diff --git a/etcdctl/ctlv2/command/backup_command.go b/etcdctl/ctlv2/command/backup_command.go
index c8e1fe540ad..e3ec04eead3 100644
--- a/etcdctl/ctlv2/command/backup_command.go
+++ b/etcdctl/ctlv2/command/backup_command.go
@@ -322,9 +322,7 @@ func saveDB(lg *zap.Logger, destDB, srcDB string, idx uint64, desired *desiredCl
 		tx.Lock()
 		defer tx.Unlock()
 		cindex.UnsafeCreateMetaBucket(tx)
-		ci := cindex.NewConsistentIndex(tx)
-		ci.SetConsistentIndex(idx)
-		ci.UnsafeSave(tx)
+		cindex.UnsafeUpdateConsistentIndex(tx, idx, false)
 	} else {
 		// Thanks to translateWAL not moving entries, but just replacing them with
 		// 'empty', there is no need to update the consistency index.
diff --git a/etcdctl/ctlv3/command/migrate_command.go b/etcdctl/ctlv3/command/migrate_command.go
index deba3c2ffba..deb23fb4c2b 100644
--- a/etcdctl/ctlv3/command/migrate_command.go
+++ b/etcdctl/ctlv3/command/migrate_command.go
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ func migrateCommandFunc(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) {
 	}()
 
 	readKeys(reader, be)
-	cindex.UpdateConsistentIndex(be.BatchTx(), index)
+	cindex.UpdateConsistentIndex(be.BatchTx(), index, true)
 	err := <-errc
 	if err != nil {
 		fmt.Println("failed to transform keys")
diff --git a/etcdctl/snapshot/v3_snapshot.go b/etcdctl/snapshot/v3_snapshot.go
index 0fc0e1497e9..e726a59f9aa 100644
--- a/etcdctl/snapshot/v3_snapshot.go
+++ b/etcdctl/snapshot/v3_snapshot.go
@@ -478,8 +478,7 @@ func (s *v3Manager) saveWALAndSnap() (*raftpb.HardState, error) {
 func (s *v3Manager) updateCIndex(commit uint64) error {
 	be := backend.NewDefaultBackend(s.outDbPath())
 	defer be.Close()
-	ci := cindex.NewConsistentIndex(be.BatchTx())
-	ci.SetConsistentIndex(commit)
-	ci.UnsafeSave(be.BatchTx())
+
+	cindex.UpdateConsistentIndex(be.BatchTx(), commit, false)
 	return nil
 }
diff --git a/server/auth/store.go b/server/auth/store.go
index 965c3e86d1b..19dd7e738ad 100644
--- a/server/auth/store.go
+++ b/server/auth/store.go
@@ -29,7 +29,6 @@ import (
 	"go.etcd.io/etcd/api/v3/authpb"
 	pb "go.etcd.io/etcd/api/v3/etcdserverpb"
 	"go.etcd.io/etcd/api/v3/v3rpc/rpctypes"
-	"go.etcd.io/etcd/server/v3/etcdserver/cindex"
 	"go.etcd.io/etcd/server/v3/mvcc/backend"
 
 	"go.uber.org/zap"
@@ -215,7 +214,6 @@ type authStore struct {
 
 	tokenProvider TokenProvider
 	bcryptCost    int // the algorithm cost / strength for hashing auth passwords
-	ci            cindex.ConsistentIndexer
 }
 
 func (as *authStore) AuthEnable() error {
@@ -266,7 +264,6 @@ func (as *authStore) AuthDisable() {
 	tx.Lock()
 	tx.UnsafePut(authBucketName, enableFlagKey, authDisabled)
 	as.commitRevision(tx)
-	as.saveConsistentIndex(tx)
 	tx.Unlock()
 	b.ForceCommit()
 
@@ -424,7 +421,6 @@ func (as *authStore) UserAdd(r *pb.AuthUserAddRequest) (*pb.AuthUserAddResponse,
 	putUser(as.lg, tx, newUser)
 
 	as.commitRevision(tx)
-	as.saveConsistentIndex(tx)
 
 	as.lg.Info("added a user", zap.String("user-name", r.Name))
 	return &pb.AuthUserAddResponse{}, nil
@@ -448,7 +444,6 @@ func (as *authStore) UserDelete(r *pb.AuthUserDeleteRequest) (*pb.AuthUserDelete
 	delUser(tx, r.Name)
 
 	as.commitRevision(tx)
-	as.saveConsistentIndex(tx)
 
