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% The next part fixes a problem with figure numbering. Thanks Nishan!
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% Name and authors of poster/paper/research
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%\title{\parbox[c]{38in}{Lineage diversification in the genus \textit{Solanum }L. (Solanaceae)}
%\parbox[c]{5in{\includegraphics[width=5in]{./logos/ICL_logo.PNG}}\\ \includegraphics[width=5in]{./logos/ICL_logo.PNG}}}
\title{Plant functional diversity and the biogeography of biomes in North and South America}
\author{Susy Echeverr\'ia-Londo\~no$^{1*}$, Brian J. Enquist$^{2}$, Danilo M. Neves$^{2}$, Cyrille Violle$^{3}$ \& Andrew J, Kerkhoff$^{1}$}
\institute{(1) Department of Biology, Kenyon College, Gambier, Ohio, USA; (2) Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA; (3) Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (UMR 5175), CNRS, Universit\'e de Montpellier, Universit\'e Paul Val\'ery, Montpellier, France \\ *echeverrialondono1@kenyon.edu}

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\begin{document}
	\footnotesize
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      \begin{block}{Introduction}
Understanding functional differences among biomes is critically important to modeling the global carbon cycle and the functioning of the Earth system, including responses to anthropogenic global change. Our goals in this study are (1) to document the extent of the available data that characterize the functional diversity and distinctiveness of biomes, to highlight persistent data shortfalls, (2) to quantify the functional distinctiveness of a biome by identifying the most common functional strategies of the most widespread species within it, and (3) to explore whether biomes are in fact characterized by functionally distinct collections of species using measures of functional similarity based on multidimensional hypervolumes in functional trait space. 

      \end{block}
      \vskip2ex
      

     \begin{block}{Methods}
     
     

We used the BIEN database to extract range maps and trait measurements of plant species distributed in North and South America. The BIEN (Botanical Information and Ecology Network) database integrates standardized plant observations stemming from herbarium specimens and vegetation plot inventories (Enquist, B.J. et al. 2016, Goldsmith et al., 2016).

%\begin{figure}[h]
%	\centering
%	\includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]{./figures/Methods_figs.pdf}
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%	\label{fig:methods}
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\hfill

%%\begin{tabular}{cp{0.3\textwidth}cp{0.4\textwidth}}
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%	\begin{minipage}{.15\textwidth}
%		\includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{./figures/Range_maps_fig/Range_map_figure.pdf}
%	\end{minipage} & 
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%\begin{itemize}
%		\item BIEN 2.0 (range maps)
%		\item 88,417 species
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%\begin{minipage}{.15\textwidth}
%	\includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{./figures/tree_fig.png}
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%	\item BIEN 3.0 (trait observations)
%	\item 8,820 species
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%		\includegraphics[width=0.5\linewidth]{./figures/Methods_figs.pdf} 
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%\\ 
%\multicolumn{4}{l}{ \hspace{0.09\textwidth} \textbf{7,842 species with complete trait information and range maps}}
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%\end{tabular}

\begin{figure}[h]
	\centering
	\includegraphics[width=0.3\textwidth]{./logos/bien_logo_notext-1.png}
	~
	\includegraphics[width=0.42\textwidth]{./figures/Methods_figs.png}
	\caption{\footnotesize \textbf{7,842 species with complete trait information and range maps}}
	\label{fig:methods}
\end{figure}


\begin{itemize}
	\item \textbf{Trait hypervolumes}: R package ``hypervolume'' (Blonder et al., 2014, 2018)
	\item \textbf{Functional distinctiveness}:  R package ``funrar''  (Greni\'e et al., 2017, Violle et al. 2017)
\end{itemize}
	\end{block}



\begin{figure}[h]
	\centering
	\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{./figures/Trait_sampling}
	\caption{ \footnotesize Proportion of species with known (gray) or missing (black) trait values to the total number of species in the BIEN 3.0 database. Phylogeny at the left corresponds to the ALLBM tree from Smith and Brown, 2018, which was used to phylogenetically imputed missing trait data using the R package ``Rphylopars'' v 0.2.9 (Goolsby et al., 2017)}
	\label{fig:sampling}
\end{figure}

	
	
\begin{block}{Acknowledgments}
\tiny This study was conducted as a part of the BIEN Working Group supported by the National Centre for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, a center funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF Grant EF-0553768), the Univ. of California, Santa Barbara, and the State of California. The BIEN Working Group was also supported by the iPlant Collaborative (NSF Grant DBI- 0735191). We also thank Brad Boyle, Nathan Kraft, Brian Maitner, Brian McGill, Brody Sandel, Naia Morueta-Holme, Stephen Smith, Jens-Christian Svenning, Susan K. Wiser, Robert K Peet for their contribution in developing the BIEN database. We thank all the contributors for the invaluable data provided to the BIEN (http://bien.nceas.ucsb.edu/bien/people/data-contributors/). 
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\begin{figure}[h]
	\centering
	\includegraphics[width=0.75\textwidth]{./figures/Figure1.pdf}
	~
	\includegraphics[width=0.25\textwidth]{./figures/Hypervolume_sp_sample_gaussian20perc.pdf}
	\caption{ \footnotesize (Left) Overlap of plant species among biomes of the New World. Percentage values express the fraction of species that have the greatest proportion of their geographic range in each biome, N = 88,417 species (Right) Distribution of trait hypervolumes of 20\% of randomly selected 100x100 km cells in each biome. Hypervolumes are reported in units of standard deviations to the power of the number of traits used.}
	\label{fig:map}
\end{figure}



