diff --git a/classify/train.py b/classify/train.py
index 5ae6980716a..8ff9d1582d2 100644
--- a/classify/train.py
+++ b/classify/train.py
@@ -180,6 +180,7 @@ def train(opt, device):
 
     # lf = lambda x: ((1 + math.cos(x * math.pi / epochs)) / 2) * (1 - lrf) + lrf  # cosine
     def lf(x):
+        """Linear learning rate scheduler function, scaling learning rate from initial value to `lrf` over `epochs`."""
         return (1 - x / epochs) * (1 - lrf) + lrf  # linear
 
     scheduler = lr_scheduler.LambdaLR(optimizer, lr_lambda=lf)
diff --git a/export.py b/export.py
index 32f6d303acc..7d79e8bf6a4 100644
--- a/export.py
+++ b/export.py
@@ -134,6 +134,7 @@ def try_export(inner_func):
     inner_args = get_default_args(inner_func)
 
     def outer_func(*args, **kwargs):
+        """Logs success/failure and execution details of model export functions wrapped with @try_export decorator."""
         prefix = inner_args["prefix"]
         try:
             with Profile() as dt:
@@ -224,7 +225,7 @@ def export_onnx(model, im, file, opset, dynamic, simplify, prefix=colorstr("ONNX
 
 @try_export
 def export_openvino(file, metadata, half, int8, data, prefix=colorstr("OpenVINO:")):
-    # YOLOv5 OpenVINO export
+    """Exports a YOLOv5 model to OpenVINO format with optional FP16 and INT8 quantization; see https://pypi.org/project/openvino-dev/."""
     check_requirements("openvino-dev>=2023.0")  # requires openvino-dev: https://pypi.org/project/openvino-dev/
     import openvino.runtime as ov  # noqa
     from openvino.tools import mo  # noqa
@@ -244,6 +245,7 @@ def export_openvino(file, metadata, half, int8, data, prefix=colorstr("OpenVINO:
         from utils.dataloaders import create_dataloader
 
         def gen_dataloader(yaml_path, task="train", imgsz=640, workers=4):
+            """Generates a DataLoader for model training or validation based on the given YAML dataset configuration."""
             data_yaml = check_yaml(yaml_path)
             data = check_dataset(data_yaml)
             dataloader = create_dataloader(
diff --git a/segment/train.py b/segment/train.py
index ffd1746ade0..379fed0b2f1 100644
--- a/segment/train.py
+++ b/segment/train.py
@@ -216,6 +216,7 @@ def train(hyp, opt, device, callbacks):
     else:
 
         def lf(x):
+            """Linear learning rate scheduler decreasing from 1 to hyp['lrf'] over 'epochs'."""
             return (1 - x / epochs) * (1.0 - hyp["lrf"]) + hyp["lrf"]  # linear
 
     scheduler = lr_scheduler.LambdaLR(optimizer, lr_lambda=lf)  # plot_lr_scheduler(optimizer, scheduler, epochs)
diff --git a/segment/val.py b/segment/val.py
index b0a941faa15..b5e9f7557ec 100644
--- a/segment/val.py
+++ b/segment/val.py
@@ -91,6 +91,7 @@ def save_one_json(predn, jdict, path, class_map, pred_masks):
     from pycocotools.mask import encode
 
     def single_encode(x):
+        """Encodes binary mask arrays into RLE (Run-Length Encoding) format for JSON serialization."""
         rle = encode(np.asarray(x[:, :, None], order="F", dtype="uint8"))[0]
         rle["counts"] = rle["counts"].decode("utf-8")
         return rle
diff --git a/train.py b/train.py
index 44cbd1ac062..472c1d39598 100644
--- a/train.py
+++ b/train.py
@@ -226,6 +226,7 @@ def train(hyp, opt, device, callbacks):
     else:
 
         def lf(x):
+            """Linear learning rate scheduler function with decay calculated by epoch proportion."""
             return (1 - x / epochs) * (1.0 - hyp["lrf"]) + hyp["lrf"]  # linear
 
     scheduler = lr_scheduler.LambdaLR(optimizer, lr_lambda=lf)  # plot_lr_scheduler(optimizer, scheduler, epochs)
diff --git a/utils/__init__.py b/utils/__init__.py
index 91fc7694676..c7ece49fae1 100644
--- a/utils/__init__.py
+++ b/utils/__init__.py
@@ -34,6 +34,7 @@ def threaded(func):
     """Decorator @threaded to run a function in a separate thread, returning the thread instance."""
 
