data-analysis/005-6-pandas-tricks/6-pandas-tricks.ipynb

{
 "cells": [
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# 6 Pandas Tricks\n",
    "\n",
    "This is a notebook for the medium article [6 Pandas Tricks you should know to speed up your data analysis](https://medium.com/@bindiatwork/6-pandas-tricks-you-should-know-to-speed-up-your-data-analysis-d3dec7c29e5)\n",
    "\n",
    "Please check out article for instructions\n",
    "\n",
    "**License**: [BSD 2-Clause](https://opensource.org/licenses/BSD-2-Clause)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Data preparation"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 1,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "import pandas as pd\n",
    "\n",
    "def load_data():\n",
    "    return pd.read_csv('data/train.csv')\n",
    "\n",
    "df = load_data()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 2,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
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       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>PassengerId</th>\n",
       "      <th>Survived</th>\n",
       "      <th>Pclass</th>\n",
       "      <th>Name</th>\n",
       "      <th>Sex</th>\n",
       "      <th>Age</th>\n",
       "      <th>SibSp</th>\n",
       "      <th>Parch</th>\n",
       "      <th>Ticket</th>\n",
       "      <th>Fare</th>\n",
       "      <th>Cabin</th>\n",
       "      <th>Embarked</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>0</th>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      <td>Braund, Mr. Owen Harris</td>\n",
       "      <td>male</td>\n",
       "      <td>22.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>A/5 21171</td>\n",
       "      <td>7.2500</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>S</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1</th>\n",
       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>Cumings, Mrs. John Bradley (Florence Briggs Th...</td>\n",
       "      <td>female</td>\n",
       "      <td>38.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>PC 17599</td>\n",
       "      <td>71.2833</td>\n",
       "      <td>C85</td>\n",
       "      <td>C</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2</th>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      <td>Heikkinen, Miss. Laina</td>\n",
       "      <td>female</td>\n",
       "      <td>26.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>STON/O2. 3101282</td>\n",
       "      <td>7.9250</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>S</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>3</th>\n",
       "      <td>4</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>Futrelle, Mrs. Jacques Heath (Lily May Peel)</td>\n",
       "      <td>female</td>\n",
       "      <td>35.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>113803</td>\n",
       "      <td>53.1000</td>\n",
       "      <td>C123</td>\n",
       "      <td>S</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>4</th>\n",
       "      <td>5</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      <td>Allen, Mr. William Henry</td>\n",
       "      <td>male</td>\n",
       "      <td>35.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>373450</td>\n",
       "      <td>8.0500</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>S</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "   PassengerId  Survived  Pclass  \\\n",
       "0            1         0       3   \n",
       "1            2         1       1   \n",
       "2            3         1       3   \n",
       "3            4         1       1   \n",
       "4            5         0       3   \n",
       "\n",
       "                                                Name     Sex   Age  SibSp  \\\n",
       "0                            Braund, Mr. Owen Harris    male  22.0      1   \n",
       "1  Cumings, Mrs. John Bradley (Florence Briggs Th...  female  38.0      1   \n",
       "2                             Heikkinen, Miss. Laina  female  26.0      0   \n",
       "3       Futrelle, Mrs. Jacques Heath (Lily May Peel)  female  35.0      1   \n",
       "4                           Allen, Mr. William Henry    male  35.0      0   \n",
       "\n",
       "   Parch            Ticket     Fare Cabin Embarked  \n",
       "0      0         A/5 21171   7.2500   NaN        S  \n",
       "1      0          PC 17599  71.2833   C85        C  \n",
       "2      0  STON/O2. 3101282   7.9250   NaN        S  \n",
       "3      0            113803  53.1000  C123        S  \n",
       "4      0            373450   8.0500   NaN        S  "
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df.head()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 3,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "<class 'pandas.core.frame.DataFrame'>\n",
      "RangeIndex: 891 entries, 0 to 890\n",
      "Data columns (total 12 columns):\n",
      " #   Column       Non-Null Count  Dtype  \n",
      "---  ------       --------------  -----  \n",
      " 0   PassengerId  891 non-null    int64  \n",
      " 1   Survived     891 non-null    int64  \n",
      " 2   Pclass       891 non-null    int64  \n",
      " 3   Name         891 non-null    object \n",
      " 4   Sex          891 non-null    object \n",
      " 5   Age          714 non-null    float64\n",
      " 6   SibSp        891 non-null    int64  \n",
      " 7   Parch        891 non-null    int64  \n",
      " 8   Ticket       891 non-null    object \n",
      " 9   Fare         891 non-null    float64\n",
      " 10  Cabin        204 non-null    object \n",
      " 11  Embarked     889 non-null    object \n",
      "dtypes: float64(2), int64(5), object(5)\n",
      "memory usage: 83.7+ KB\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df.info()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### 1. Select columns by data type"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 4,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "PassengerId      int64\n",
       "Survived         int64\n",
       "Pclass           int64\n",
       "Name            object\n",
       "Sex             object\n",
       "Age            float64\n",
       "SibSp            int64\n",
       "Parch            int64\n",
       "Ticket          object\n",
       "Fare           float64\n",
       "Cabin           object\n",
       "Embarked        object\n",
       "dtype: object"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 4,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df.dtypes"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 5,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
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       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>PassengerId</th>\n",
       "      <th>Survived</th>\n",
       "      <th>Pclass</th>\n",
       "      <th>Age</th>\n",
       "      <th>SibSp</th>\n",
       "      <th>Parch</th>\n",
       "      <th>Fare</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>0</th>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      <td>22.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>7.2500</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1</th>\n",
       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>38.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>71.2833</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2</th>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      <td>26.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>7.9250</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>3</th>\n",
       "      <td>4</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>35.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>53.1000</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>4</th>\n",
       "      <td>5</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      <td>35.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>8.0500</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "   PassengerId  Survived  Pclass   Age  SibSp  Parch     Fare\n",
       "0            1         0       3  22.0      1      0   7.2500\n",
       "1            2         1       1  38.0      1      0  71.2833\n",
       "2            3         1       3  26.0      0      0   7.9250\n",
       "3            4         1       1  35.0      1      0  53.1000\n",
       "4            5         0       3  35.0      0      0   8.0500"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 5,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# This include both int and float columns\n",
    "df.select_dtypes(include='number').head()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 6,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
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       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>Name</th>\n",
       "      <th>Sex</th>\n",
       "      <th>Ticket</th>\n",
       "      <th>Cabin</th>\n",
       "      <th>Embarked</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>0</th>\n",
       "      <td>Braund, Mr. Owen Harris</td>\n",
       "      <td>male</td>\n",
       "      <td>A/5 21171</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>S</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1</th>\n",
       "      <td>Cumings, Mrs. John Bradley (Florence Briggs Th...</td>\n",
       "      <td>female</td>\n",
       "      <td>PC 17599</td>\n",
       "      <td>C85</td>\n",
       "      <td>C</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2</th>\n",
       "      <td>Heikkinen, Miss. Laina</td>\n",
       "      <td>female</td>\n",
       "      <td>STON/O2. 3101282</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>S</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>3</th>\n",
       "      <td>Futrelle, Mrs. Jacques Heath (Lily May Peel)</td>\n",
       "      <td>female</td>\n",
       "      <td>113803</td>\n",
       "      <td>C123</td>\n",
       "      <td>S</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>4</th>\n",
       "      <td>Allen, Mr. William Henry</td>\n",
       "      <td>male</td>\n",
       "      <td>373450</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>S</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>...</th>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>886</th>\n",
       "      <td>Montvila, Rev. Juozas</td>\n",
       "      <td>male</td>\n",
       "      <td>211536</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>S</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>887</th>\n",
       "      <td>Graham, Miss. Margaret Edith</td>\n",
       "      <td>female</td>\n",
       "      <td>112053</td>\n",
       "      <td>B42</td>\n",
       "      <td>S</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>888</th>\n",
       "      <td>Johnston, Miss. Catherine Helen \"Carrie\"</td>\n",
       "      <td>female</td>\n",
       "      <td>W./C. 6607</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>S</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>889</th>\n",
       "      <td>Behr, Mr. Karl Howell</td>\n",
       "      <td>male</td>\n",
       "      <td>111369</td>\n",
       "      <td>C148</td>\n",
       "      <td>C</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>890</th>\n",
       "      <td>Dooley, Mr. Patrick</td>\n",
       "      <td>male</td>\n",
       "      <td>370376</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>Q</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "<p>891 rows × 5 columns</p>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "                                                  Name     Sex  \\\n",
       "0                              Braund, Mr. Owen Harris    male   \n",
       "1    Cumings, Mrs. John Bradley (Florence Briggs Th...  female   \n",
       "2                               Heikkinen, Miss. Laina  female   \n",
       "3         Futrelle, Mrs. Jacques Heath (Lily May Peel)  female   \n",
       "4                             Allen, Mr. William Henry    male   \n",
       "..                                                 ...     ...   \n",
       "886                              Montvila, Rev. Juozas    male   \n",
       "887                       Graham, Miss. Margaret Edith  female   \n",
       "888           Johnston, Miss. Catherine Helen \"Carrie\"  female   \n",
       "889                              Behr, Mr. Karl Howell    male   \n",
       "890                                Dooley, Mr. Patrick    male   \n",
       "\n",
       "               Ticket Cabin Embarked  \n",
       "0           A/5 21171   NaN        S  \n",
       "1            PC 17599   C85        C  \n",
       "2    STON/O2. 3101282   NaN        S  \n",
       "3              113803  C123        S  \n",
       "4              373450   NaN        S  \n",
       "..                ...   ...      ...  \n",
       "886            211536   NaN        S  \n",
