app.R

# app stuff
library(shiny)
library(shinydashboard)
library(shinyjs)
library(shinyWidgets)
library(metathis)
#library(dashboardthemes)

# data manipulation stuff
library(dplyr)
library(stringr)
library(tidyr)

# display stuff
library(DT)


# load data which is a spread sheet with scale name, reference, codings, and items.
load("scales-data.RData")

# data preparation:
# reduce data frame and create new content to display
scalesSelected <- dt.Scales.Included %>%
    dplyr::select(id, 
                  Scale, 
                  ShortReference,
                  Affect = AffectFinal,
                  Behavior = BehaviorFinal,
                  Cognition = CognitionFinal,
                  Desire = DesireFinal,
                  NItems,
                  nlifeDomain) %>%
    mutate(Scale = sub("\\(.*", "", Scale), # remove short reference info
           details = paste0(as.character(icon("eye-open", lib = "glyphicon")), " #", id)) %>% # add the eye icon for more detail pop-up with row ID 
    mutate_at(vars(Affect, Behavior, Cognition, Desire), ~replace_na(., 0)) %>% 
    mutate_at(vars(Affect, Behavior, Cognition, Desire),
              ~(ifelse(.==1, as.character(icon("ok", lib = "glyphicon")), ""))) %>%
    relocate(details, .after = id) # reorder

# reduce data frame and create new content to display
theoriesSelected <- dt.Theories.Included %>%
  dplyr::select(Theory, 
                ShortReference,
                Affect = AffectFinal,
                Behavior = BehaviorFinal,
                Cognition = CognitionFinal,
                Desire = DesireFinal) %>%
  mutate(Theory = sub("\\(.*", "", Theory)) %>% # remove short reference info
  mutate_at(vars(Affect, Behavior, Cognition, Desire), ~replace_na(., 0)) %>% 
  mutate_at(vars(Affect, Behavior, Cognition, Desire),
            ~(ifelse(.==1, as.character(icon("ok", lib = "glyphicon")), "")))

# set update date manualy
updateDate <- "2023-03-25 11:02:00 CEST"


# Define UI for application (shinydashboard)
ui <- dashboardPage(
    # Application title
    title = "Acculturation Directory",
    dashboardHeader(title= span(tags$img(src = "LogoV1_20x20.png", height = "18px"), "Acculturation Directory")
    # dashboardHeader(title= span(tags$img(src = "https://github.com/raw/JannisCodes/acculturation-review/main/assets/images/FaviconCreation/LogoV2_20x20.png?token=AJEZTKA365MU2ITKIADDGUTBJDW52", height = "18px"), "Acculturation Directory")
    ),

    # Sidebar
    dashboardSidebar(
        sidebarMenu(id = "sidebarMenu",
                    menuItem("The Scales", tabName = "scales", icon = icon("tasks")),
                    menuItem("The Theories", tabName = "theories", icon = icon("lightbulb")),
                    menuItem("References", tabName = "references", icon = icon("book-reader")),
                    menuItem("About", tabName = "about", icon = icon("info"))),
        shinyjs::useShinyjs(),
        tags$footer(HTML("<strong>Copyright &copy; 2023</strong> 
                   <br>This work is licensed under a <a rel=\"license\" href=\"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/\" target=\"_blank\">Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License</a>.
                   <br><a rel=\"license\" href=\"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/\" target=\"_blank\"><img alt=\"Creative Commons License\" style=\"border-width:0\" src=\"https://i.creativecommons.org/l/by-nc/4.0/88x31.png\" /></a>
                   <br>All included works retain their original copyrights.
                   <br>Last updated:<br>"), 
                   updateDate,
                   id = "sideFooter",
                   align = "left",
                   style = "
                  position:absolute;
                  bottom:0;
                  width:100%;
                  padding: 10px;
                  "
        )
    ),