     def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
+        """Runs the decorated function in a separate daemon thread and returns the thread instance."""
         thread = threading.Thread(target=func, args=args, kwargs=kwargs, daemon=True)
         thread.start()
         return thread
diff --git a/utils/autoanchor.py b/utils/autoanchor.py
index 79b79db0fc1..00eee2eb776 100644
--- a/utils/autoanchor.py
+++ b/utils/autoanchor.py
@@ -33,6 +33,7 @@ def check_anchors(dataset, model, thr=4.0, imgsz=640):
     wh = torch.tensor(np.concatenate([l[:, 3:5] * s for s, l in zip(shapes * scale, dataset.labels)])).float()  # wh
 
     def metric(k):  # compute metric
+        """Computes ratio metric, anchors above threshold, and best possible recall for YOLOv5 anchor evaluation."""
         r = wh[:, None] / k[None]
         x = torch.min(r, 1 / r).min(2)[0]  # ratio metric
         best = x.max(1)[0]  # best_x
@@ -86,16 +87,19 @@ def kmean_anchors(dataset="./data/coco128.yaml", n=9, img_size=640, thr=4.0, gen
     thr = 1 / thr
 
     def metric(k, wh):  # compute metrics
+        """Computes ratio metric, anchors above threshold, and best possible recall for YOLOv5 anchor evaluation."""
         r = wh[:, None] / k[None]
         x = torch.min(r, 1 / r).min(2)[0]  # ratio metric
         # x = wh_iou(wh, torch.tensor(k))  # iou metric
         return x, x.max(1)[0]  # x, best_x
 
     def anchor_fitness(k):  # mutation fitness
+        """Evaluates fitness of YOLOv5 anchors by computing recall and ratio metrics for an anchor evolution process."""
         _, best = metric(torch.tensor(k, dtype=torch.float32), wh)
         return (best * (best > thr).float()).mean()  # fitness
 
     def print_results(k, verbose=True):
+        """Sorts and logs kmeans-evolved anchor metrics and best possible recall values for YOLOv5 anchor evaluation."""
         k = k[np.argsort(k.prod(1))]  # sort small to large
         x, best = metric(k, wh0)
         bpr, aat = (best > thr).float().mean(), (x > thr).float().mean() * n  # best possible recall, anch > thr
diff --git a/utils/downloads.py b/utils/downloads.py
index a7b599efad2..c7e2273c794 100644
--- a/utils/downloads.py
+++ b/utils/downloads.py
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ def attempt_download(file, repo="ultralytics/yolov5", release="v7.0"):
     from utils.general import LOGGER
 
     def github_assets(repository, version="latest"):
-        # Return GitHub repo tag (i.e. 'v7.0') and assets (i.e. ['yolov5s.pt', 'yolov5m.pt', ...])
+        """Fetches GitHub repository release tag and asset names using the GitHub API."""
         if version != "latest":
             version = f"tags/{version}"  # i.e. tags/v7.0
         response = requests.get(f"https://github.com/gitapi/repos/{repository}/releases/{version}").json()  # github api
diff --git a/utils/general.py b/utils/general.py
index ed38cc0d60c..95a76644776 100644
--- a/utils/general.py
+++ b/utils/general.py
@@ -343,7 +343,7 @@ def check_online():
     import socket
 