       "887            112053   B42        S  \n",
       "888        W./C. 6607   NaN        S  \n",
       "889            111369  C148        C  \n",
       "890            370376   NaN        Q  \n",
       "\n",
       "[891 rows x 5 columns]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 6,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# select just object columns\n",
    "df.select_dtypes(include='object')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 7,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
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       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>PassengerId</th>\n",
       "      <th>Survived</th>\n",
       "      <th>Pclass</th>\n",
       "      <th>Name</th>\n",
       "      <th>Sex</th>\n",
       "      <th>SibSp</th>\n",
       "      <th>Parch</th>\n",
       "      <th>Ticket</th>\n",
       "      <th>Cabin</th>\n",
       "      <th>Embarked</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>0</th>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      <td>Braund, Mr. Owen Harris</td>\n",
       "      <td>male</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>A/5 21171</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>S</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1</th>\n",
       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>Cumings, Mrs. John Bradley (Florence Briggs Th...</td>\n",
       "      <td>female</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>PC 17599</td>\n",
       "      <td>C85</td>\n",
       "      <td>C</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2</th>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      <td>Heikkinen, Miss. Laina</td>\n",
       "      <td>female</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>STON/O2. 3101282</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>S</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>3</th>\n",
       "      <td>4</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>Futrelle, Mrs. Jacques Heath (Lily May Peel)</td>\n",
       "      <td>female</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>113803</td>\n",
       "      <td>C123</td>\n",
       "      <td>S</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>4</th>\n",
       "      <td>5</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      <td>Allen, Mr. William Henry</td>\n",
       "      <td>male</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>373450</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>S</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>...</th>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>886</th>\n",
       "      <td>887</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "      <td>Montvila, Rev. Juozas</td>\n",
       "      <td>male</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>211536</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>S</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>887</th>\n",
       "      <td>888</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>Graham, Miss. Margaret Edith</td>\n",
       "      <td>female</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>112053</td>\n",
       "      <td>B42</td>\n",
       "      <td>S</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>888</th>\n",
       "      <td>889</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      <td>Johnston, Miss. Catherine Helen \"Carrie\"</td>\n",
       "      <td>female</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "      <td>W./C. 6607</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>S</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>889</th>\n",
       "      <td>890</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>Behr, Mr. Karl Howell</td>\n",
       "      <td>male</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>111369</td>\n",
       "      <td>C148</td>\n",
       "      <td>C</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>890</th>\n",
       "      <td>891</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      <td>Dooley, Mr. Patrick</td>\n",
       "      <td>male</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>370376</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>Q</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "<p>891 rows × 10 columns</p>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "     PassengerId  Survived  Pclass  \\\n",
       "0              1         0       3   \n",
       "1              2         1       1   \n",
       "2              3         1       3   \n",
       "3              4         1       1   \n",
       "4              5         0       3   \n",
       "..           ...       ...     ...   \n",
       "886          887         0       2   \n",
       "887          888         1       1   \n",
       "888          889         0       3   \n",
       "889          890         1       1   \n",
       "890          891         0       3   \n",
       "\n",
       "                                                  Name     Sex  SibSp  Parch  \\\n",
       "0                              Braund, Mr. Owen Harris    male      1      0   \n",
       "1    Cumings, Mrs. John Bradley (Florence Briggs Th...  female      1      0   \n",
       "2                               Heikkinen, Miss. Laina  female      0      0   \n",
       "3         Futrelle, Mrs. Jacques Heath (Lily May Peel)  female      1      0   \n",
       "4                             Allen, Mr. William Henry    male      0      0   \n",
       "..                                                 ...     ...    ...    ...   \n",
       "886                              Montvila, Rev. Juozas    male      0      0   \n",
       "887                       Graham, Miss. Margaret Edith  female      0      0   \n",
       "888           Johnston, Miss. Catherine Helen \"Carrie\"  female      1      2   \n",
       "889                              Behr, Mr. Karl Howell    male      0      0   \n",
       "890                                Dooley, Mr. Patrick    male      0      0   \n",
       "\n",
       "               Ticket Cabin Embarked  \n",
       "0           A/5 21171   NaN        S  \n",
       "1            PC 17599   C85        C  \n",
       "2    STON/O2. 3101282   NaN        S  \n",
       "3              113803  C123        S  \n",
       "4              373450   NaN        S  \n",
       "..                ...   ...      ...  \n",
       "886            211536   NaN        S  \n",
       "887            112053   B42        S  \n",
       "888        W./C. 6607   NaN        S  \n",
       "889            111369  C148        C  \n",
       "890            370376   NaN        Q  \n",
       "\n",
       "[891 rows x 10 columns]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 7,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# select multiple data types\n",
    "df.select_dtypes(include=['int', 'datetime', 'object'])"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 8,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style scoped>\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
       "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
       "        vertical-align: top;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
       "        text-align: right;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "</style>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>Name</th>\n",
       "      <th>Sex</th>\n",
       "      <th>Age</th>\n",
       "      <th>Ticket</th>\n",
       "      <th>Fare</th>\n",
       "      <th>Cabin</th>\n",
       "      <th>Embarked</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>0</th>\n",
       "      <td>Braund, Mr. Owen Harris</td>\n",
       "      <td>male</td>\n",
       "      <td>22.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>A/5 21171</td>\n",
       "      <td>7.2500</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>S</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1</th>\n",
       "      <td>Cumings, Mrs. John Bradley (Florence Briggs Th...</td>\n",
       "      <td>female</td>\n",
       "      <td>38.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>PC 17599</td>\n",
       "      <td>71.2833</td>\n",
       "      <td>C85</td>\n",
       "      <td>C</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2</th>\n",
       "      <td>Heikkinen, Miss. Laina</td>\n",
       "      <td>female</td>\n",
       "      <td>26.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>STON/O2. 3101282</td>\n",
       "      <td>7.9250</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>S</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>3</th>\n",
       "      <td>Futrelle, Mrs. Jacques Heath (Lily May Peel)</td>\n",
       "      <td>female</td>\n",
       "      <td>35.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>113803</td>\n",
       "      <td>53.1000</td>\n",
       "      <td>C123</td>\n",
       "      <td>S</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>4</th>\n",
       "      <td>Allen, Mr. William Henry</td>\n",
       "      <td>male</td>\n",
       "      <td>35.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>373450</td>\n",
       "      <td>8.0500</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>S</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>...</th>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>886</th>\n",
       "      <td>Montvila, Rev. Juozas</td>\n",
       "      <td>male</td>\n",
       "      <td>27.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>211536</td>\n",
       "      <td>13.0000</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>S</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>887</th>\n",
       "      <td>Graham, Miss. Margaret Edith</td>\n",
       "      <td>female</td>\n",
       "      <td>19.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>112053</td>\n",
       "      <td>30.0000</td>\n",
       "      <td>B42</td>\n",
       "      <td>S</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>888</th>\n",
       "      <td>Johnston, Miss. Catherine Helen \"Carrie\"</td>\n",
       "      <td>female</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>W./C. 6607</td>\n",
       "      <td>23.4500</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>S</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>889</th>\n",
       "      <td>Behr, Mr. Karl Howell</td>\n",
       "      <td>male</td>\n",
       "      <td>26.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>111369</td>\n",
       "      <td>30.0000</td>\n",
       "      <td>C148</td>\n",
       "      <td>C</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>890</th>\n",
       "      <td>Dooley, Mr. Patrick</td>\n",
       "      <td>male</td>\n",
       "      <td>32.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>370376</td>\n",
       "      <td>7.7500</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>Q</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "<p>891 rows × 7 columns</p>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "                                                  Name     Sex   Age  \\\n",
       "0                              Braund, Mr. Owen Harris    male  22.0   \n",
       "1    Cumings, Mrs. John Bradley (Florence Briggs Th...  female  38.0   \n",
       "2                               Heikkinen, Miss. Laina  female  26.0   \n",
       "3         Futrelle, Mrs. Jacques Heath (Lily May Peel)  female  35.0   \n",
       "4                             Allen, Mr. William Henry    male  35.0   \n",
       "..                                                 ...     ...   ...   \n",
       "886                              Montvila, Rev. Juozas    male  27.0   \n",
       "887                       Graham, Miss. Margaret Edith  female  19.0   \n",
       "888           Johnston, Miss. Catherine Helen \"Carrie\"  female   NaN   \n",
       "889                              Behr, Mr. Karl Howell    male  26.0   \n",
       "890                                Dooley, Mr. Patrick    male  32.0   \n",
       "\n",
       "               Ticket     Fare Cabin Embarked  \n",
       "0           A/5 21171   7.2500   NaN        S  \n",
       "1            PC 17599  71.2833   C85        C  \n",
       "2    STON/O2. 3101282   7.9250   NaN        S  \n",
       "3              113803  53.1000  C123        S  \n",
       "4              373450   8.0500   NaN        S  \n",
       "..                ...      ...   ...      ...  \n",
       "886            211536  13.0000   NaN        S  \n",
       "887            112053  30.0000   B42        S  \n",
       "888        W./C. 6607  23.4500   NaN        S  \n",
       "889            111369  30.0000  C148        C  \n",
       "890            370376   7.7500   NaN        Q  \n",
       "\n",
