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# A Compilation of On-line Open-Source-Related Resources
This is a collection of links to on-line resources related to open source.
It is organized by topic to the extent that this is possible, as sometimes
a website may be placed into multiple categories. This is by no means
a thorough list; it is intended to include those that are either important
or provide many services and resources for those interested in all things
open source.
# Contents
- [Open Source Supporting Institutions and Organizations](#open-source-supporting-institutions-and-organizations)
- [Websites Providing Definitions, Commentary, and General Information About Open Source](#websites-providing-definitions-commentary-and-general-information-about-open-source)
- [History of Open Source and the Free Software Movement](#history-of-open-source-and-the-free-software-movement)
- [The Business of Open Source](#the-business-of-open-source)
- [Open Source Stories](#open-source-stories)
- [Intellectual Property Rights and License](#intellectual-property-rights-and-license)
- [Contributing to Open Source Projects](#contributing-to-open-source-projects)
- [Links to Tutorials, Resources, and Other Help In Using Open Source-Related Tools](#links-to-tutorials-resources-and-other-help-in-using-open-source-related-tools)
## Open Source Supporting Institutions and Organizations
These websites are the landing pages of important organizations that have
been supporting the Open Source movement, or that provide useful
resources such as tutorials, guides, links to other resources, and so on.
* [opensource.com](https://opensource.com/ )
publishes stories about creating, adopting, and sharing open
source solutions. It provides many resources for and about
open source and the "open source way", as well as various other useful
resources.
The open source way is about applying the principles of open source software development beyond software.
* [opensource.org](https://opensource.org)
is the website for the **Open Source Initiative** (OSI), which is a
non-profit corporation with global scope created to educate about
and advocate for the benefits of open source and to build bridges among different constituencies in the open source community.
It has many valuable resources on its website.
* [openhatch.org](https://openhatch.org/)
is the website of **OpenHatch**, a non-profit organization whose goal is to
lower the barriers to entry into the open source community and increase its
diversity. As they put it, they are
"dedicated to matching prospective free software contributors with communities, tools, and education. "
CAVEAT: This website is not being supported at present, so the data might be stale.
* [openhub.net](https://www.openhub.net/)
is the website of **OpenHub**. It collects metadata about open source projects. It is a great resource for
researching open source projects. As the website states, it is to
"Discover, Track and Compare Open Source"
* [fsf.org](https://www.fsf.org/)
is the website of the **Free Software Foundation**. The Free Software
Foundation (FSF) is a non-profit organization founded by Richard Stallman
in 1985 to support the free software movement, which promotes the
universal freedom to study, distribute, create, and modify computer software.
The FSF sponsors the GNU project and publishes the many different forms
of the GNU General Public License. It also maintains the **Free Software Definition**.
* [sfconservancy.org](https://sfconservancy.org/)
is the website of the **Software Freedom Conservancy** (SFC), which
is a non-profit charity that helps promote, improve, develop, and defend
Free, Libre, and Open Source Software (FLOSS) projects. Some of the major projects
supported by the SFC are *Boost*, *Git*, *GoDot*, *HomeBrew*, and *Sugar Labs*.
* [foundation.mozilla.org](https://foundation.mozilla.org/en/)
is the website of the **Mozilla Foundation**, a non-profit organization
that is the sole shareholder in the Mozilla Corporation, the maker of Firefox
and other open source tools. Mozilla is involved in many initiatives to keep the Internet
free and open.
* [linuxfoundation.org](https://www.linuxfoundation.org)
is the website of the **Linux Foundation**, which is "dedicated to building
sustainable ecosystems around open source projects to accelerate
technology development and industry adoption."
* [code.gov](https://code.gov/#!/)
is the U.S. Government's **Code.gov** portal to the open source projects
maintained by the federal government. As they put it, it
"leverages the power of code sharing and collaboration to
help the U.S. Government cut down on duplicative software development
and save millions of taxpayer dollars for the American people."
* [U.S. Open Government Directive](https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/open/documents/open-government-directive)
is the directive issued by President Obama to create more transparency
in the United States Government. Each agency of the Executive branch has an
Open Government Initiative or Plan.