    dashboardBody(
        # add custom HTML head section (for favicon, css and social media display)
        tags$head(
            tags$link(rel = "shortcut icon", href = "favicon.ico"),
            tags$link(rel = "stylesheet", type = "text/css", href = "custom.css"),
            tags$script(HTML("
                            var openTab = function(tabName){
                              $('a', $('.sidebar')).each(function() {
                                if(this.getAttribute('data-value') == tabName) {
                                  this.click()
                                };
                              });
                            };
                            $('.sidebar-toggle').attr('id','menu');
                            var dimension = [0, 0];
                                $(document).on('shiny:connected', function(e) {
                                    dimension[0] = window.innerWidth;
                                    dimension[1] = window.innerHeight;
                                    Shiny.onInputChange('dimension', dimension);
                                });
                                $(window).resize(function(e) {
                                    dimension[0] = window.innerWidth;
                                    dimension[1] = window.innerHeight;
                                    Shiny.onInputChange('dimension', dimension);
                                });
                          "))
        ),
        meta() %>%
            meta_social(
                title = "Acculturation Directory",
                description = "An interactive directoy of theories and measurements of psychological acculturation (including items).",
                url = "https://acculturation-review.shinyapps.io/acculturation-directory/",
                image = "media.png",
                image_alt = "Acculturation Directory",
                twitter_creator = "@JannisWrites",
                twitter_card_type = "summary",
                twitter_site = "@JannisWrites"
            ),
        
        # enable shiny javascript
        shinyjs::useShinyjs(),
        
        # ### changing theme
        # shinyDashboardThemes(
        #     theme = "poor_mans_flatly"
        # ),
        
        tabItems( # multiple tabs in sidebar
            tabItem(tabName = "scales",
                    fluidRow(
                    box(
                        width = 12,
                        status = "primary",
                        DT::dataTableOutput("scalesTable") # main datatable
                    )),
                fluidRow(
                    box(
                        title = "Filters", # filter box with filter inputs
                        width = 6,
                        
                        searchInput(
                            inputId = "scaleSearch", 
                            label = "Search within scale names",
                            placeholder = "Your search term (e.g., adaptation) ...",
                            btnSearch = icon("search"),
                            btnReset = icon("remove")
                        ),
                        
                        hr(),
                        
                        awesomeCheckbox(
                            inputId = "ExperienceCheck",
                            label = tags$b("Filter by Experience Aspects"), 
                            value = FALSE
                        ),
                        prettySwitch(
                            inputId = "AffectSwitch",
                            label = "Affect", 
                            status = "success",
                            value = TRUE,
                            inline = TRUE,
                            fill = TRUE
                        ),
                        prettySwitch(
                            inputId = "BehaviorSwitch",
                            label = "Behavior", 
                            status = "success",
                            value = TRUE,
                            inline = TRUE,
                            fill = TRUE
                        ),
                        prettySwitch(
                            inputId = "CognitionSwitch",
                            label = "Cognition", 
                            status = "success",
                            value = TRUE,
                            inline = TRUE,
                            fill = TRUE
                        ),
                        prettySwitch(
                            inputId = "DesireSwitch",
                            label = "Desire", 
                            status = "success",
                            value = TRUE,
                            inline = TRUE,
                            fill = TRUE
                        ),
                        