       "[891 rows x 7 columns]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 8,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# exclude certain data types\n",
    "df.select_dtypes(exclude='int')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### 2. Convert strings to numbers"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 9,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "df = pd.DataFrame({ 'product': ['A','B','C','D'], \n",
    "                   'price': ['10','20','30','40'],\n",
    "                   'sales': ['20','-','60','-']\n",
    "                  })"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 10,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style scoped>\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
       "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
       "        vertical-align: top;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
       "        text-align: right;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "</style>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>product</th>\n",
       "      <th>price</th>\n",
       "      <th>sales</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>0</th>\n",
       "      <td>A</td>\n",
       "      <td>10</td>\n",
       "      <td>20</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1</th>\n",
       "      <td>B</td>\n",
       "      <td>20</td>\n",
       "      <td>-</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2</th>\n",
       "      <td>C</td>\n",
       "      <td>30</td>\n",
       "      <td>60</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>3</th>\n",
       "      <td>D</td>\n",
       "      <td>40</td>\n",
       "      <td>-</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "  product price sales\n",
       "0       A    10    20\n",
       "1       B    20     -\n",
       "2       C    30    60\n",
       "3       D    40     -"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 10,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 11,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "product    object\n",
       "price      object\n",
       "sales      object\n",
       "dtype: object"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 11,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df.dtypes"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 12,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# Use Python type\n",
    "df['price'] = df['price'].astype(int)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 13,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# alternatively, pass { col: dtype }\n",
    "df = df.astype({'price': 'int'})"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 14,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "product    object\n",
       "price       int64\n",
       "sales      object\n",
       "dtype: object"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 14,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df.dtypes"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 15,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# use to_numeric to convert the strings with Invalid characters\n",
    "df['sales'] = pd.to_numeric(df['sales'], errors='coerce')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 16,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style scoped>\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
       "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
       "        vertical-align: top;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
       "        text-align: right;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "</style>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>product</th>\n",
       "      <th>price</th>\n",
       "      <th>sales</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>0</th>\n",
       "      <td>A</td>\n",
       "      <td>10</td>\n",
       "      <td>20.0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1</th>\n",
       "      <td>B</td>\n",
       "      <td>20</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2</th>\n",
       "      <td>C</td>\n",
       "      <td>30</td>\n",
       "      <td>60.0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>3</th>\n",
       "      <td>D</td>\n",
       "      <td>40</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "  product  price  sales\n",
       "0       A     10   20.0\n",
       "1       B     20    NaN\n",
       "2       C     30   60.0\n",
       "3       D     40    NaN"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 16,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 17,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "product     object\n",
       "price        int64\n",
       "sales      float64\n",
       "dtype: object"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 17,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df.dtypes"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### 3. detect and handle missing values"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 18,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "<class 'pandas.core.frame.DataFrame'>\n",
      "RangeIndex: 891 entries, 0 to 890\n",
      "Data columns (total 12 columns):\n",
      " #   Column       Non-Null Count  Dtype  \n",
      "---  ------       --------------  -----  \n",
      " 0   PassengerId  891 non-null    int64  \n",
      " 1   Survived     891 non-null    int64  \n",
      " 2   Pclass       891 non-null    int64  \n",
      " 3   Name         891 non-null    object \n",
      " 4   Sex          891 non-null    object \n",
      " 5   Age          714 non-null    float64\n",
      " 6   SibSp        891 non-null    int64  \n",
      " 7   Parch        891 non-null    int64  \n",
      " 8   Ticket       891 non-null    object \n",
      " 9   Fare         891 non-null    float64\n",
      " 10  Cabin        204 non-null    object \n",
      " 11  Embarked     889 non-null    object \n",
      "dtypes: float64(2), int64(5), object(5)\n",
      "memory usage: 83.7+ KB\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df = load_data()\n",
    "df.info()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 19,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "PassengerId      0\n",
       "Survived         0\n",
       "Pclass           0\n",
       "Name             0\n",
       "Sex              0\n",
       "Age            177\n",
       "SibSp            0\n",
       "Parch            0\n",
       "Ticket           0\n",
       "Fare             0\n",
       "Cabin          687\n",
       "Embarked         2\n",
       "dtype: int64"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 19,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df.isnull().sum()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 20,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "866"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 20,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df.isnull().sum().sum()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 21,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "PassengerId    0.000000\n",
       "Survived       0.000000\n",
       "Pclass         0.000000\n",
       "Name           0.000000\n",
       "Sex            0.000000\n",
       "Age            0.198653\n",
       "SibSp          0.000000\n",
       "Parch          0.000000\n",
       "Ticket         0.000000\n",
       "Fare           0.000000\n",
       "Cabin          0.771044\n",
       "Embarked       0.002245\n",
       "dtype: float64"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 21,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df.isna().mean()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "#### Dropping missing values"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 22,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
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       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>PassengerId</th>\n",
       "      <th>Survived</th>\n",
       "      <th>Pclass</th>\n",
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       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1</th>\n",
       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>Cumings, Mrs. John Bradley (Florence Briggs Th...</td>\n",
       "      <td>female</td>\n",
       "      <td>38.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>PC 17599</td>\n",
       "      <td>71.2833</td>\n",
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       "      <td>C</td>\n",
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       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>3</th>\n",
       "      <td>4</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>Futrelle, Mrs. Jacques Heath (Lily May Peel)</td>\n",
       "      <td>female</td>\n",
       "      <td>35.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>113803</td>\n",
       "      <td>53.1000</td>\n",
       "      <td>C123</td>\n",
       "      <td>S</td>\n",
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       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>6</th>\n",
       "      <td>7</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>McCarthy, Mr. Timothy J</td>\n",
       "      <td>male</td>\n",
       "      <td>54.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>17463</td>\n",
       "      <td>51.8625</td>\n",
       "      <td>E46</td>\n",
       "      <td>S</td>\n",
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       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>10</th>\n",
       "      <td>11</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      <td>Sandstrom, Miss. Marguerite Rut</td>\n",
       "      <td>female</td>\n",
       "      <td>4.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>PP 9549</td>\n",
       "      <td>16.7000</td>\n",
       "      <td>G6</td>\n",
       "      <td>S</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>11</th>\n",
       "      <td>12</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>Bonnell, Miss. Elizabeth</td>\n",
       "      <td>female</td>\n",
       "      <td>58.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>113783</td>\n",
       "      <td>26.5500</td>\n",
       "      <td>C103</td>\n",
       "      <td>S</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>...</th>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
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       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
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       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>871</th>\n",
       "      <td>872</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>Beckwith, Mrs. Richard Leonard (Sallie Monypeny)</td>\n",
       "      <td>female</td>\n",
       "      <td>47.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>11751</td>\n",
       "      <td>52.5542</td>\n",
       "      <td>D35</td>\n",
       "      <td>S</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>872</th>\n",
       "      <td>873</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>Carlsson, Mr. Frans Olof</td>\n",
       "      <td>male</td>\n",
       "      <td>33.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>695</td>\n",
       "      <td>5.0000</td>\n",
       "      <td>B51 B53 B55</td>\n",
       "      <td>S</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>879</th>\n",
       "      <td>880</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>Potter, Mrs. Thomas Jr (Lily Alexenia Wilson)</td>\n",
       "      <td>female</td>\n",
       "      <td>56.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>11767</td>\n",
       "      <td>83.1583</td>\n",
       "      <td>C50</td>\n",
       "      <td>C</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>887</th>\n",
       "      <td>888</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>Graham, Miss. Margaret Edith</td>\n",
       "      <td>female</td>\n",
       "      <td>19.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>112053</td>\n",
       "      <td>30.0000</td>\n",
       "      <td>B42</td>\n",
       "      <td>S</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>889</th>\n",
       "      <td>890</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>Behr, Mr. Karl Howell</td>\n",
       "      <td>male</td>\n",
       "      <td>26.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>111369</td>\n",
       "      <td>30.0000</td>\n",
       "      <td>C148</td>\n",
       "      <td>C</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "<p>183 rows × 12 columns</p>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "     PassengerId  Survived  Pclass  \\\n",
       "1              2         1       1   \n",
       "3              4         1       1   \n",
       "6              7         0       1   \n",