## Websites Providing Definitions, Commentary, and General Information About Open Source
This is a collection of links to websites that explain basic concepts, answer the most important
questions, debunk myths, and give context to the Open Source Movement.
* [OSI's Open Source Definition](https://opensource.org/osd)
is the definition of open source as seen by OSI.
* [FSF's Free Software Definition](https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html)
is the definition of free software, which is different than the OSI open software
definition. The Free Software Foundation, founded by Richard Stallman in 1985,
has a very precise notion of free software. In short, it views open source
as a development methodology, whereas it views free software as a social movement.
* [Debian's Social Contract](https://www.debian.org/social_contract.html#guidelines)
contains the set of guidelines used by **Debian**, the producers of the Debian
operating system, to determine whether a software work is free. The page also
contains Debian's social contract, a commitment by Debian to its users.
* [Frequently Asked Questions](https://opensource.org/faq)
is a collection of answers from OSI to questions covering the general topics of
the basics of Open Source, distributing and using Open Source software, and the
commercial aspects of Open Source.
* [10 things you should know about open source before you use it](https://www.techrepublic.com/blog/10-things/10-things-you-should-know-about-open-source-before-you-use-it/)
debunks many myths surrounding open source. It is good reading for anyone who thinks they know
everything they need to know about open source.
* [open source way, explained](https://opensource.com/open-source-way)
is a brief explanation of the concept of open-ness beyond software.
* [Lightning talk by Eric Schabell](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9X6HYoTl3K0)
is a short YouTube video in which he explains how to jump start a career in open source.
There as a very important message in this talk, which most people need to
hear (and which I will not reveal.)
* [What is Open Source, and Why Should You Care?](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n2GhS-u-5FA)
is a YouTube video in which Kevin Fleming gives a brief history of open source software,
and talks about open source beyond software, and various ways that students can get
involved in open source projects to develop useful and marketable skills.
* [Doing your civic duty](https://opensource.com/article/18/10/civic-duty-one-line-code?utm_campaign=intrel)
is an article by Tee Morris, who is the Communications Chief for Code.gov,
the nation’s primary platform for sharing and improving government software.
In this article he urges us all to take ownership of the software that
runs things in this country, i.e., to work with open source software
that belongs to you.
* [Opensource.com's explanation of Open Source Software](https://opensource.com/resources/what-open-source)
answers the question, "What is open source?" as well as related questions.
* [Mozilla's Explanation of Open Source](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7c0IrsDsNaw&feature=youtu.be)
is an inspiring YouTube video.
* [Intel Software's Explanation of Open Source](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tyd0FO0tko8&feature=youtu.be)
is a YouTube video from Intel explaining open source in very simple terms.
* [TED talk by Richard Stallman on Free Software](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ag1AKIl_2GM)
is a YouTube video of a TED talk by Richard Stallman, in which you can listen to Stallman's passion
for what he does and what he created. No one can say that understand
open source unless they have heard him speak.
* [Richard Stallman's Critique of Open Source](https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html)
is what you need to read to understand how the FSF differs in ideology and
mission from the OSI and the Open Source Movement in general.
* [Summary of TED Interview with Linus Torvalds](http://www.techrepublic.com/article/linux-creator-linus-torvalds-doesnt-really-care-about-open-source/)
is a synopsis of what Linus Torvalds (the original creator of Linux) had to say
about open source software. You will be surprised.
* [How Not to Fail](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fRk97h1FLow)
is a YouTube video of a presentation by Tom Callaway of RedHat at
SoutheEast LinuxFest in which he discusses what one should and should
not do in order for open source software projects to succeed.
* [The Personalities of Open Source](https://opensource.com/open-organization/18/11/design-communities-personality-types?utm_campaign=intrel)
is an interesting article that ponders the question, "Do open source projects attract a certain type of personality?"
## History of Open Source and the Free Software Movement
These links are to articles about the history of open source and/or free
software movement.
