Add tests for clang as cuda compiler, and support the -x cuda syntax

[robertmaynard]

While not offically documented, clang as a cuda compiler did work with sccache due to the existing support of -x cu as a general language flag. Unforunately this isn't sufficient for CMake based projects as it generates compile lines that use -x cuda.

So I have relaxed the parsing of -x to include cuda, and backfilled the clang tests to verify cuda compilation.

Note: Cherry-picked cb4ad6365f742df07927a0397e60b00db8faf535 from #1889 so that I could expand the test/system.rs to verify clang++ as a cuda compiler.

[codecov-commenter]

Codecov Report

Attention: 38 lines in your changes are missing coverage. Please review.

Comparison is base (8253364) 29.77% compared to head (2cc6cde) 29.86%.
Report is 1 commits behind head on main.

Additional details and impacted files

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##             main    #1892      +/-   ##
==========================================
+ Coverage   29.77%   29.86%   +0.09%     
==========================================
  Files          49       50       +1     
  Lines       17699    17898     +199     
  Branches     8524     8628     +104     
==========================================
+ Hits         5270     5346      +76     
- Misses       7311     7404      +93     
- Partials     5118     5148      +30     

Files	Coverage Δ
src/compiler/gcc.rs	57.01% <0.00%> (+0.91%)	⬆️
src/compiler/clang.rs	53.95% <56.00%> (+0.19%)	⬆️
tests/system.rs	24.83% <3.70%> (-1.34%)	⬇️

... and 13 files with indirect coverage changes

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[illsilin]

What about support for -x hip?