       "10            11         1       3   \n",
       "11            12         1       1   \n",
       "..           ...       ...     ...   \n",
       "871          872         1       1   \n",
       "872          873         0       1   \n",
       "879          880         1       1   \n",
       "887          888         1       1   \n",
       "889          890         1       1   \n",
       "\n",
       "                                                  Name     Sex   Age  SibSp  \\\n",
       "1    Cumings, Mrs. John Bradley (Florence Briggs Th...  female  38.0      1   \n",
       "3         Futrelle, Mrs. Jacques Heath (Lily May Peel)  female  35.0      1   \n",
       "6                              McCarthy, Mr. Timothy J    male  54.0      0   \n",
       "10                     Sandstrom, Miss. Marguerite Rut  female   4.0      1   \n",
       "11                            Bonnell, Miss. Elizabeth  female  58.0      0   \n",
       "..                                                 ...     ...   ...    ...   \n",
       "871   Beckwith, Mrs. Richard Leonard (Sallie Monypeny)  female  47.0      1   \n",
       "872                           Carlsson, Mr. Frans Olof    male  33.0      0   \n",
       "879      Potter, Mrs. Thomas Jr (Lily Alexenia Wilson)  female  56.0      0   \n",
       "887                       Graham, Miss. Margaret Edith  female  19.0      0   \n",
       "889                              Behr, Mr. Karl Howell    male  26.0      0   \n",
       "\n",
       "     Parch    Ticket     Fare        Cabin Embarked  \n",
       "1        0  PC 17599  71.2833          C85        C  \n",
       "3        0    113803  53.1000         C123        S  \n",
       "6        0     17463  51.8625          E46        S  \n",
       "10       1   PP 9549  16.7000           G6        S  \n",
       "11       0    113783  26.5500         C103        S  \n",
       "..     ...       ...      ...          ...      ...  \n",
       "871      1     11751  52.5542          D35        S  \n",
       "872      0       695   5.0000  B51 B53 B55        S  \n",
       "879      1     11767  83.1583          C50        C  \n",
       "887      0    112053  30.0000          B42        S  \n",
       "889      0    111369  30.0000         C148        C  \n",
       "\n",
       "[183 rows x 12 columns]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 22,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# To drop rows if any NaN values are present\n",
    "df.dropna(axis = 0)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 23,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
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       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>PassengerId</th>\n",
       "      <th>Survived</th>\n",
       "      <th>Pclass</th>\n",
       "      <th>Name</th>\n",
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       "      <th>0</th>\n",
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       "      <td>male</td>\n",
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       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>A/5 21171</td>\n",
       "      <td>7.2500</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1</th>\n",
       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>Cumings, Mrs. John Bradley (Florence Briggs Th...</td>\n",
       "      <td>female</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>PC 17599</td>\n",
       "      <td>71.2833</td>\n",
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       "      <th>2</th>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      <td>Heikkinen, Miss. Laina</td>\n",
       "      <td>female</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>STON/O2. 3101282</td>\n",
       "      <td>7.9250</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>3</th>\n",
       "      <td>4</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>Futrelle, Mrs. Jacques Heath (Lily May Peel)</td>\n",
       "      <td>female</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>113803</td>\n",
       "      <td>53.1000</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>4</th>\n",
       "      <td>5</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      <td>Allen, Mr. William Henry</td>\n",
       "      <td>male</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>373450</td>\n",
       "      <td>8.0500</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>...</th>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
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       "      <td>...</td>\n",
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       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>886</th>\n",
       "      <td>887</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "      <td>Montvila, Rev. Juozas</td>\n",
       "      <td>male</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>211536</td>\n",
       "      <td>13.0000</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>887</th>\n",
       "      <td>888</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>Graham, Miss. Margaret Edith</td>\n",
       "      <td>female</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>112053</td>\n",
       "      <td>30.0000</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>888</th>\n",
       "      <td>889</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      <td>Johnston, Miss. Catherine Helen \"Carrie\"</td>\n",
       "      <td>female</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "      <td>W./C. 6607</td>\n",
       "      <td>23.4500</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>889</th>\n",
       "      <td>890</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>Behr, Mr. Karl Howell</td>\n",
       "      <td>male</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>111369</td>\n",
       "      <td>30.0000</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>890</th>\n",
       "      <td>891</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      <td>Dooley, Mr. Patrick</td>\n",
       "      <td>male</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>370376</td>\n",
       "      <td>7.7500</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "<p>891 rows × 9 columns</p>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "     PassengerId  Survived  Pclass  \\\n",
       "0              1         0       3   \n",
       "1              2         1       1   \n",
       "2              3         1       3   \n",
       "3              4         1       1   \n",
       "4              5         0       3   \n",
       "..           ...       ...     ...   \n",
       "886          887         0       2   \n",
       "887          888         1       1   \n",
       "888          889         0       3   \n",
       "889          890         1       1   \n",
       "890          891         0       3   \n",
       "\n",
       "                                                  Name     Sex  SibSp  Parch  \\\n",
       "0                              Braund, Mr. Owen Harris    male      1      0   \n",
       "1    Cumings, Mrs. John Bradley (Florence Briggs Th...  female      1      0   \n",
       "2                               Heikkinen, Miss. Laina  female      0      0   \n",
       "3         Futrelle, Mrs. Jacques Heath (Lily May Peel)  female      1      0   \n",
       "4                             Allen, Mr. William Henry    male      0      0   \n",
       "..                                                 ...     ...    ...    ...   \n",
       "886                              Montvila, Rev. Juozas    male      0      0   \n",
       "887                       Graham, Miss. Margaret Edith  female      0      0   \n",
       "888           Johnston, Miss. Catherine Helen \"Carrie\"  female      1      2   \n",
       "889                              Behr, Mr. Karl Howell    male      0      0   \n",
       "890                                Dooley, Mr. Patrick    male      0      0   \n",
       "\n",
       "               Ticket     Fare  \n",
       "0           A/5 21171   7.2500  \n",
       "1            PC 17599  71.2833  \n",
       "2    STON/O2. 3101282   7.9250  \n",
       "3              113803  53.1000  \n",
       "4              373450   8.0500  \n",
       "..                ...      ...  \n",
       "886            211536  13.0000  \n",
       "887            112053  30.0000  \n",
       "888        W./C. 6607  23.4500  \n",
       "889            111369  30.0000  \n",
       "890            370376   7.7500  \n",
       "\n",
       "[891 rows x 9 columns]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 23,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# To drop columns if any NaN values are present\n",
    "df.dropna(axis = 1)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 24,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
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       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      <td>Braund, Mr. Owen Harris</td>\n",
       "      <td>male</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>A/5 21171</td>\n",
       "      <td>7.2500</td>\n",
       "      <td>S</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1</th>\n",
       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>Cumings, Mrs. John Bradley (Florence Briggs Th...</td>\n",
       "      <td>female</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>PC 17599</td>\n",
       "      <td>71.2833</td>\n",
       "      <td>C</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2</th>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      <td>Heikkinen, Miss. Laina</td>\n",
       "      <td>female</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>STON/O2. 3101282</td>\n",
       "      <td>7.9250</td>\n",
       "      <td>S</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>3</th>\n",
       "      <td>4</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>Futrelle, Mrs. Jacques Heath (Lily May Peel)</td>\n",
       "      <td>female</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>113803</td>\n",
       "      <td>53.1000</td>\n",
       "      <td>S</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>4</th>\n",
       "      <td>5</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      <td>Allen, Mr. William Henry</td>\n",
       "      <td>male</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>373450</td>\n",
       "      <td>8.0500</td>\n",
       "      <td>S</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>...</th>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>886</th>\n",
       "      <td>887</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "      <td>Montvila, Rev. Juozas</td>\n",
       "      <td>male</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>211536</td>\n",
       "      <td>13.0000</td>\n",
       "      <td>S</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>887</th>\n",
       "      <td>888</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>Graham, Miss. Margaret Edith</td>\n",
       "      <td>female</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>112053</td>\n",
       "      <td>30.0000</td>\n",
       "      <td>S</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>888</th>\n",
       "      <td>889</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      <td>Johnston, Miss. Catherine Helen \"Carrie\"</td>\n",
       "      <td>female</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "      <td>W./C. 6607</td>\n",
       "      <td>23.4500</td>\n",
       "      <td>S</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>889</th>\n",
       "      <td>890</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>Behr, Mr. Karl Howell</td>\n",
       "      <td>male</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>111369</td>\n",
       "      <td>30.0000</td>\n",
       "      <td>C</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>890</th>\n",
       "      <td>891</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      <td>Dooley, Mr. Patrick</td>\n",
       "      <td>male</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>370376</td>\n",
       "      <td>7.7500</td>\n",
       "      <td>Q</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "<p>891 rows × 10 columns</p>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "     PassengerId  Survived  Pclass  \\\n",
       "0              1         0       3   \n",
       "1              2         1       1   \n",
       "2              3         1       3   \n",
       "3              4         1       1   \n",
       "4              5         0       3   \n",
       "..           ...       ...     ...   \n",
       "886          887         0       2   \n",
       "887          888         1       1   \n",
       "888          889         0       3   \n",