* [History of the GNU Project by Richard Stallman](https://www.gnu.org/gnu/thegnuproject.html)
* [The Cathedral and the Bazaar](http://www.catb.org/~esr/writings/cathedral-bazaar/cathedral-bazaar/index.html)
is a link to an on-line version of this must-read book by Eric Raymond about
the fundamental principles of open source software development.
* [Command-line Heroes-Season-1: The OS Wars](https://www.redhat.com/en/command-line-heroes/season-1/os-wars-part-1)
is the first part of a podcast about the "war" between Apple and Microsoft and how open source was growing in
the background.
* [Command-line Heroes-Season-1: The Rise of Linux](https://www.redhat.com/en/command-line-heroes/season-1/os-wars-part-2-rise-of-linux)
is a continuation of the preceding podcast.
* [Unix at 50](https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2019/08/unix-at-50-it-starts-with-a-mainframe-a-gator-and-three-dedicated-researchers/?utm_medium=email&utm_source=topic+optin&utm_campaign=awareness&utm_content=20190907+prog+nl&mkt_tok=eyJpIjoiWWpnMFpqRmxPVEUxWkRFeSIsInQiOiIzVmswclwvZFhLXC9aQkd2a0ZrZk1vSXpPVDI2Y1d2YnM3MGZyd0Q3Z25QajJOd1VrY2hTU0JMaEJBdTQ1cXlFREtNMVh3UlJGQU56YW9JVEhaN2NtdVpnTnI0NlpFSExEcEJDMHBESWNsNFwvK2JLNkxnZzlKaHV0QmlQY01xMGpjUiJ9)
is a history of Unix on the 50th anniversary of its creation.
## The Business of Open Source
How is money made in the world of open source? Many people think that open source,
as an idea, is antithetical to the idea of making money. These articles
are about commerce and open source.
* [Explosive growth of open source software](https://techcrunch.com/2017/04/07/tracking-the-explosive-growth-of-open-source-software/)
is an article about the growth of and tracking of open source software
companies, with the [BOSS index](https://www.battery.com/powered/boss-index-tracking-explosive-growth-open-source-software/)
to rank them.
* [Wikipedia's Business Models for Open Source](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_models_for_open-source_software)
is a Wikipedia article on various business models used in the open source
community.
* [Projected revenue of open source services from 2017 to 2022](https://www.statista.com/statistics/270805/projected-revenue-of-open-source-software-since-2008/)
is a paid site but you might catch a glimpse of the data.
* [Musings on open source software business models](https://spot.livejournal.com/327801.html)
is an article by Tom Callaway of **RedHat** in which he discusses various business models for open source software.
* [TideLift.com](https://tidelift.com/about)
is the webpage that describes TideLift, a company with a novel business plan that acts as an intermediary
between open source software companies and the companies that use their products.
* [8 advantages of using open source in the enterprise](https://enterprisersproject.com/article/2015/1/top-advantages-open-source-offers-over-proprietary-solutions)
is an article aimed at CIOs to convince them that open source software is good for their
companies.
* [10 ways to learn more about open source software and trends](https://enterprisersproject.com/article/2018/9/10-ways-learn-more-about-open-source)
is an article aimed at CIOs with descriptions of reports, conferences, newsletters,
and other media, to educate professionals about open source
and its importance in the enterprise.
* [The Linux Foundation's 2018 Open Source Jobs Report](https://www.linuxfoundation.org/publications/2018/06/open-source-jobs-report-2018/)
is a report on jobs in the open source world in 2018. To give you some idea, from the report:
"Open source continues its long stretch of popularity, becoming the
software of choice for businesses large and small."
* [Open Source Within Modern Companies](https://opensource.com/business/16/5/whats-open-source-program-office)
is an explanation of why modern software companies need an office
that can exert influence on various sectors of software ecosystems,
clarify its open source messaging, maximize the clout of its projects,
or increase the efficiency of its product development.
* [Balancing Makers and Takers to Scale and Sustain Open Source](https://dri.es/balancing-makers-and-takers-to-scale-and-sustain-open-source)
is an article written by Dries Buytaert, the founder of Drupal, about
scaling open source software and making it sustainable.
## Open Source Stories
These are selected websites that contain stories about open source
projects, not necessarily software.
