n",
       " ('radius_se', 0.1736169837606419),\n",
       " ('texture_se', -0.04860694253697225),\n",
       " ('perimeter_se', 0.0060572803964411585),\n",
       " ('area_se', -0.11367150084793388),\n",
       " ('smoothness_se', 0.06666551137364338),\n",
       " ('compactness_se', -0.029186852925261506),\n",
       " ('concavity_se', -0.1297999248923954),\n",
       " ('concave points_se', 0.09828539850702468),\n",
       " ('symmetry_se', -0.012820377490392889),\n",
       " ('fractal_dimension_se', 0.0106033450984245),\n",
       " ('radius_worst', 0.2956616374374223),\n",
       " ('texture_worst', 0.1319431762697256),\n",
       " ('perimeter_worst', -0.02026447201546325),\n",
       " ('area_worst', -0.20852638798018175),\n",
       " ('smoothness_worst', -0.02056608009340361),\n",
       " ('compactness_worst', 0.09737568498046477),\n",
       " ('concavity_worst', 0.1747218742784941),\n",
       " ('concave points_worst', -0.09331118379822474),\n",
       " ('symmetry_worst', 0.07080294505763803),\n",
       " ('fractal_dimension_worst', 0.024626085035358854)]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 10,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "feature_importance = [(feature, coef) for feature,coef in zip(X.columns, ridge_reg.coef_)]\n",
    "feature_importance"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 12,
   "id": "c3559769",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style scoped>\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
       "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
       "        vertical-align: top;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
       "        text-align: right;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "</style>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>feature</th>\n",
       "      <th>coef</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>20</th>\n",
       "      <td>radius_worst</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.295662</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>7</th>\n",
       "      <td>concave points_mean</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.235560</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>26</th>\n",
       "      <td>concavity_worst</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.174722</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>10</th>\n",
       "      <td>radius_se</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.173617</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>21</th>\n",
       "      <td>texture_worst</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.131943</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>0</th>\n",
       "      <td>radius_mean</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.105438</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>17</th>\n",
       "      <td>concave points_se</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.098285</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>25</th>\n",
       "      <td>compactness_worst</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.097376</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2</th>\n",
       "      <td>perimeter_mean</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.072313</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>28</th>\n",
       "      <td>symmetry_worst</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.070803</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>14</th>\n",
       "      <td>smoothness_se</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.066666</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>6</th>\n",
       "      <td>concavity_mean</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.047451</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>29</th>\n",
       "      <td>fractal_dimension_worst</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.024626</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>4</th>\n",
       "      <td>smoothness_mean</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.023071</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>19</th>\n",
       "      <td>fractal_dimension_se</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.010603</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>12</th>\n",
       "      <td>perimeter_se</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.006057</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>9</th>\n",
       "      <td>fractal_dimension_mean</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.003472</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>18</th>\n",
       "      <td>symmetry_se</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.012820</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>8</th>\n",
       "      <td>symmetry_mean</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.015663</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>22</th>\n",
       "      <td>perimeter_worst</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.020264</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>24</th>\n",
       "      <td>smoothness_worst</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.020566</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>15</th>\n",
       "      <td>compactness_se</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.029187</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1</th>\n",
       "      <td>texture_mean</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.039028</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>11</th>\n",
       "      <td>texture_se</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.048607</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>27</th>\n",
       "      <td>concave points_worst</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.093311</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>13</th>\n",
       "      <td>area_se</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.113672</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>16</th>\n",
       "      <td>concavity_se</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.129800</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>3</th>\n",
       "      <td>area_mean</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.133755</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>23</th>\n",
       "      <td>area_worst</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.208526</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>5</th>\n",
       "      <td>compactness_mean</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.237037</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "                    feature      coef\n",
       "20             radius_worst  0.295662\n",
       "7       concave points_mean  0.235560\n",
       "26          concavity_worst  0.174722\n",
       "10                radius_se  0.173617\n",
       "21            texture_worst  0.131943\n",
       "0               radius_mean  0.105438\n",
       "17        concave points_se  0.098285\n",
       "25        compactness_worst  0.097376\n",
       "2            perimeter_mean  0.072313\n",
       "28           symmetry_worst  0.070803\n",
       "14            smoothness_se  0.066666\n",
       "6            concavity_mean  0.047451\n",
       "29  fractal_dimension_worst  0.024626\n",
       "4           smoothness_mean  0.023071\n",
       "19     fractal_dimension_se  0.010603\n",
       "12             perimeter_se  0.006057\n",
       "9    fractal_dimension_mean  0.003472\n",
       "18              symmetry_se -0.012820\n",
       "8             symmetry_mean -0.015663\n",
       "22          perimeter_worst -0.020264\n",
       "24         smoothness_worst -0.020566\n",
       "15           compactness_se -0.029187\n",
       "1              texture_mean -0.039028\n",
       "11               texture_se -0.048607\n",
       "27     concave points_worst -0.093311\n",
       "13                  area_se -0.113672\n",
       "16             concavity_se -0.129800\n",
       "3                 area_mean -0.133755\n",
       "23               area_worst -0.208526\n",
       "5          compactness_mean -0.237037"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 12,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "fi_df = pd.DataFrame(feature_importance, columns=['feature', 'coef'])\n",
    "fi_df.sort_values(by='coef', ascending=False)"
   ]
  }
 ],
 "metadata": {
  "kernelspec": {
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