       "889          890         1       1   \n",
       "890          891         0       3   \n",
       "\n",
       "                                                  Name     Sex  SibSp  Parch  \\\n",
       "0                              Braund, Mr. Owen Harris    male      1      0   \n",
       "1    Cumings, Mrs. John Bradley (Florence Briggs Th...  female      1      0   \n",
       "2                               Heikkinen, Miss. Laina  female      0      0   \n",
       "3         Futrelle, Mrs. Jacques Heath (Lily May Peel)  female      1      0   \n",
       "4                             Allen, Mr. William Henry    male      0      0   \n",
       "..                                                 ...     ...    ...    ...   \n",
       "886                              Montvila, Rev. Juozas    male      0      0   \n",
       "887                       Graham, Miss. Margaret Edith  female      0      0   \n",
       "888           Johnston, Miss. Catherine Helen \"Carrie\"  female      1      2   \n",
       "889                              Behr, Mr. Karl Howell    male      0      0   \n",
       "890                                Dooley, Mr. Patrick    male      0      0   \n",
       "\n",
       "               Ticket     Fare Embarked  \n",
       "0           A/5 21171   7.2500        S  \n",
       "1            PC 17599  71.2833        C  \n",
       "2    STON/O2. 3101282   7.9250        S  \n",
       "3              113803  53.1000        S  \n",
       "4              373450   8.0500        S  \n",
       "..                ...      ...      ...  \n",
       "886            211536  13.0000        S  \n",
       "887            112053  30.0000        S  \n",
       "888        W./C. 6607  23.4500        S  \n",
       "889            111369  30.0000        C  \n",
       "890            370376   7.7500        Q  \n",
       "\n",
       "[891 rows x 10 columns]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 24,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# To drop columns in which more than 10% of values are missing\n",
    "df.dropna(thresh=len(df)*0.9, axis=1)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "#### Replacing missing values"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 25,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
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       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>PassengerId</th>\n",
       "      <th>Survived</th>\n",
       "      <th>Pclass</th>\n",
       "      <th>Name</th>\n",
       "      <th>Sex</th>\n",
       "      <th>Age</th>\n",
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       "      <th>Ticket</th>\n",
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       "      <td>Braund, Mr. Owen Harris</td>\n",
       "      <td>male</td>\n",
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       "      <td>Cumings, Mrs. John Bradley (Florence Briggs Th...</td>\n",
       "      <td>female</td>\n",
       "      <td>38.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>PC 17599</td>\n",
       "      <td>71.2833</td>\n",
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       "      <td>C</td>\n",
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       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2</th>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      <td>Heikkinen, Miss. Laina</td>\n",
       "      <td>female</td>\n",
       "      <td>26.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>STON/O2. 3101282</td>\n",
       "      <td>7.9250</td>\n",
       "      <td>10</td>\n",
       "      <td>S</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>3</th>\n",
       "      <td>4</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>Futrelle, Mrs. Jacques Heath (Lily May Peel)</td>\n",
       "      <td>female</td>\n",
       "      <td>35.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>113803</td>\n",
       "      <td>53.1000</td>\n",
       "      <td>C123</td>\n",
       "      <td>S</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>4</th>\n",
       "      <td>5</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      <td>Allen, Mr. William Henry</td>\n",
       "      <td>male</td>\n",
       "      <td>35.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>373450</td>\n",
       "      <td>8.0500</td>\n",
       "      <td>10</td>\n",
       "      <td>S</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>...</th>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>886</th>\n",
       "      <td>887</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "      <td>Montvila, Rev. Juozas</td>\n",
       "      <td>male</td>\n",
       "      <td>27.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>211536</td>\n",
       "      <td>13.0000</td>\n",
       "      <td>10</td>\n",
       "      <td>S</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>887</th>\n",
       "      <td>888</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>Graham, Miss. Margaret Edith</td>\n",
       "      <td>female</td>\n",
       "      <td>19.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>112053</td>\n",
       "      <td>30.0000</td>\n",
       "      <td>B42</td>\n",
       "      <td>S</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>888</th>\n",
       "      <td>889</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      <td>Johnston, Miss. Catherine Helen \"Carrie\"</td>\n",
       "      <td>female</td>\n",
       "      <td>10.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "      <td>W./C. 6607</td>\n",
       "      <td>23.4500</td>\n",
       "      <td>10</td>\n",
       "      <td>S</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>889</th>\n",
       "      <td>890</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>Behr, Mr. Karl Howell</td>\n",
       "      <td>male</td>\n",
       "      <td>26.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>111369</td>\n",
       "      <td>30.0000</td>\n",
       "      <td>C148</td>\n",
       "      <td>C</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>890</th>\n",
       "      <td>891</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      <td>Dooley, Mr. Patrick</td>\n",
       "      <td>male</td>\n",
       "      <td>32.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>370376</td>\n",
       "      <td>7.7500</td>\n",
       "      <td>10</td>\n",
       "      <td>Q</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "<p>891 rows × 12 columns</p>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "     PassengerId  Survived  Pclass  \\\n",
       "0              1         0       3   \n",
       "1              2         1       1   \n",
       "2              3         1       3   \n",
       "3              4         1       1   \n",
       "4              5         0       3   \n",
       "..           ...       ...     ...   \n",
       "886          887         0       2   \n",
       "887          888         1       1   \n",
       "888          889         0       3   \n",
       "889          890         1       1   \n",
       "890          891         0       3   \n",
       "\n",
       "                                                  Name     Sex   Age  SibSp  \\\n",
       "0                              Braund, Mr. Owen Harris    male  22.0      1   \n",
       "1    Cumings, Mrs. John Bradley (Florence Briggs Th...  female  38.0      1   \n",
       "2                               Heikkinen, Miss. Laina  female  26.0      0   \n",
       "3         Futrelle, Mrs. Jacques Heath (Lily May Peel)  female  35.0      1   \n",
       "4                             Allen, Mr. William Henry    male  35.0      0   \n",
       "..                                                 ...     ...   ...    ...   \n",
       "886                              Montvila, Rev. Juozas    male  27.0      0   \n",
       "887                       Graham, Miss. Margaret Edith  female  19.0      0   \n",
       "888           Johnston, Miss. Catherine Helen \"Carrie\"  female  10.0      1   \n",
       "889                              Behr, Mr. Karl Howell    male  26.0      0   \n",
       "890                                Dooley, Mr. Patrick    male  32.0      0   \n",
       "\n",
       "     Parch            Ticket     Fare Cabin Embarked  \n",
       "0        0         A/5 21171   7.2500    10        S  \n",
       "1        0          PC 17599  71.2833   C85        C  \n",
       "2        0  STON/O2. 3101282   7.9250    10        S  \n",
       "3        0            113803  53.1000  C123        S  \n",
       "4        0            373450   8.0500    10        S  \n",
       "..     ...               ...      ...   ...      ...  \n",
       "886      0            211536  13.0000    10        S  \n",
       "887      0            112053  30.0000   B42        S  \n",
       "888      2        W./C. 6607  23.4500    10        S  \n",
       "889      0            111369  30.0000  C148        C  \n",
       "890      0            370376   7.7500    10        Q  \n",
       "\n",
       "[891 rows x 12 columns]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 25,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# To replace all NaN values with a scalar\n",
    "df.fillna(value=10)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 26,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
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       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>PassengerId</th>\n",
       "      <th>Survived</th>\n",
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       "      <th>Name</th>\n",
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       "      <td>Cumings, Mrs. John Bradley (Florence Briggs Th...</td>\n",
       "      <td>female</td>\n",
       "      <td>38.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>PC 17599</td>\n",
       "      <td>71.2833</td>\n",
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       "      <td>C</td>\n",
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       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2</th>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      <td>Heikkinen, Miss. Laina</td>\n",
       "      <td>female</td>\n",
       "      <td>26.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>STON/O2. 3101282</td>\n",
       "      <td>7.9250</td>\n",
       "      <td>C85</td>\n",
       "      <td>S</td>\n",
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       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>3</th>\n",
       "      <td>4</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>Futrelle, Mrs. Jacques Heath (Lily May Peel)</td>\n",
       "      <td>female</td>\n",
       "      <td>35.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>113803</td>\n",
       "      <td>53.1000</td>\n",
       "      <td>C123</td>\n",
       "      <td>S</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>4</th>\n",
       "      <td>5</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      <td>Allen, Mr. William Henry</td>\n",
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       "      <td>35.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>373450</td>\n",
       "      <td>8.0500</td>\n",
       "      <td>C123</td>\n",
       "      <td>S</td>\n",
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       "      <th>886</th>\n",
       "      <td>887</td>\n",
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       "      <td>Montvila, Rev. Juozas</td>\n",
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       "      <td>27.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>211536</td>\n",
       "      <td>13.0000</td>\n",
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       "      <th>887</th>\n",
       "      <td>888</td>\n",
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       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>Graham, Miss. Margaret Edith</td>\n",
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       "      <td>19.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>112053</td>\n",
       "      <td>30.0000</td>\n",
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       "      <td>S</td>\n",
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       "      <th>888</th>\n",
       "      <td>889</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      <td>Johnston, Miss. Catherine Helen \"Carrie\"</td>\n",
       "      <td>female</td>\n",
       "      <td>19.0</td>\n",
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       "      <td>23.4500</td>\n",
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       "      <td>S</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>889</th>\n",
       "      <td>890</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>Behr, Mr. Karl Howell</td>\n",