* [Three women who built their own open hardware](https://www.redhat.com/en/open-source-stories/because-we-had-to)
is a collection of stories from **RedHat** about three women who started open hardware projects.
* [RedHat Featured Video: Four stories about collective discovery](https://www.redhat.com/en/open-source-stories/collective-discovery)
is a video from RedHat about how citizen scientists are using open hardware to make groundbreaking discoveries
and help their commuinities.
* [RedHat's Open Source Stories](https://www.redhat.com/en/open-source-stories)
is the landing page for RedHat's collection of video stories about open source. This
is a page to explore.
* [Humanitarian Open Source Projects](https://opensource.com/tags/humanitarian)
is a small sample of some of the humanitarian open source projects
around the world.
* [Penn Manor High School's Linux Laptop Initiative](https://opensource.com/education/14/9/open-source-high-school) is
a story about a high school in Lancaster County Pennsylvania that tossed their proprietary software and devices,
saved hundreds of thousands of dollars and gave control of their computing devices to the students themselves.
## Intellectual Property Rights and License
These are selected articles and talks about intellectual property rights
and licenses.
* [Creative Commons Licenses](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/)
is the website in which the Creative Commons describes and explains
its various licenses.
* [GNU's Summary of Various Licenses](https://www.gnu.org/licenses/license-list.html)
is an excellent, comprehensive summary and guide to the various free
software and non-software licenses (e.g., for documentation and other
intellectual property).
* [A Crash Course in Open Source Licensing](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cJIi-hIlCQM&feature=youtu.be)
is a YouTube video of a presentation by Kevin Fleming about open source
licenses.
* [Tom Callaway's Talk on Licenses](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PTYuDrQpyH0)
is a YouTube video of a presentation by Tom Callaway (of RedHat) about patents
and licenses entitled "Understanding FOSS licenses (without a lawyer)".
* [Open Source Licensing War: Commons Clause](https://www.zdnet.com/article/open-source-licensing-war-commons-clause/)
is an article about a restrictive addendum, [Commons Clause](https://commonsclause.com/), added to an open source
sofwtare license issued by a company called Redis, that has sparked a
controversy. The addendum limits commercial reuse of the licensed work.
* [choosealicense.com](https://choosealicense.com/) is a website that guides you through a
question and answer process to the right license, and then displays the license text, and
[choosealicense.com summary](https://choosealicense.com/licenses/) is a tabular summary on this site.
* [A Short Guide to Open Source Licenses](https://www.smashingmagazine.com/2010/03/a-short-guide-to-open-source-and-similar-licenses/)
is a very short and clear explanation of the most common licenses.
## Contributing to Open Source Projects
These are links to websites with advice about how to contribute to
software projects and to websites that describe open source communities.
* [Four Types of Open Source Communities](https://opensource.com/business/13/6/four-types-organizational-structures-within-open-source-communities)
is an article about the different ways in which organizations can be structured around open source projects.
* [The Beginner's Guide to Contributing to Open Source Projects](https://blog.newrelic.com/engineering/open-source_gettingstarted/ )
is more advice on ways to get started in open source projects.
* [7 Things That Make a Great Open Source Contribution](https://blog.newrelic.com/2014/11/05/open-source-contribution/)
is a guide for anyone who wants to make their contributions to open source projects as valuable as possible.
* [The 8 Essential Traits of a Great Open Source Contributor](https://blog.newrelic.com/engineering/open-source-contributors/)
is an article about the personal qualities that you should cultivate if you want to be a great contributor to open source projects.
* [A Beginner‘s Very Bumpy Journey Through The World of Open Source](https://medium.freecodecamp.org/a-beginners-very-bumpy-journey-through-the-world-of-open-source-4d108d540b39 )
is a pep talk for anyway who has been or is afraid that they might be
intimidated by the prospect of interacting with an open source project's
community.
* [How to Contribute to Open Source Without Coding](https://icontribute.wordpress.com/how-to-contribute-to-open-source-without-coding/ )
is a collection of good advice on how you can contribute to a project
without writing code or even knowing how to write code.