                        hr(),
                        
                        sliderInput("sliderNItems", "Number of Items", 
                                    min = min(dt.Scales.Included$NItems, na.rm = TRUE), 
                                    max = max(dt.Scales.Included$NItems, na.rm = TRUE),
                                    value = c( min(dt.Scales.Included$NItems, na.rm = TRUE), max(dt.Scales.Included$NItems, na.rm = TRUE)),
                                    step = 1
                        ),
                        sliderInput("sliderNDomains", "Number of Domains", 
                                    min = min(scalesSelected$nlifeDomain, na.rm = TRUE), 
                                    max = max(scalesSelected$nlifeDomain, na.rm = TRUE),
                                    value = c(min(scalesSelected$nlifeDomain, na.rm = TRUE), max(scalesSelected$nlifeDomain, na.rm = TRUE)),
                                    step = 1
                        )
                    ),
                    box(
                        title = "Information", # information panel (dynamic)
                        width = 6,
                        tags$h5(tags$b("Currently Selected:")),
                        valueBoxOutput("nScalesSelected"),
                        valueBoxOutput("aveItemN"), 
                        valueBoxOutput("totItemN"),
                        tags$h5(tags$b("The Project:")),
                        HTML(
                            paste0(
                                "This directory of acculturation scales is part of the publication '",
                                tags$i("The Migration Experience: A Conceptual Framework and Systematic Scoping Review of Psychological Acculturation") , 
                                "' (",
                                tags$a(href="https://doi.org/toBePublished", target="_blank", "doi.org/toBePublished"),
                                "). As part of our systematic scoping review of the literature on acculturation, we collected and analyzed 
                                scales that were used to measure 'psychological acculturation'. For all scales we extracted the publicly available
                                scale construction (see 'View' column) and then coded whether the scales conceptualized psychological acculturation in terms of
                                affect (e.g., feeling at home), behavior (e.g., language use), cognition (e.g., ethnic identification), 
                                and desire (e.g., independence wish)."
                                )
                            ),
                    )
                )
            ),
            tabItem(tabName = "theories",
                    fluidRow(
                      box(
                        width = 12,
                        status = "primary",
                        DT::dataTableOutput("theoriesTable") # main datatable
                      )),
                    fluidRow(
                      box(
                        title = "Filters", # filter box with filter inputs
                        width = 6,
                        
                        searchInput(
                          inputId = "theorySearch", 
                          label = "Search within theory names",
                          placeholder = "Your search term (e.g., cultural) ...",
                          btnSearch = icon("search"),
                          btnReset = icon("remove")
                        ),
                        