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       "      <td>26.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>111369</td>\n",
       "      <td>30.0000</td>\n",
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       "      <td>C</td>\n",
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       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>890</th>\n",
       "      <td>891</td>\n",
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       "      <td>0</td>\n",
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       "      <td>7.7500</td>\n",
       "      <td>C148</td>\n",
       "      <td>Q</td>\n",
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       "<p>891 rows × 12 columns</p>\n",
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       "     PassengerId  Survived  Pclass  \\\n",
       "0              1         0       3   \n",
       "1              2         1       1   \n",
       "2              3         1       3   \n",
       "3              4         1       1   \n",
       "4              5         0       3   \n",
       "..           ...       ...     ...   \n",
       "886          887         0       2   \n",
       "887          888         1       1   \n",
       "888          889         0       3   \n",
       "889          890         1       1   \n",
       "890          891         0       3   \n",
       "\n",
       "                                                  Name     Sex   Age  SibSp  \\\n",
       "0                              Braund, Mr. Owen Harris    male  22.0      1   \n",
       "1    Cumings, Mrs. John Bradley (Florence Briggs Th...  female  38.0      1   \n",
       "2                               Heikkinen, Miss. Laina  female  26.0      0   \n",
       "3         Futrelle, Mrs. Jacques Heath (Lily May Peel)  female  35.0      1   \n",
       "4                             Allen, Mr. William Henry    male  35.0      0   \n",
       "..                                                 ...     ...   ...    ...   \n",
       "886                              Montvila, Rev. Juozas    male  27.0      0   \n",
       "887                       Graham, Miss. Margaret Edith  female  19.0      0   \n",
       "888           Johnston, Miss. Catherine Helen \"Carrie\"  female  19.0      1   \n",
       "889                              Behr, Mr. Karl Howell    male  26.0      0   \n",
       "890                                Dooley, Mr. Patrick    male  32.0      0   \n",
       "\n",
       "     Parch            Ticket     Fare Cabin Embarked  \n",
       "0        0         A/5 21171   7.2500   NaN        S  \n",
       "1        0          PC 17599  71.2833   C85        C  \n",
       "2        0  STON/O2. 3101282   7.9250   C85        S  \n",
       "3        0            113803  53.1000  C123        S  \n",
       "4        0            373450   8.0500  C123        S  \n",
       "..     ...               ...      ...   ...      ...  \n",
       "886      0            211536  13.0000   C50        S  \n",
       "887      0            112053  30.0000   B42        S  \n",
       "888      2        W./C. 6607  23.4500   B42        S  \n",
       "889      0            111369  30.0000  C148        C  \n",
       "890      0            370376   7.7500  C148        Q  \n",
       "\n",
       "[891 rows x 12 columns]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 26,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# To replace NaN values with the values in the previous row.\n",
    "df.fillna(axis=0, method='ffill')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 27,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
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       "    PassengerId Survived Pclass  \\\n",
       "0             1        0      3   \n",
       "1             2        1      1   \n",
       "2             3        1      3   \n",
       "3             4        1      1   \n",
       "4             5        0      3   \n",
       "..          ...      ...    ...   \n",
       "886         887        0      2   \n",
       "887         888        1      1   \n",
       "888         889        0      3   \n",
       "889         890        1      1   \n",
       "890         891        0      3   \n",
       "\n",
       "                                                  Name     Sex     Age SibSp  \\\n",
       "0                              Braund, Mr. Owen Harris    male      22     1   \n",
       "1    Cumings, Mrs. John Bradley (Florence Briggs Th...  female      38     1   \n",
       "2                               Heikkinen, Miss. Laina  female      26     0   \n",
       "3         Futrelle, Mrs. Jacques Heath (Lily May Peel)  female      35     1   \n",
       "4                             Allen, Mr. William Henry    male      35     0   \n",
       "..                                                 ...     ...     ...   ...   \n",
       "886                              Montvila, Rev. Juozas    male      27     0   \n",
       "887                       Graham, Miss. Margaret Edith  female      19     0   \n",
       "888           Johnston, Miss. Catherine Helen \"Carrie\"  female  female     1   \n",
       "889                              Behr, Mr. Karl Howell    male      26     0   \n",
       "890                                Dooley, Mr. Patrick    male      32     0   \n",
       "\n",
       "    Parch            Ticket     Fare  Cabin Embarked  \n",
       "0       0         A/5 21171     7.25   7.25        S  \n",
       "1       0          PC 17599  71.2833    C85        C  \n",
       "2       0  STON/O2. 3101282    7.925  7.925        S  \n",
       "3       0            113803     53.1   C123        S  \n",
       "4       0            373450     8.05   8.05        S  \n",
       "..    ...               ...      ...    ...      ...  \n",
       "886     0            211536       13     13        S  \n",
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       "888     2        W./C. 6607    23.45  23.45        S  \n",
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       "\n",
       "[891 rows x 12 columns]"
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     },
     "execution_count": 27,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# To replace NaN values with the values in the previous column.\n",
    "df.fillna(axis=1, method='ffill')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 28,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
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       "      <td>male</td>\n",
       "      <td>27.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>211536</td>\n",
       "      <td>13.0000</td>\n",
       "      <td>B42</td>\n",
       "      <td>S</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>887</th>\n",
       "      <td>888</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>Graham, Miss. Margaret Edith</td>\n",
       "      <td>female</td>\n",
       "      <td>19.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>112053</td>\n",
       "      <td>30.0000</td>\n",
       "      <td>B42</td>\n",
       "      <td>S</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>888</th>\n",
       "      <td>889</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      <td>Johnston, Miss. Catherine Helen \"Carrie\"</td>\n",
       "      <td>female</td>\n",
       "      <td>26.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "      <td>W./C. 6607</td>\n",
       "      <td>23.4500</td>\n",
       "      <td>C148</td>\n",
       "      <td>S</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>889</th>\n",
       "      <td>890</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>Behr, Mr. Karl Howell</td>\n",
       "      <td>male</td>\n",
       "      <td>26.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>111369</td>\n",
       "      <td>30.0000</td>\n",
       "      <td>C148</td>\n",
       "      <td>C</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>890</th>\n",
       "      <td>891</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      <td>Dooley, Mr. Patrick</td>\n",
       "      <td>male</td>\n",
       "      <td>32.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>370376</td>\n",
       "      <td>7.7500</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>Q</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "<p>891 rows × 12 columns</p>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "     PassengerId  Survived  Pclass  \\\n",
       "0              1         0       3   \n",
       "1              2         1       1   \n",
       "2              3         1       3   \n",
       "3              4         1       1   \n",
       "4              5         0       3   \n",
       "..           ...       ...     ...   \n",
       "886          887         0       2   \n",
       "887          888         1       1   \n",
       "888          889         0       3   \n",
       "889          890         1       1   \n",
       "890          891         0       3   \n",
       "\n",
       "                                                  Name     Sex   Age  SibSp  \\\n",
       "0                              Braund, Mr. Owen Harris    male  22.0      1   \n",
       "1    Cumings, Mrs. John Bradley (Florence Briggs Th...  female  38.0      1   \n",
       "2                               Heikkinen, Miss. Laina  female  26.0      0   \n",
       "3         Futrelle, Mrs. Jacques Heath (Lily May Peel)  female  35.0      1   \n",
       "4                             Allen, Mr. William Henry    male  35.0      0   \n",
       "..                                                 ...     ...   ...    ...   \n",
       "886                              Montvila, Rev. Juozas    male  27.0      0   \n",
       "887                       Graham, Miss. Margaret Edith  female  19.0      0   \n",
       "888           Johnston, Miss. Catherine Helen \"Carrie\"  female  26.0      1   \n",
       "889                              Behr, Mr. Karl Howell    male  26.0      0   \n",
       "890                                Dooley, Mr. Patrick    male  32.0      0   \n",
       "\n",
       "     Parch            Ticket     Fare Cabin Embarked  \n",
       "0        0         A/5 21171   7.2500   C85        S  \n",
       "1        0          PC 17599  71.2833   C85        C  \n",
       "2        0  STON/O2. 3101282   7.9250  C123        S  \n",
       "3        0            113803  53.1000  C123        S  \n",
       "4        0            373450   8.0500   E46        S  \n",
       "..     ...               ...      ...   ...      ...  \n",
       "886      0            211536  13.0000   B42        S  \n",
       "887      0            112053  30.0000   B42        S  \n",
       "888      2        W./C. 6607  23.4500  C148        S  \n",
       "889      0            111369  30.0000  C148        C  \n",
       "890      0            370376   7.7500   NaN        Q  \n",
       "\n",
       "[891 rows x 12 columns]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 28,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Replace with the values in the next row\n",
    "df.fillna(axis=0, method='bfill')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 29,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
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       "<p>891 rows × 12 columns</p>\n",
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      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "    PassengerId Survived Pclass  \\\n",
       "0             1        0      3   \n",
       "1             2        1      1   \n",
       "2             3        1      3   \n",
       "3             4        1      1   \n",
       "4             5        0      3   \n",
       "..          ...      ...    ...   \n",
       "886         887        0      2   \n",
       "887         888        1      1   \n",
       "888         889        0      3   \n",
       "889         890        1      1   \n",
       "890         891        0      3   \n",
       "\n",
       "                                                  Name     Sex Age SibSp  \\\n",
       "0                              Braund, Mr. Owen Harris    male  22     1   \n",
       "1    Cumings, Mrs. John Bradley (Florence Briggs Th...  female  38     1   \n",
       "2                               Heikkinen, Miss. Laina  female  26     0   \n",
       "3         Futrelle, Mrs. Jacques Heath (Lily May Peel)  female  35     1   \n",
       "4                             Allen, Mr. William Henry    male  35     0   \n",
       "..                                                 ...     ...  ..   ...   \n",
       "886                              Montvila, Rev. Juozas    male  27     0   \n",
       "887                       Graham, Miss. Margaret Edith  female  19     0   \n",
       "888           Johnston, Miss. Catherine Helen \"Carrie\"  female   1     1   \n",
