diff --git a/packages/dts-test/inject.test-d.ts b/packages/dts-test/inject.test-d.ts
index 55116f5692e..2e8341ff0ae 100644
--- a/packages/dts-test/inject.test-d.ts
+++ b/packages/dts-test/inject.test-d.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,11 @@
-import { type InjectionKey, type Ref, inject, provide, ref } from 'vue'
+import {
+  type InjectionKey,
+  type Ref,
+  createApp,
+  inject,
+  provide,
+  ref,
+} from 'vue'
 import { expectType } from './utils'
 
 // non-symbol keys
@@ -40,3 +47,8 @@ provide<Cube>(injectionKeyRef, { size: 123 })
 provide<Cube>('cube', { size: 'foo' })
 // @ts-expect-error
 provide<Cube>(123, { size: 'foo' })
+
+// #10602
+const app = createApp({})
+// @ts-expect-error
+app.provide(injectionKeyRef, ref({}))
diff --git a/packages/runtime-core/src/apiCreateApp.ts b/packages/runtime-core/src/apiCreateApp.ts
index 65c10166de7..b7eb399f727 100644
--- a/packages/runtime-core/src/apiCreateApp.ts
+++ b/packages/runtime-core/src/apiCreateApp.ts
@@ -50,7 +50,10 @@ export interface App<HostElement = any> {
     namespace?: boolean | ElementNamespace,
   ): ComponentPublicInstance
   unmount(): void
-  provide<T>(key: InjectionKey<T> | string, value: T): this
+  provide<T, K = InjectionKey<T> | string | number>(
+    key: K,
+    value: K extends InjectionKey<infer V> ? V : T,
+  ): this
 
   /**
    * Runs a function with the app as active instance. This allows using of `inject()` within the function to get access