                        hr(),
                        
                        awesomeCheckbox(
                          inputId = "theoryExperienceCheck",
                          label = tags$b("Filter by Experience Aspects"), 
                          value = FALSE
                        ),
                        prettySwitch(
                          inputId = "theoryAffectSwitch",
                          label = "Affect", 
                          status = "success",
                          value = TRUE,
                          inline = TRUE,
                          fill = TRUE
                        ),
                        prettySwitch(
                          inputId = "theoryBehaviorSwitch",
                          label = "Behavior", 
                          status = "success",
                          value = TRUE,
                          inline = TRUE,
                          fill = TRUE
                        ),
                        prettySwitch(
                          inputId = "theoryCognitionSwitch",
                          label = "Cognition", 
                          status = "success",
                          value = TRUE,
                          inline = TRUE,
                          fill = TRUE
                        ),
                        prettySwitch(
                          inputId = "theoryDesireSwitch",
                          label = "Desire", 
                          status = "success",
                          value = TRUE,
                          inline = TRUE,
                          fill = TRUE
                        )
                      ),
                      box(
                        title = "Information", # information panel (dynamic)
                        width = 6,
                        tags$h5(tags$b("Currently Selected:")),
                        valueBoxOutput("nTheoriesSelected", width = 6),
                        valueBoxOutput("percTheoriesSelected", width = 6),
                        tags$br(),
                        tags$p()
                      )
                    )
            ),
            tabItem(tabName = "references", # reference section imported from HTML file
                      fluidRow(
                          box(
                              title = "References",
                              width = 12,
                              HTML(refSec)
                          )
                      )
            ),
            tabItem(tabName = "about", # about tab with information about the project and interface explanation
                    fluidRow(
                        box(
                            title = "How to Use the Directory",
                            solidHeader = TRUE,
                            width = 12,
                            column(
                              width = 12,
                              tags$b("Sections"),br(),
                              "The directory consists of two main interactive sections:",
                              tags$ol(
                                tags$li("The", a("scale directory", onclick = "openTab('scales')", href="#"), "scale data table allows direct access to the scale directory. The table shows all scales that 
                                          fit the current filters and lists a number of key information about the scale. Next to the name of the scale,
                                          the apa short reference, the number or items, and number of life domains, the overview also indicates 
                                          whether the scale included any of the affect, behavior, cognition, and/or desire aspects (ABCD). 
                                          Lastly, the first column is a click-able area, which gives access to additional information about the scale.
                                          Wherever (publicly) available, we list the exact items, the response options, the life domains considered,
                                          as well as some information on the validation sample."),
                                tags$li("The", a("theory directory", onclick = "openTab('theories')", href="#"), "scale data table allows direct access to the scale directory. The table shows all scales that 
                                          fit the current filters and lists a number of key information about the scale. Next to the name of the scale,
                                          the apa short reference, the number or items, and number of life domains, the overview also indicates 
                                          whether the scale included any of the affect, behavior, cognition, and/or desire aspects (ABCD). 
                                          Lastly, the first column is a click-able area, which gives access to additional information about the scale.
                                          Wherever (publicly) available, we list the exact items, the response options, the life domains considered,
                                          as well as some information on the validation sample.")
                                ),
                              tags$b("Interface"),br(),
                              "The each of the main sections includes a number of important interface elements:",
                              tags$ol(
                                  tags$li("The main content table sits at the top of each tab and allows direct access to the scales or theories. 
                                          The table shows all results that fit the current filters and lists a number of key information, including any 
                                          of the affect, behavior, cognition, and/or desire aspects that were coded. 
                                          Lastly, the first column of the", a("scale directory", onclick = "openTab('scales')", href="#"), "is a click-able area, 
                                          which gives access to additional information about the scale.
                                          Wherever (publicly) available, we list the exact items, the response options, the life domains considered,
                                          as well as some information on the validation sample."),
                                  tags$li("The filter section currently houses several main filters to identify scales and theories that fit your needs. 
                                          It allows for the search of key words within the title, filter the inclusion of the affect, behavior, cognition,
                                          and/or desire aspects, as well as additional sliders to filter the scales by the number of items and life domains."),
                                  tags$li("The information section offers a top-level overview of the current selection.
                                          The current version shows the number of results that fit the current filter choices, as well as additional selection 
                                          metrices.")
                              ),
                              tags$b("Features"),br(),
                              "This directory has three main functions.",
                              tags$ol(
                                  tags$li("Selection: The most practical function of this application is to aid researchers and practitioners 
                                          in the selection of acculturation measurements and theories. The study of acculturation has produced an immense number of 
                                          acculturation approaches, and making a choice between these different viewpoints can be difficult. Not only is it difficult 