 	as.invalidateCachedPerm(r.Name)
 	as.tokenProvider.invalidateUser(r.Name)
@@ -491,7 +486,6 @@ func (as *authStore) UserChangePassword(r *pb.AuthUserChangePasswordRequest) (*p
 	putUser(as.lg, tx, updatedUser)
 
 	as.commitRevision(tx)
-	as.saveConsistentIndex(tx)
 
 	as.invalidateCachedPerm(r.Name)
 	as.tokenProvider.invalidateUser(r.Name)
@@ -540,7 +534,6 @@ func (as *authStore) UserGrantRole(r *pb.AuthUserGrantRoleRequest) (*pb.AuthUser
 	as.invalidateCachedPerm(r.User)
 
 	as.commitRevision(tx)
-	as.saveConsistentIndex(tx)
 
 	as.lg.Info(
 		"granted a role to a user",
@@ -619,7 +612,6 @@ func (as *authStore) UserRevokeRole(r *pb.AuthUserRevokeRoleRequest) (*pb.AuthUs
 	as.invalidateCachedPerm(r.Name)
 
 	as.commitRevision(tx)
-	as.saveConsistentIndex(tx)
 
 	as.lg.Info(
 		"revoked a role from a user",
@@ -690,7 +682,6 @@ func (as *authStore) RoleRevokePermission(r *pb.AuthRoleRevokePermissionRequest)
 	as.clearCachedPerm()
 
 	as.commitRevision(tx)
-	as.saveConsistentIndex(tx)
 
 	as.lg.Info(
 		"revoked a permission on range",
@@ -742,7 +733,6 @@ func (as *authStore) RoleDelete(r *pb.AuthRoleDeleteRequest) (*pb.AuthRoleDelete
 	}
 
 	as.commitRevision(tx)
-	as.saveConsistentIndex(tx)
 
 	as.lg.Info("deleted a role", zap.String("role-name", r.Role))
 	return &pb.AuthRoleDeleteResponse{}, nil
@@ -769,7 +759,6 @@ func (as *authStore) RoleAdd(r *pb.AuthRoleAddRequest) (*pb.AuthRoleAddResponse,
 	putRole(as.lg, tx, newRole)
 
 	as.commitRevision(tx)
-	as.saveConsistentIndex(tx)
 
 	as.lg.Info("created a role", zap.String("role-name", r.Name))
 	return &pb.AuthRoleAddResponse{}, nil
@@ -829,7 +818,6 @@ func (as *authStore) RoleGrantPermission(r *pb.AuthRoleGrantPermissionRequest) (
 	as.clearCachedPerm()
 
 	as.commitRevision(tx)
-	as.saveConsistentIndex(tx)
 
 	as.lg.Info(
 		"granted/updated a permission to a user",
@@ -1021,7 +1009,7 @@ func (as *authStore) IsAuthEnabled() bool {
 }
 
 // NewAuthStore creates a new AuthStore.
-func NewAuthStore(lg *zap.Logger, be backend.Backend, ci cindex.ConsistentIndexer, tp TokenProvider, bcryptCost int) *authStore {
+func NewAuthStore(lg *zap.Logger, be backend.Backend, tp TokenProvider, bcryptCost int) *authStore {
 	if lg == nil {
 		lg = zap.NewNop()
 	}
@@ -1056,7 +1044,6 @@ func NewAuthStore(lg *zap.Logger, be backend.Backend, ci cindex.ConsistentIndexe
 		revision:       getRevision(tx),
 		lg:             lg,
 		be:             be,
-		ci:             ci,
 		enabled:        enabled,
 		rangePermCache: make(map[string]*unifiedRangePermissions),
 		tokenProvider:  tp,
@@ -1317,14 +1304,6 @@ func (as *authStore) BcryptCost() int {
 	return as.bcryptCost
 }
 
-func (as *authStore) saveConsistentIndex(tx backend.BatchTx) {
-	if as.ci != nil {
-		as.ci.UnsafeSave(tx)
-	} else {
-		as.lg.Error("failed to save consistentIndex,consistentIndexer is nil")
-	}
-}
-
 func (as *authStore) setupMetricsReporter() {
 	reportCurrentAuthRevMu.Lock()
 	reportCurrentAuthRev = func() float64 {
diff --git a/server/auth/store_test.go b/server/auth/store_test.go
index 53ed3469f40..c530ffe8861 100644
--- a/server/auth/store_test.go
+++ b/server/auth/store_test.go
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ func TestNewAuthStoreRevision(t *testing.T) {
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
-	as := NewAuthStore(zap.NewExample(), b, nil, tp, bcrypt.MinCost)
+	as := NewAuthStore(zap.NewExample(), b, tp, bcrypt.MinCost)
 	err = enableAuthAndCreateRoot(as)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ func TestNewAuthStoreRevision(t *testing.T) {
 	// no changes to commit
 	b2 := backend.NewDefaultBackend(tPath)
 	defer b2.Close()
-	as = NewAuthStore(zap.NewExample(), b2, nil, tp, bcrypt.MinCost)
+	as = NewAuthStore(zap.NewExample(), b2, tp, bcrypt.MinCost)
 	defer as.Close()
 	new := as.Revision()
 