* [How to Contribute to Open Source (from GitHub Guides)](https://opensource.guide/how-to-contribute/#finding-a-project-to-contribute-to )
is GitHub's advice on how to contribute to open source projects. This is
highly recommended reading.
* [GitHub Flow](http://scottchacon.com/2011/08/31/github-flow.html)
is Scott Chacon's comments about a method of working known as [git-flow](http://nvie.com/posts/a-successful-git-branching-model/)
and his recommendation for another workflow that is used within GitHub itself, known as **GitHub Flow**.
* [11 ways to get involved with Humanitarian FOSS](https://opensource.com/life/15/2/getting-involved-hfoss )
contains 11 ways to get involved with Humanitarian open source software
projects. "FOSS" means "Free and Open Source Software".
* [hechingerreport](http://hechingerreport.org/content/computer-coding-can-increase-engagement-provide-purpose-learning_17457/)
is really intended for teachers, but it should be interesting for a student
to read the advice given to teachers about humanitarian open source
software development.
## Links to Tutorials, Resources, and Other Help In Using Open Source-Related Tools
These are links to tutorials, technical information, and resources related
to practical things like version control systems, markdown, and so on.
### Markdown
* [Mastering Markdown](https://guides.github.com/features/mastering-markdown/ )
is a guide from GitHub in mastering Markdown
### Git Resources
* [Glossary of Git and GitHub specific terms](https://help.github.com/articles/github-glossary/ )
is a glossary of Git and GitHub terminology.
* [Git Cheat Sheet ](https://education.github.com/git-cheat-sheet-education.pdf )
is what it says. Download it and keep it close at hand.
* [Git Reference Manual](https://git-scm.com/docs) is an online reference manual for Git.
* [Atlassian BitBucket Git Tutorial](https://www.atlassian.com/git/tutorials) is another
complete set of tutorials on Git and version control, for beginners and advanced Git users.
* [Katacoda Interactive Git Tutorial](https://www.katacoda.com/courses/git/ )
is an interactive Git tutorial from Katacoda.
* [Git Flight Rules](https://github.com/k88hudson/git-flight-rules )
is a collection of what to do when things go wrong in using Git.
* [Git Cheat Sheet](https://jrebel.com/rebellabs/git-commands-and-best-practices-cheat-sheet/)
is a useful cheat sheet with some pictures that are helpful to remember.
* [Git Visualization Tool](http://git-school.github.io/visualizing-git/)
is a page that displays a simplified visualization of the effects of various
git commands on the internal representation used by git to represent a
repository.
### Unix/Linux Resources
* [Bash Reference Manual](https://www.gnu.org/software/bash/manual/bash.html) is the GNU reference manual for bash. If you need details about things, or want to learn more, this is a good place to browse.
* [Bash Cheat Sheet](http://cheatsheetworld.com/programming/unix-linux-cheat-sheet/)
is a very simple cheat sheet for people who know almost no basic bash.
* [Linux Scripting Tutorial](https://bash.cyberciti.biz/guide/Main_Page) is a tututorial on writing bash scripts in Linux.
### IRC Resources
* [Opensource.com IRC Quick Start Guide](https://opensource.com/article/16/6/irc-quickstart-guide) is a good page to
read to learn something about IRC and how it is used.
* [Opensource.com IRC Getting Started Guide](https://opensource.com/article/16/6/getting-started-irc) provides soem basic nuts and
bolts information for using IRC.
* [Opensource.com IRC Client Guide](https://opensource.com/life/15/11/top-open-source-irc-clients) has a list of some
IRC clients for various platforms.
* [Greenday's List of (IRC)Chat Commands](http://www.greenday.net/chat/commands.html) is a comprehensive listof IRC commands.
* [IRC General Help](https://www.irchelp.org/) is a landiong page with links to many IRC related resources.
* [irchelp.org's IRC tutorial](https://www.irchelp.org/faq/irctutorial.html) is a very good tutorial on IRC.
* [IRC Cheatsheet](cheat_sheet_irc_v2.pdf) is an IRC cheat sheet courtesy of OpenSource.com.