                                          to gain an overview of the number of scales and theories used within the literature, but also the diversity in style and content can 
                                          be overwhelming. We hope that the filter options we provide in this application can offer a first structured and 
                                          intuitive entry into the plethora for acculturation approaches. It should be noted that this directory is not meant to 
                                          replace a full methodological review and does only present a small amount of information on the theories and scales."),
                                  tags$li("Access: For the acculturation scales, we showcase all (publicly) available scale items by clicking the eye icon in the
                                          'View' column. We additionally list the full reference to all available 
                                          theories and scales in the", a("References", onclick = "openTab('references')", href="#"),"tab (also see the 'Reference' 
                                          column in the", a("scale directory", onclick = "openTab('scales')", href="#"), "and the",
                                          a("theory directory", onclick = "openTab('theories')", href="#"),")."),
                                  tags$li("Exploration of Review Results: As part of the framework development and systematic scoping review, we have arrived at a 
                                          number of conclusions about the theoretical and methodological literature on acculturation. We hope that readers can use this 
                                          directory in conjunction with the main article and explore the results themselves. The data table and the appended 
                                          filter allow readers an interactive access to the data and users might gain an intuitive understanding of the current 
                                          state of the literature"),
                              )
                            )
                        ),
                        box(
                            title = "The Review",
                            solidHeader = TRUE,
                            width = 12,
                            column(
                              width = 12,
                              "One of the key challenges to researching psychological acculturation is an immense heterogeneity in theories and measures. 
                              These inconsistencies make it difficult to compare past literature on acculturation, hinder straight-forward measurement 
                              selections, and hampers the development of an overarching framework. To structure our understanding of the migration process, 
                              we propose to utilize the four basic elements of human experiences (wanting, feeling, thinking, and doing) as a conceptual 
                              framework. We use this framework to build a theory-driven literature synthesis of past theoretical 
                              (final ", tags$i("N"), " = 92), methodological (final ", tags$i("N"), " = 233) and empirical literature (final ", 
                              tags$i("N"), " = 530). We find that especially empirical works have understudied the more internal aspects of acculturation 
                              (motivations and feelings) and have often fallen short of capturing all four aspects of the migration experience. 
                              We also show differences between publication fields and discuss how the framework can aid transparent and functional theories, 
                              studies, and interventions going forward."
                            )
                        ),
                        box(
                            title = "The Framework",
                            solidHeader = TRUE,
                            width = 12,
                            column(
                                width = 12,
                                HTML(
                                    "<br>To build a framework that would comprehensively structure the concept of psychological acculturation across a wide range of contexts, 
                                    we propose to utilize the basic elements of human experiences. Building on conceptual developments within the acculturation literature, 
                                    we propose that the psychological acculturation experience can be understood in terms of affects, behaviors, cognitions, and desires. 
                                    Psychological acculturation in this framework might, for example, be understood or measured in terms of behavioral acculturation, 
                                    such as language use, or voting; cognitive acculturation, such as ethnic identification, or cultural values endorsement; 
                                    affective acculturation, such as feeling at home, or loneliness; motivational acculturation, such as the satisfaction of competence or 
                                    independence needs; or as a combination of any or all of these aspects. Coding the available acculturation theories, and scales identified during the 
                                    systematic scoping review inspired the creation of this directory and the chosen filter options.<br><br>",
                                    "Three major contextual factors often found within the literature are the relevant cultural patterns, the contact situation, 
                                    as well as the interacting individuals. All of these contextual elements will likely have a profound 
                                    impact on the experience of affects, behaviors, cognitions, and desires. As part of the directory we present here, we list the situational 
                                    context that is captured in the acculturation scales. One way of structuring this situational context is what we will here refer to as 
                                    the life domains &#8212 the idea that the social experience will take place within different domains in life. Based on sociological 
                                    theories of social institutions (Durkheim, 1982), literature on life domains in acculturation (Arends-Tóth & van de Vijver, 2006, 2007; Zane & Mak, 2004), 
                                    a categorization of psychological influences by the British Psychological Society (Michie et al., 2005), and Bronfenbrenner's 
                                    Ecological systems theory (Bronfenbrenner, 1992), we conceptualized a range of life domains relevant to the migration process 
                                    (also see Figure 1). These life domains are exlicitly or indirectly the target of many acculturation scales. We list all domains 
                                    that were explicitly refered to by the authors of the scales (within the scale pop-up box, via the 'View' button) and offer the option
                                    to filter scales by the number of life domains they address.<br>"
                                )
                            ),
                            column(
                                width = 12,
                                HTML(
                                    "<br>"
                                ),
                                img(src="ConceptualFrameworkExpanded.png", width="80%"),
                                HTML(
                                    "<br><em>Figure 1</em>: Conceptual Framework with Context from the main manuscript."
                                )
                            )
                            