\begin{block}{Results}

\end{block}

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\begin{figure}[h]
	\centering
	\includegraphics[width=0.456\textwidth]{./figures/All_biomes_heatmap_logTraits.pdf}
	\caption{ \footnotesize Patterns of functional distinctiveness among biomes. Distinctiveness represents how species are functionally distant from another within a biome (i.e., the mean pairwise phenotypic distance from a focal species to all the others). The larger the value, the more distant a species is to the centroid of the biome's functional space. Widespreadness measures how geographically common a species is. A value of 0 indicates that a species is present in a single biome cell.}
	\label{fig:distinct_common}
\end{figure}


\begin{figure}[h]
	\centering
	\includegraphics[width=0.412\textwidth]{./figures/Total_Moist_Dry_Savanna_Xeric.png}\\
	\includegraphics[width=0.412\textwidth]{./figures/Redun_Moist_Dry_Savanna_Xeric.png}
	\caption{ \footnotesize Trait hypervolumes for tropical biomes using the whole pool of species (top) and using species that are functionally redundant and widespread in each biome (bottom).  Hypervolumes are shown in a 2D projection using the combination of all six trait axes implemented in this study. The main traits differentiating biomes appear to be traits related to overall plant size, including both mature height and seed mass, rather than by leaf economics trait}
	\label{fig:hypervolumes2}
\end{figure}


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%
%			\begin{block}{Discussion}
%			
%The fact that common, widespread species are functionally redundant reinforces the notion that land plants across a wide range of environmental conditions share common characteristics near the core of the functional trait spectrum (Diaz et al., 2016; Wright et al., 2004). 
%
%Despite extensive taxonomic and functional overlap among biomes, they do cluster into distinguishable, biogeographically and climatically sensible units, especially when the functional clustering is based on the most widespread and functionally common species in each biome. However, understanding the similarity in trait space among regions with similar environmental conditions is not sufficient to make accurate predictions of ecosystem function (Forrestel et al., 2017). Advancing these methods will require the not just a better characterization of trait variation within and between vegetation types, but also information on the biogeographic and phylogenetic history of species assemblages and the relative abundance of species within biomes.
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	\begin{figure}[h]
		\centering
		\includegraphics[width=0.65\textwidth]{./figures/heatmaps.pdf}
		\caption{\footnotesize (A) Pairwise dissimilarity in species composition among biomes. (B) Pairwise dissimilarity in trait hypervolumes (1-S\o rensen similarity) among biomes using the total number of species. (C) Pairwise dissimilarity in trait hypervolumes (1-S\o rensen similarity) among biomes using only those species that are considered as functionally redundant and widespread. The lighter the cell the greater the dissimilarity.}
		\label{fig:heatmaps}
	\end{figure}


      		\begin{block}{Conclusions}
      		\begin{itemize}
      		\item Despite progress in the compilation and synthesis of primary biodiversity data, significant knowledge shortfalls persist that may limit our ability to quantify the functional biodiversity of biomes on continental to global scales.
      		
      		\item Biomes can be more distinguished functionally, when only the widespread and functionally redundant species are considered, and patterns of dissimilarity between biomes appear to reflect a correspondence between climate and plant functional niche space.
      		\item While the study of the functional diversity of biomes is still in its formative stages, further development of the field will yield insights linking evolution, biogeography, community assembly, and ecosystem function.
      		\end{itemize}

      		\end{block}



    \vskip2ex

\begin{block}{References}

\tiny

	\begin{itemize}

	\item Blonder, B., Lamanna, C., Violle, C., and Enquist, B. J. Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. \textbf{23}, 595-609 (2014).

	\item Blonder, B., Morrow, C. B., Maitner, B., Harris, D. J., Lamanna, C., Violle, C., et al. Methods Ecol. Evol. \textbf{9}, 305-319 (2018). 
	
	\item Enquist, B. J., Condit, R., Peet, R. K., Schildhauer, M., and Thiers, B. M. PeerJ Preprints No. e2615v1 (2016).
	
	\item Greni\'e, Matthias, et al. Diversity and Distributions \textbf{23.12}, 1365-1371 (2017).

	\item Goldsmith, G. R., Morueta-Holme, N., Sandel, B., Fitz, E. D., Fitz, S. D., Boyle, B., et al. Methods Ecol. Evol. \textbf{7}, 960-965 (2016). 

	\item Goolsby, E. W., Bruggeman, J., and An\'e, C. Methods Ecol. Evol. \textbf{8}, 22-27 (2017).

	\item Smith, S. A., and Brown, J. W. Am. J. Bot. \textbf{105}, 302-314 (2018). 
	
	\item Violle, C., Thuiller, W., Mouquet, N., Munoz, F., Kraft, N. J. B., Cadotte, M. W., et al. Trends Ecol. Evol. \textbf{32}, 356-367 (2017)
	
	        
	\end{itemize}

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