       "889                              Behr, Mr. Karl Howell    male  26     0   \n",
       "890                                Dooley, Mr. Patrick    male  32     0   \n",
       "\n",
       "    Parch            Ticket     Fare Cabin Embarked  \n",
       "0       0         A/5 21171     7.25     S        S  \n",
       "1       0          PC 17599  71.2833   C85        C  \n",
       "2       0  STON/O2. 3101282    7.925     S        S  \n",
       "3       0            113803     53.1  C123        S  \n",
       "4       0            373450     8.05     S        S  \n",
       "..    ...               ...      ...   ...      ...  \n",
       "886     0            211536       13     S        S  \n",
       "887     0            112053       30   B42        S  \n",
       "888     2        W./C. 6607    23.45     S        S  \n",
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       "890     0            370376     7.75     Q        Q  \n",
       "\n",
       "[891 rows x 12 columns]"
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     },
     "execution_count": 29,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Replace with the values in the next column\n",
    "df.fillna(axis=1, method='bfill')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 31,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
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       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "      <td>W./C. 6607</td>\n",
       "      <td>23.4500</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>S</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>889</th>\n",
       "      <td>890</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>Behr, Mr. Karl Howell</td>\n",
       "      <td>male</td>\n",
       "      <td>26.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>111369</td>\n",
       "      <td>30.0000</td>\n",
       "      <td>C148</td>\n",
       "      <td>C</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>890</th>\n",
       "      <td>891</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      <td>Dooley, Mr. Patrick</td>\n",
       "      <td>male</td>\n",
       "      <td>32.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>370376</td>\n",
       "      <td>7.7500</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>Q</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "<p>891 rows × 12 columns</p>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "     PassengerId  Survived  Pclass  \\\n",
       "0              1         0       3   \n",
       "1              2         1       1   \n",
       "2              3         1       3   \n",
       "3              4         1       1   \n",
       "4              5         0       3   \n",
       "..           ...       ...     ...   \n",
       "886          887         0       2   \n",
       "887          888         1       1   \n",
       "888          889         0       3   \n",
       "889          890         1       1   \n",
       "890          891         0       3   \n",
       "\n",
       "                                                  Name     Sex        Age  \\\n",
       "0                              Braund, Mr. Owen Harris    male  22.000000   \n",
       "1    Cumings, Mrs. John Bradley (Florence Briggs Th...  female  38.000000   \n",
       "2                               Heikkinen, Miss. Laina  female  26.000000   \n",
       "3         Futrelle, Mrs. Jacques Heath (Lily May Peel)  female  35.000000   \n",
       "4                             Allen, Mr. William Henry    male  35.000000   \n",
       "..                                                 ...     ...        ...   \n",
       "886                              Montvila, Rev. Juozas    male  27.000000   \n",
       "887                       Graham, Miss. Margaret Edith  female  19.000000   \n",
       "888           Johnston, Miss. Catherine Helen \"Carrie\"  female  29.699118   \n",
       "889                              Behr, Mr. Karl Howell    male  26.000000   \n",
       "890                                Dooley, Mr. Patrick    male  32.000000   \n",
       "\n",
       "     SibSp  Parch            Ticket     Fare Cabin Embarked  \n",
       "0        1      0         A/5 21171   7.2500   NaN        S  \n",
       "1        1      0          PC 17599  71.2833   C85        C  \n",
       "2        0      0  STON/O2. 3101282   7.9250   NaN        S  \n",
       "3        1      0            113803  53.1000  C123        S  \n",
       "4        0      0            373450   8.0500   NaN        S  \n",
       "..     ...    ...               ...      ...   ...      ...  \n",
       "886      0      0            211536  13.0000   NaN        S  \n",
       "887      0      0            112053  30.0000   B42        S  \n",
       "888      1      2        W./C. 6607  23.4500   NaN        S  \n",
       "889      0      0            111369  30.0000  C148        C  \n",
       "890      0      0            370376   7.7500   NaN        Q  \n",
       "\n",
       "[891 rows x 12 columns]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 31,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# To replace NaN values with the mean\n",
    "df['Age'].fillna(value=df['Age'].mean(), inplace=True)\n",
    "\n",
    "df"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### 4. Convert continuous data into categorical data"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 32,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "df = load_data()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 33,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "0    22.0\n",
       "1    38.0\n",
       "2    26.0\n",
       "3    35.0\n",
       "4    35.0\n",
       "5     NaN\n",
       "6    54.0\n",
       "7     2.0\n",
       "Name: Age, dtype: float64"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 33,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df['Age'].head(8)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 34,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "<matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot at 0x11eef3290>"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 34,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "image/png": 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4vvVMTk7m/Px839ufm5tjamqK8T13971sk2YmFtl7uM7LGc1oay5obzZz9adurqM3v36IaX7YUl+0TZ1cEbFqude5WiaAW4AHe4s9Irb0POxNwJFBtyFJGkydH/0/C7wFOBwRh6qx3wR2RsQ2uqdljgJvq5VQktS3OlfL/CUQK8z69OBxJEnD4DtUJalAlrskFchyl6QCWe6SVCDLXZIKZLlLUoEsd0kqkOUuSQWy3CWpQJa7JBXIcpekAlnuklQgy12SCtS+T/uXdNZq8g/vzEwssmuV9Tf5R0JGxWfuklQgy12SCmS5S1KBLHdJKpDlLkkFstwlqUCWuyQVqLHr3CNiB/AfgXOA38/Mm5valiTV0eT19Wu5bcfGRtbbyDP3iDgH+M/A64CXAjsj4qVNbEuS9FxNnZa5Eng4M7+emf8XmAWuaWhbkqRlIjOHv9KINwM7MvOfVdNvAX46M9/Z85jdwO5q8nLgoQE2dSHw7Zpxm2Cu/rU1m7n609Zc0N5sdXL948y8aKUZI/tsmczcB+yrs46ImM/MySFFGhpz9a+t2czVn7bmgvZmaypXU6dljgGX9ExfXI1Jkk6Dpsr9r4DLIuLSiPhR4Drgroa2JUlappHTMpm5GBHvBD5D91LIWzPzgQY2Veu0ToPM1b+2ZjNXf9qaC9qbrZFcjbygKkkaLd+hKkkFstwlqUBnZLlHxI6IeCgiHo6IPSPOcmtEnIiIIz1jF0TEPRHxterr+SPIdUlE3BcRX46IByLiXW3IFhE/FhFfiIi/rnL9TjV+aUR8vtqnt1cvxJ92EXFORHwpIg60LNfRiDgcEYciYr4aa8NxtjkiPh4RX4mIByPiZ0adKyIur75PS7enIuLXR52ryvYvq+P+SETsr/4/NHKMnXHl3sKPNrgN2LFsbA9wb2ZeBtxbTZ9ui8BMZr4UeBXwjur7NOpszwCvycyXA9uAHRHxKuDfAh/MzJ8EngRuPM25lrwLeLBnui25AKYzc1vPNdGj3pfQ/fyoP8vMlwAvp/u9G2muzHyo+j5tA7YD3wXuHHWuiNgK/AtgMjOvoHuxyXU0dYxl5hl1A34G+EzP9E3ATSPONA4c6Zl+CNhS3d8CPNSC79ungF9oUzbgx4EvAj9N9x165660j09jnovp/qd/DXAAiDbkqrZ9FLhw2dhI9yWwCfgG1YUZbcm1LMsvAv+rDbmArcDfAhfQvVLxAPDapo6xM+6ZOz/4Bi15tBprk05mPlbd/zugM8owETEOvAL4PC3IVp36OAScAO4BHgG+k5mL1UNGtU//A/AbwPer6Z9oSS6ABP48Ig5WH90Bo9+XlwLfAv6gOpX1+xGxsQW5el0H7K/ujzRXZh4D3g/8DfAYcBI4SEPH2JlY7meU7P44Htn1phExBtwB/HpmPtU7b1TZMvPZ7P7KfDHdD5l7yenOsFxEvAE4kZkHR51lFT+Xma+kezryHRHx6t6ZI9qX5wKvBD6cma8AnmbZqY5RHv/Vues3Av9t+bxR5KrO8V9D94fiPwQ28txTukNzJpb7mfDRBscjYgtA9fXEKEJExI/QLfY/ycxPtCkbQGZ+B7iP7q+imyNi6U11o9inPwu8MSKO0v0U09fQPZ886lzA/3/WR2aeoHv++EpGvy8fBR7NzM9X0x+nW/ajzrXkdcAXM/N4NT3qXD8PfCMzv5WZ3wM+Qfe4a+QYOxPL/Uz4aIO7gBuq+zfQPd99WkVEALcAD2bmB9qSLSIuiojN1f0NdF8HeJBuyb95VLky86bMvDgzx+keU/8jM68fdS6AiNgYES9Yuk/3PPIRRrwvM/PvgL+NiMuroauAL486V4+d/OCUDIw+198Ar4qIH6/+fy59v5o5xkb1QkfNFyauBr5K91ztb404y36658++R/eZzI10z9XeC3wN+O/ABSPI9XN0f+28HzhU3a4edTbgp4AvVbmOAL9djb8I+ALwMN1fo88b4T6dAg60JVeV4a+r2wNLx/yo92WVYRswX+3PTwLntyTXRuBxYFPPWBty/Q7wlerY/yPgvKaOMT9+QJIKdCaelpEkrcFyl6QCWe6SVCDLXZIKZLlLUoEsd0kqkOUuSQX6f6EjqSprEB7OAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC\n",
      "text/plain": [
       "<Figure size 432x288 with 1 Axes>"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {
      "needs_background": "light"
     },
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df['Age'].hist()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 35,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "import sys\n",
    "\n",
    "df['ageGroup']=pd.cut(\n",
    "    df['Age'], \n",
    "    bins=[0, 13, 19, 61, sys.maxsize], \n",
    "    labels=['<12', 'Teen', 'Adult', 'Older']\n",
    ")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 36,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style scoped>\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
       "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
       "        vertical-align: top;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
       "        text-align: right;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "</style>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>PassengerId</th>\n",
       "      <th>Survived</th>\n",
       "      <th>Pclass</th>\n",
       "      <th>Name</th>\n",
       "      <th>Sex</th>\n",
       "      <th>Age</th>\n",
       "      <th>SibSp</th>\n",
       "      <th>Parch</th>\n",
       "      <th>Ticket</th>\n",
       "      <th>Fare</th>\n",
       "      <th>Cabin</th>\n",
       "      <th>Embarked</th>\n",
       "      <th>ageGroup</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>0</th>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      <td>Braund, Mr. Owen Harris</td>\n",
       "      <td>male</td>\n",
       "      <td>22.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>A/5 21171</td>\n",
       "      <td>7.2500</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>S</td>\n",
       "      <td>Adult</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1</th>\n",
       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>Cumings, Mrs. John Bradley (Florence Briggs Th...</td>\n",
       "      <td>female</td>\n",
       "      <td>38.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>PC 17599</td>\n",
       "      <td>71.2833</td>\n",
       "      <td>C85</td>\n",
       "      <td>C</td>\n",
       "      <td>Adult</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2</th>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      <td>Heikkinen, Miss. Laina</td>\n",
       "      <td>female</td>\n",
       "      <td>26.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>STON/O2. 3101282</td>\n",
       "      <td>7.9250</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>S</td>\n",
       "      <td>Adult</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>3</th>\n",
       "      <td>4</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>Futrelle, Mrs. Jacques Heath (Lily May Peel)</td>\n",
       "      <td>female</td>\n",
       "      <td>35.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>113803</td>\n",
       "      <td>53.1000</td>\n",
       "      <td>C123</td>\n",
       "      <td>S</td>\n",
       "      <td>Adult</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>4</th>\n",
       "      <td>5</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      <td>Allen, Mr. William Henry</td>\n",
       "      <td>male</td>\n",
       "      <td>35.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>373450</td>\n",
       "      <td>8.0500</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>S</td>\n",
       "      <td>Adult</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "   PassengerId  Survived  Pclass  \\\n",
       "0            1         0       3   \n",
       "1            2         1       1   \n",
       "2            3         1       3   \n",
       "3            4         1       1   \n",
       "4            5         0       3   \n",
       "\n",
       "                                                Name     Sex   Age  SibSp  \\\n",
       "0                            Braund, Mr. Owen Harris    male  22.0      1   \n",
       "1  Cumings, Mrs. John Bradley (Florence Briggs Th...  female  38.0      1   \n",
       "2                             Heikkinen, Miss. Laina  female  26.0      0   \n",
       "3       Futrelle, Mrs. Jacques Heath (Lily May Peel)  female  35.0      1   \n",
       "4                           Allen, Mr. William Henry    male  35.0      0   \n",
       "\n",