                        )
                    )
            )
        )
    )
)

# Define server logic required to draw interactive elements
server <- function(input, output) {
    
    # observe whether experience filters should be enabled 
    observeEvent(input$ExperienceCheck, {
        if(input$ExperienceCheck == TRUE){
            shinyjs::enable("AffectSwitch")
            shinyjs::enable("BehaviorSwitch")
            shinyjs::enable("CognitionSwitch")
            shinyjs::enable("DesireSwitch")
        }else{
            shinyjs::disable("AffectSwitch")
            shinyjs::disable("BehaviorSwitch")
            shinyjs::disable("CognitionSwitch")
            shinyjs::disable("DesireSwitch")
        }
        })
  
    observeEvent(input$theoryExperienceCheck, {
      if(input$theoryExperienceCheck == TRUE){
        shinyjs::enable("theoryAffectSwitch")
        shinyjs::enable("theoryBehaviorSwitch")
        shinyjs::enable("theoryCognitionSwitch")
        shinyjs::enable("theoryDesireSwitch")
      }else{
        shinyjs::disable("theoryAffectSwitch")
        shinyjs::disable("theoryBehaviorSwitch")
        shinyjs::disable("theoryCognitionSwitch")
        shinyjs::disable("theoryDesireSwitch")
      }
    })
    
    # filter datatable based on filter inputs
    scaleSelectedReact <- reactive({
        if(input$ExperienceCheck == TRUE){
            scalesSelected %>%
                filter(grepl(tolower(input$scaleSearch),tolower(Scale)),
                       Affect == ifelse(input$AffectSwitch==TRUE, as.character(icon("ok", lib = "glyphicon")), ""),
                       Behavior == ifelse(input$BehaviorSwitch==TRUE, as.character(icon("ok", lib = "glyphicon")), ""),
                       Cognition == ifelse(input$CognitionSwitch==TRUE, as.character(icon("ok", lib = "glyphicon")), ""),
                       Desire == ifelse(input$DesireSwitch==TRUE, as.character(icon("ok", lib = "glyphicon")), ""),
                       NItems >= input$sliderNItems[[1]],
                       NItems <= input$sliderNItems[[2]], 
                       nlifeDomain >= input$sliderNDomains[[1]], 
                       nlifeDomain <= input$sliderNDomains[[2]])
        } else {
            scalesSelected %>%
                filter(grepl(tolower(input$scaleSearch),tolower(Scale)),
                       NItems >= input$sliderNItems[[1]],
                       NItems <= input$sliderNItems[[2]], 
                       nlifeDomain >= input$sliderNDomains[[1]], 
                       nlifeDomain <= input$sliderNDomains[[2]])
        }
    })
    
    theorySelectedReact <- reactive({
      if(input$theoryExperienceCheck == TRUE){
        theoriesSelected %>%
          filter(grepl(tolower(input$theorySearch), tolower(Theory)),
                 Affect == ifelse(input$theoryAffectSwitch==TRUE, as.character(icon("ok", lib = "glyphicon")), ""),
                 Behavior == ifelse(input$theoryBehaviorSwitch==TRUE, as.character(icon("ok", lib = "glyphicon")), ""),
                 Cognition == ifelse(input$theoryCognitionSwitch==TRUE, as.character(icon("ok", lib = "glyphicon")), ""),
                 Desire == ifelse(input$theoryDesireSwitch==TRUE, as.character(icon("ok", lib = "glyphicon")), "")
                 )
      } else {
        theoriesSelected %>%
          filter(grepl(tolower(input$theorySearch),tolower(Theory)))
      }
    })
    
    # create data table based on reactive (i.e., filtered) data set.
    output$scalesTable = DT::renderDataTable({
        datatable(scaleSelectedReact(), 
                  colnames = c("View", "Scale", "Reference", 
                               "Affect", "Behavior", "Cognition", "Desire", 
                               "Number of Items", "Number of Life Domains"), 
                  rownames = FALSE, 
                  selection = 'none',
                  # class = 'cell-border strip hover',
                  escape = FALSE,
                  extensions = 'Scroller',
                  options = list(
                      scrollX = TRUE,
                      scrollY = 500,
                      scroller = TRUE,
                      searching = FALSE,
                      columnDefs=list(list(targets=5:length(scalesSelected)-1, class="dt-center"),
                                      list(targets=0, visible=FALSE))
                      )
                  ) %>% 
            formatStyle(2, cursor = 'pointer')
                                             }) 
    
    output$theoriesTable = DT::renderDataTable({
      datatable(theorySelectedReact(), 
                colnames = c("Theory", "Reference", "Affect", "Behavior", "Cognition", "Desire"), 
                rownames = FALSE, 
                selection = 'none',
                # class = 'cell-border strip hover',
                escape = FALSE,
                extensions = 'Scroller',
                options = list(
                  scrollX = TRUE,
                  scrollY = 500,
                  scroller = TRUE,
                  searching = FALSE,
                  columnDefs=list(list(targets=3:length(theoriesSelected)-1, class="dt-center"))
                )
                ) %>% 
        formatStyle(2, cursor = 'pointer')
    }) 
    