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ func TestNewAuthStoreBcryptCost(t *testing.T) {
 
 	invalidCosts := [2]int{bcrypt.MinCost - 1, bcrypt.MaxCost + 1}
 	for _, invalidCost := range invalidCosts {
-		as := NewAuthStore(zap.NewExample(), b, nil, tp, invalidCost)
+		as := NewAuthStore(zap.NewExample(), b, tp, invalidCost)
 		defer as.Close()
 		if as.BcryptCost() != bcrypt.DefaultCost {
 			t.Fatalf("expected DefaultCost when bcryptcost is invalid")
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ func setupAuthStore(t *testing.T) (store *authStore, teardownfunc func(t *testin
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
-	as := NewAuthStore(zap.NewExample(), b, nil, tp, bcrypt.MinCost)
+	as := NewAuthStore(zap.NewExample(), b, tp, bcrypt.MinCost)
 	err = enableAuthAndCreateRoot(as)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
@@ -657,7 +657,7 @@ func TestAuthInfoFromCtxRace(t *testing.T) {
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
-	as := NewAuthStore(zap.NewExample(), b, nil, tp, bcrypt.MinCost)
+	as := NewAuthStore(zap.NewExample(), b, tp, bcrypt.MinCost)
 	defer as.Close()
 
 	donec := make(chan struct{})
@@ -730,7 +730,7 @@ func TestRecoverFromSnapshot(t *testing.T) {
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
-	as2 := NewAuthStore(zap.NewExample(), as.be, nil, tp, bcrypt.MinCost)
+	as2 := NewAuthStore(zap.NewExample(), as.be, tp, bcrypt.MinCost)
 	defer as2.Close()
 
 	if !as2.IsAuthEnabled() {
@@ -811,7 +811,7 @@ func TestRolesOrder(t *testing.T) {
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
-	as := NewAuthStore(zap.NewExample(), b, nil, tp, bcrypt.MinCost)
+	as := NewAuthStore(zap.NewExample(), b, tp, bcrypt.MinCost)
 	defer as.Close()
 	err = enableAuthAndCreateRoot(as)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -867,7 +867,7 @@ func testAuthInfoFromCtxWithRoot(t *testing.T, opts string) {
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
-	as := NewAuthStore(zap.NewExample(), b, nil, tp, bcrypt.MinCost)
+	as := NewAuthStore(zap.NewExample(), b, tp, bcrypt.MinCost)
 	defer as.Close()
 
 	if err = enableAuthAndCreateRoot(as); err != nil {
diff --git a/server/etcdserver/api/v3rpc/maintenance.go b/server/etcdserver/api/v3rpc/maintenance.go
index dcacbf4978c..38cc9137163 100644
--- a/server/etcdserver/api/v3rpc/maintenance.go
+++ b/server/etcdserver/api/v3rpc/maintenance.go
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ import (
 )
 
 type KVGetter interface {
-	KV() mvcc.ConsistentWatchableKV
+	KV() mvcc.WatchableKV
 }
 
 type BackendGetter interface {
diff --git a/server/etcdserver/backend.go b/server/etcdserver/backend.go
index 2e738c1963a..120d0124f53 100644
--- a/server/etcdserver/backend.go
+++ b/server/etcdserver/backend.go
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ import (
 	"go.uber.org/zap"
 )
 
-func newBackend(cfg config.ServerConfig) backend.Backend {
+func newBackend(cfg config.ServerConfig, hooks backend.Hooks) backend.Backend {
 	bcfg := backend.DefaultBackendConfig()
 	bcfg.Path = cfg.BackendPath()
 	bcfg.UnsafeNoFsync = cfg.UnsafeNoFsync
@@ -51,12 +51,12 @@ func newBackend(cfg config.ServerConfig) backend.Backend {
 		bcfg.MmapSize = uint64(cfg.QuotaBackendBytes + cfg.QuotaBackendBytes/10)
 	}
 	bcfg.Mlock = cfg.ExperimentalMemoryMlock
-
+	bcfg.Hooks = hooks
 	return backend.New(bcfg)
 }
 