     def run_once():
-        # Check once
+        """Checks internet connectivity by attempting to create a connection to "1.1.1.1" on port 443."""
         try:
             socket.create_connection(("1.1.1.1", 443), 5)  # check host accessibility
             return True
@@ -587,7 +587,7 @@ def check_amp(model):
     from models.common import AutoShape, DetectMultiBackend
 
     def amp_allclose(model, im):
-        # All close FP32 vs AMP results
+        """Compares FP32 and AMP model inference outputs, ensuring they are close within a 10% absolute tolerance."""
         m = AutoShape(model, verbose=False)  # model
         a = m(im).xywhn[0]  # FP32 inference
         m.amp = True
@@ -652,7 +652,7 @@ def download(url, dir=".", unzip=True, delete=True, curl=False, threads=1, retry
     """Downloads and optionally unzips files concurrently, supporting retries and curl fallback."""
 
     def download_one(url, dir):
-        # Download 1 file
+        """Downloads a single file from `url` to `dir`, with retry support and optional curl fallback."""
         success = True
         if os.path.isfile(url):
             f = Path(url)  # filename
diff --git a/utils/loggers/comet/__init__.py b/utils/loggers/comet/__init__.py
index 3a91c49258a..846dcb42a22 100644
--- a/utils/loggers/comet/__init__.py
+++ b/utils/loggers/comet/__init__.py
@@ -67,6 +67,9 @@ class CometLogger:
     """Log metrics, parameters, source code, models and much more with Comet."""
 
     def __init__(self, opt, hyp, run_id=None, job_type="Training", **experiment_kwargs) -> None:
+        """Initializes CometLogger with given options, hyperparameters, run ID, job type, and additional experiment
+        arguments.
+        """
         self.job_type = job_type
         self.opt = opt
         self.hyp = hyp
diff --git a/utils/plots.py b/utils/plots.py
index 062658cda97..9bec34a159f 100644
--- a/utils/plots.py
+++ b/utils/plots.py
@@ -124,6 +124,9 @@ def butter_lowpass_filtfilt(data, cutoff=1500, fs=50000, order=5):
 
     # https://stackoverflow.com/questions/28536191/how-to-filter-smooth-with-scipy-numpy
     def butter_lowpass(cutoff, fs, order):
+        """Applies a low-pass Butterworth filter to a signal with specified cutoff frequency, sample rate, and filter
+        order.
+        """
         nyq = 0.5 * fs
         normal_cutoff = cutoff / nyq
         return butter(order, normal_cutoff, btype="low", analog=False)
diff --git a/utils/segment/metrics.py b/utils/segment/metrics.py
index 7bdf3258abb..6f57dec132e 100644
--- a/utils/segment/metrics.py
+++ b/utils/segment/metrics.py
@@ -55,6 +55,9 @@ def ap_per_class_box_and_mask(
 
 class Metric:
     def __init__(self) -> None:
+        """Initializes performance metric attributes for precision, recall, F1 score, average precision, and class
+        indices.
+        """
         self.p = []  # (nc, )
         self.r = []  # (nc, )
         self.f1 = []  # (nc, )
@@ -151,6 +154,9 @@ class Metrics:
     """Metric for boxes and masks."""
 
     def __init__(self) -> None:
+        """Initializes Metric objects for bounding boxes and masks to compute performance metrics in the Metrics
+        class.
+        """
         self.metric_box = Metric()
         self.metric_mask = Metric()
 
diff --git a/utils/torch_utils.py b/utils/torch_utils.py
index 0b006d80562..d15f1f73f6c 100644
--- a/utils/torch_utils.py
+++ b/utils/torch_utils.py
@@ -37,6 +37,7 @@ def smart_inference_mode(torch_1_9=check_version(torch.__version__, "1.9.0")):
     """Applies torch.inference_mode() if torch>=1.9.0, else torch.no_grad() as a decorator for functions."""
 
     def decorate(fn):
+        """Applies torch.inference_mode() if torch>=1.9.0, else torch.no_grad() to the decorated function."""
         return (torch.inference_mode if torch_1_9 else torch.no_grad)()(fn)
 
     return decorate