       "   Parch            Ticket     Fare Cabin Embarked ageGroup  \n",
       "0      0         A/5 21171   7.2500   NaN        S    Adult  \n",
       "1      0          PC 17599  71.2833   C85        C    Adult  \n",
       "2      0  STON/O2. 3101282   7.9250   NaN        S    Adult  \n",
       "3      0            113803  53.1000  C123        S    Adult  \n",
       "4      0            373450   8.0500   NaN        S    Adult  "
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 36,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df.head()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 37,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "0    Adult\n",
       "1    Adult\n",
       "2    Adult\n",
       "3    Adult\n",
       "4    Adult\n",
       "5      NaN\n",
       "6    Adult\n",
       "7      <12\n",
       "Name: ageGroup, dtype: category\n",
       "Categories (4, object): [<12 < Teen < Adult < Older]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 37,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df['ageGroup'].head(8)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### 5. Create a DataFrame from the clipboard"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Suppose we have the following data and we want to create a data frame from it:\n",
    "\n",
    "```\n",
    "      product   price\n",
    "0    A         10\n",
    "1    B         20\n",
    "2    C         30\n",
    "4    D         40\n",
    "```"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Select the data above and copy it to the clipboard"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 40,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style scoped>\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
       "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
       "        vertical-align: top;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
       "        text-align: right;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "</style>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>product</th>\n",
       "      <th>price</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>0</th>\n",
       "      <td>A</td>\n",
       "      <td>10</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1</th>\n",
       "      <td>B</td>\n",
       "      <td>20</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2</th>\n",
       "      <td>C</td>\n",
       "      <td>30</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>4</th>\n",
       "      <td>D</td>\n",
       "      <td>40</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "  product  price\n",
       "0       A     10\n",
       "1       B     20\n",
       "2       C     30\n",
       "4       D     40"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 40,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df = pd.read_clipboard()\n",
    "df"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### 6. Build a DataFrame from multiple files"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 41,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "['data/data_row_1.csv', 'data/data_row_2.csv']"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 41,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "from glob import glob\n",
    "\n",
    "files = sorted(glob('data/data_row_*.csv'))\n",
    "files"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "#### For row-wise"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 42,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style scoped>\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
       "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
       "        vertical-align: top;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
       "        text-align: right;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "</style>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>product</th>\n",
       "      <th>price</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>0</th>\n",
       "      <td>A</td>\n",
       "      <td>10</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1</th>\n",
       "      <td>B</td>\n",
       "      <td>20</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2</th>\n",
       "      <td>C</td>\n",
       "      <td>30</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>3</th>\n",
       "      <td>D</td>\n",
       "      <td>40</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "  product  price\n",
       "0       A     10\n",
       "1       B     20\n",
       "2       C     30\n",
       "3       D     40"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 42,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "pd.read_csv('data/data_row_1.csv')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 43,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style scoped>\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
       "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
       "        vertical-align: top;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
       "        text-align: right;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "</style>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>product</th>\n",
       "      <th>price</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>0</th>\n",
       "      <td>E</td>\n",
       "      <td>50</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1</th>\n",
       "      <td>F</td>\n",
       "      <td>60</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2</th>\n",
       "      <td>G</td>\n",
       "      <td>70</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>3</th>\n",
       "      <td>H</td>\n",
       "      <td>80</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "  product  price\n",
       "0       E     50\n",
       "1       F     60\n",
       "2       G     70\n",
       "3       H     80"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 43,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "pd.read_csv('data/data_row_2.csv')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 44,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style scoped>\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
       "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
       "        vertical-align: top;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
       "        text-align: right;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "</style>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>product</th>\n",
       "      <th>price</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>0</th>\n",
       "      <td>A</td>\n",
       "      <td>10</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1</th>\n",
       "      <td>B</td>\n",
       "      <td>20</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2</th>\n",
       "      <td>C</td>\n",
       "      <td>30</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>3</th>\n",
       "      <td>D</td>\n",
       "      <td>40</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>4</th>\n",
       "      <td>E</td>\n",
       "      <td>50</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>5</th>\n",
       "      <td>F</td>\n",
       "      <td>60</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>6</th>\n",
       "      <td>G</td>\n",
       "      <td>70</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>7</th>\n",
       "      <td>H</td>\n",
       "      <td>80</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "  product  price\n",
       "0       A     10\n",
       "1       B     20\n",
       "2       C     30\n",
       "3       D     40\n",
       "4       E     50\n",
       "5       F     60\n",
       "6       G     70\n",
       "7       H     80"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 44,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "files = sorted(glob('data/data_row_*.csv'))\n",
    "pd.concat((pd.read_csv(file) for file in files), ignore_index=True)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "#### For column-wise"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 45,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style scoped>\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
       "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
       "        vertical-align: top;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
       "        text-align: right;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "</style>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>product</th>\n",
       "      <th>price</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>0</th>\n",
       "      <td>A</td>\n",
       "      <td>10</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1</th>\n",
       "      <td>B</td>\n",
       "      <td>20</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2</th>\n",
       "      <td>C</td>\n",
       "      <td>30</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>3</th>\n",
       "      <td>D</td>\n",
       "      <td>40</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "  product  price\n",
       "0       A     10\n",
       "1       B     20\n",
       "2       C     30\n",
       "3       D     40"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 45,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "pd.read_csv('data/data_col_1.csv')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 46,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style scoped>\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
       "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
       "        vertical-align: top;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
       "        text-align: right;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "</style>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>category</th>\n",
       "      <th>cost</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>0</th>\n",
       "      <td>C1</td>\n",
       "      <td>8</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1</th>\n",
       "      <td>C2</td>\n",
       "      <td>16</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2</th>\n",
       "      <td>C3</td>\n",
       "      <td>24</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>3</th>\n",
       "      <td>C4</td>\n",
       "      <td>32</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "  category  cost\n",
       "0       C1     8\n",
       "1       C2    16\n",
       "2       C3    24\n",
       "3       C4    32"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 46,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "pd.read_csv('data/data_col_2.csv')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 47,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style scoped>\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
       "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
       "        vertical-align: top;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
       "        text-align: right;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "</style>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>product</th>\n",
       "      <th>price</th>\n",
       "      <th>category</th>\n",
       "      <th>cost</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>0</th>\n",
       "      <td>A</td>\n",
       "      <td>10</td>\n",
       "      <td>C1</td>\n",
       "      <td>8</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1</th>\n",
       "      <td>B</td>\n",
       "      <td>20</td>\n",
       "      <td>C2</td>\n",
       "      <td>16</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2</th>\n",
       "      <td>C</td>\n",
       "      <td>30</td>\n",
       "      <td>C3</td>\n",
       "      <td>24</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>3</th>\n",
       "      <td>D</td>\n",
       "      <td>40</td>\n",
       "      <td>C4</td>\n",
       "      <td>32</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "  product  price category  cost\n",
       "0       A     10       C1     8\n",
       "1       B     20       C2    16\n",
       "2       C     30       C3    24\n",
       "3       D     40       C4    32"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 47,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "files = sorted(glob('data/data_col_*.csv'))\n",
    "pd.concat((pd.read_csv(file) for file in files), axis=1)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## That's it\n",
    "\n",
    "Thanks for reading\n",
    "\n",
    "This is a notebook for the medium article [6 Pandas Tricks you should know to speed up your data analysis](https://medium.com/@bindiatwork/6-pandas-tricks-you-should-know-to-speed-up-your-data-analysis-d3dec7c29e5)\n",
    "\n",
    "Please check out article for instructions"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": []
  }
 ],
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