 // openSnapshotBackend renames a snapshot db to the current etcd db and opens it.
-func openSnapshotBackend(cfg config.ServerConfig, ss *snap.Snapshotter, snapshot raftpb.Snapshot) (backend.Backend, error) {
+func openSnapshotBackend(cfg config.ServerConfig, ss *snap.Snapshotter, snapshot raftpb.Snapshot, hooks backend.Hooks) (backend.Backend, error) {
 	snapPath, err := ss.DBFilePath(snapshot.Metadata.Index)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to find database snapshot file (%v)", err)
@@ -64,16 +64,16 @@ func openSnapshotBackend(cfg config.ServerConfig, ss *snap.Snapshotter, snapshot
 	if err := os.Rename(snapPath, cfg.BackendPath()); err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to rename database snapshot file (%v)", err)
 	}
-	return openBackend(cfg), nil
+	return openBackend(cfg, hooks), nil
 }
 
 // openBackend returns a backend using the current etcd db.
-func openBackend(cfg config.ServerConfig) backend.Backend {
+func openBackend(cfg config.ServerConfig, hooks backend.Hooks) backend.Backend {
 	fn := cfg.BackendPath()
 
 	now, beOpened := time.Now(), make(chan backend.Backend)
 	go func() {
-		beOpened <- newBackend(cfg)
+		beOpened <- newBackend(cfg, hooks)
 	}()
 
 	select {
@@ -96,15 +96,14 @@ func openBackend(cfg config.ServerConfig) backend.Backend {
 // before updating the backend db after persisting raft snapshot to disk,
 // violating the invariant snapshot.Metadata.Index < db.consistentIndex. In this
 // case, replace the db with the snapshot db sent by the leader.
-func recoverSnapshotBackend(cfg config.ServerConfig, oldbe backend.Backend, snapshot raftpb.Snapshot, beExist bool) (backend.Backend, error) {
+func recoverSnapshotBackend(cfg config.ServerConfig, oldbe backend.Backend, snapshot raftpb.Snapshot, beExist bool, hooks backend.Hooks) (backend.Backend, error) {
 	consistentIndex := uint64(0)
 	if beExist {
-		ci := cindex.NewConsistentIndex(oldbe.BatchTx())
-		consistentIndex = ci.ConsistentIndex()
+		consistentIndex = cindex.ReadConsistentIndex(oldbe.BatchTx())
 	}
 	if snapshot.Metadata.Index <= consistentIndex {
 		return oldbe, nil
 	}
 	oldbe.Close()
-	return openSnapshotBackend(cfg, snap.New(cfg.Logger, cfg.SnapDir()), snapshot)
+	return openSnapshotBackend(cfg, snap.New(cfg.Logger, cfg.SnapDir()), snapshot, hooks)
 }
diff --git a/server/etcdserver/cindex/cindex.go b/server/etcdserver/cindex/cindex.go
index 25bbeb8727c..6f8661b6d2a 100644
--- a/server/etcdserver/cindex/cindex.go
+++ b/server/etcdserver/cindex/cindex.go
@@ -28,6 +28,10 @@ var (
 	ConsistentIndexKeyName = []byte("consistent_index")
 )
 
+type Backend interface {
+	BatchTx() backend.BatchTx
+}
+
 // ConsistentIndexer is an interface that wraps the Get/Set/Save method for consistentIndex.
 type ConsistentIndexer interface {
 
@@ -41,32 +45,38 @@ type ConsistentIndexer interface {
 	// It saves consistentIndex to the underlying stable storage.
 	UnsafeSave(tx backend.BatchTx)
 
-	// SetBatchTx set the available backend.BatchTx for ConsistentIndexer.
-	SetBatchTx(tx backend.BatchTx)
+	// SetBackend set the available backend.BatchTx for ConsistentIndexer.
+	SetBackend(be Backend)
 }
 
 // consistentIndex implements the ConsistentIndexer interface.
 type consistentIndex struct {
-	tx backend.BatchTx
 	// consistentIndex represents the offset of an entry in a consistent replica log.
-	// it caches the "consistent_index" key's value. Accessed
-	// through atomics so must be 64-bit aligned.
+	// it caches the "consistent_index" key's value.
+	// Accessed through atomics so must be 64-bit aligned.
 	consistentIndex uint64
-	mutex           sync.Mutex
+
+	// be is used for initial read consistentIndex
+	be Backend
+	// mutex is protecting be.
+	mutex sync.Mutex
 }
 