    # calculate data information boxes
    output$nScalesSelected <- renderValueBox({
        valueBox(
            nrow(scaleSelectedReact()),
            paste0("of ", nrow(dt.Scales.Included), " scales"),
            icon = icon("filter"),
            color = "light-blue"
        )
    })
    output$aveItemN <- renderValueBox({
        valueBox(
            round(mean(scaleSelectedReact()$NItems),1),
            "items (average)",
            icon = icon("clipboard-list"),
            color = "light-blue"
        )
    })
    output$totItemN <- renderValueBox({
        valueBox(
            format(sum(scaleSelectedReact()$NItems), big.mark=","),
            "items (total)",
            icon = icon("tasks"),
            color = "light-blue"
        )
    })
    output$nTheoriesSelected <- renderValueBox({
      valueBox(
        nrow(theorySelectedReact()),
        paste0("of ", nrow(dt.Theories.Included), " theories"),
        icon = icon("filter"),
        color = "light-blue"
      )
    })
    output$percTheoriesSelected <- renderValueBox({
      valueBox(
        (nrow(theorySelectedReact())/nrow(dt.Theories.Included)) %>% scales::percent(),
        "of available theories",
        icon = icon("percentage"),
        color = "light-blue"
      )
    })
    
    # create pop up box. If person clicks on eye symbol the information from the main data frame is displayed as HTML element
    observeEvent(input$scalesTable_cell_clicked, {
        info = input$scalesTable_cell_clicked
        id = sub(".*#", "", info$value)
        # do nothing if not clicked yet, or the clicked cell is not in the first column
        if (is.null(info$value) || info$col != 1) return()
        showModal(modalDialog(
            title = paste0("Information: ", dt.Scales.Included$Scale[dt.Scales.Included$id==id]),
            easyClose = TRUE,
            tags$div(
                HTML(paste(tags$h4("Items:"),
                           dt.Scales.Included$Item[dt.Scales.Included$id==id],
                           "<hr>",
                           tags$h4("Response:"),
                           dt.Scales.Included$ResponseRangeAnchors[dt.Scales.Included$id==id],
                           "<hr>",
                           tags$h4("Sample:"),
                           tags$b("Sampling strategy: "),
                           dt.Scales.Included$Sample[dt.Scales.Included$id==id],
                           "<br>",
                           tags$b("Host Country: "),
                           dt.Scales.Included$HostCountry[dt.Scales.Included$id==id],
                           "<br>",
                           tags$b("Origin Country: "),
                           dt.Scales.Included$OriginCountry[dt.Scales.Included$id==id],
                           "<hr>",
                           tags$h4("Life Domains:"),
                           dt.Scales.Included$lifeDomain[dt.Scales.Included$id==id],
                           sep = ""))
            ),
            footer = modalButton("OK")
        ))
    })
    observeEvent(input$theoriesTable_cell_clicked, {
      info = input$theoriesTable_cell_clicked
      id = info$value
      # do nothing if not clicked yet, or the clicked cell is not in the first column
      if (is.null(info$value) || info$col != 1) return()
      showModal(modalDialog(
        title = paste0("Reference for: ", dt.Theories.Included$Theory[dt.Theories.Included$ShortReference==id]),
        easyClose = TRUE,
        tags$div(
          HTML(paste(dt.Theories.Included$Source[dt.Theories.Included$ShortReference==id],
                     sep = ""))
        ),
        footer = modalButton("OK")
      ))
    })
    
}

# Run the application 
shinyApp(ui = ui, server = server)