-func NewConsistentIndex(tx backend.BatchTx) ConsistentIndexer {
-	return &consistentIndex{tx: tx}
+// NewConsistentIndex creates a new consistent index.
+// If `be` is nil, it must be set (SetBackend) before first access using `ConsistentIndex()`.
+func NewConsistentIndex(be Backend) ConsistentIndexer {
+	return &consistentIndex{be: be}
 }
 
 func (ci *consistentIndex) ConsistentIndex() uint64 {
-
 	if index := atomic.LoadUint64(&ci.consistentIndex); index > 0 {
 		return index
 	}
 	ci.mutex.Lock()
 	defer ci.mutex.Unlock()
-	v := ReadConsistentIndex(ci.tx)
+
+	v := ReadConsistentIndex(ci.be.BatchTx())
+	atomic.StoreUint64(&ci.consistentIndex, v)
 	return v
 }
 
@@ -76,17 +86,15 @@ func (ci *consistentIndex) SetConsistentIndex(v uint64) {
 
 func (ci *consistentIndex) UnsafeSave(tx backend.BatchTx) {
 	index := atomic.LoadUint64(&ci.consistentIndex)
-	if index == 0 {
-		// Never save 0 as it means that we didn't loaded the real index yet.
-		return
-	}
-	unsafeUpdateConsistentIndex(tx, index)
+	UnsafeUpdateConsistentIndex(tx, index, true)
 }
 
-func (ci *consistentIndex) SetBatchTx(tx backend.BatchTx) {
+func (ci *consistentIndex) SetBackend(be Backend) {
 	ci.mutex.Lock()
 	defer ci.mutex.Unlock()
-	ci.tx = tx
+	ci.be = be
+	// After the backend is changed, the first access should re-read it.
+	ci.SetConsistentIndex(0)
 }
 
 func NewFakeConsistentIndex(index uint64) ConsistentIndexer {
@@ -101,13 +109,21 @@ func (f *fakeConsistentIndex) SetConsistentIndex(index uint64) {
 	atomic.StoreUint64(&f.index, index)
 }
 
-func (f *fakeConsistentIndex) UnsafeSave(tx backend.BatchTx) {}
-func (f *fakeConsistentIndex) SetBatchTx(tx backend.BatchTx) {}
+func (f *fakeConsistentIndex) UnsafeSave(_ backend.BatchTx) {}
+func (f *fakeConsistentIndex) SetBackend(_ Backend)         {}
 
+// UnsafeCreateMetaBucket creates the `meta` bucket (if it does not exists yet).
 func UnsafeCreateMetaBucket(tx backend.BatchTx) {
 	tx.UnsafeCreateBucket(MetaBucketName)
 }
 
+// CreateMetaBucket creates the `meta` bucket (if it does not exists yet).
+func CreateMetaBucket(tx backend.BatchTx) {
+	tx.Lock()
+	defer tx.Unlock()
+	tx.UnsafeCreateBucket(MetaBucketName)
+}
+
 // unsafeGetConsistentIndex loads consistent index from given transaction.
 // returns 0 if the data are not found.
 func unsafeReadConsistentIndex(tx backend.ReadTx) uint64 {
@@ -127,7 +143,19 @@ func ReadConsistentIndex(tx backend.ReadTx) uint64 {
 	return unsafeReadConsistentIndex(tx)
 }
 
-func unsafeUpdateConsistentIndex(tx backend.BatchTx, index uint64) {
+func UnsafeUpdateConsistentIndex(tx backend.BatchTx, index uint64, onlyGrow bool) {
+	if index == 0 {
+		// Never save 0 as it means that we didn't loaded the real index yet.
+		return
+	}
+
+	if onlyGrow {
+		oldi := unsafeReadConsistentIndex(tx)
+		if index <= oldi {
+			return
+		}
+	}
+
 	bs := make([]byte, 8) // this is kept on stack (not heap) so its quick.
 	binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(bs, index)
 	// put the index into the underlying backend
@@ -135,13 +163,8 @@ func unsafeUpdateConsistentIndex(tx backend.BatchTx, index uint64) {
 	tx.UnsafePut(MetaBucketName, ConsistentIndexKeyName, bs)
 }
 
-func UpdateConsistentIndex(tx backend.BatchTx, index uint64) {
+func UpdateConsistentIndex(tx backend.BatchTx, index uint64, onlyGrow bool) {
 	tx.Lock()
 	defer tx.Unlock()
-
-	oldi := unsafeReadConsistentIndex(tx)
-	if index <= oldi {
-		return
-	}
-	unsafeUpdateConsistentIndex(tx, index)
+	UnsafeUpdateConsistentIndex(tx, index, onlyGrow)
 }
diff --git a/server/etcdserver/cindex/cindex_test.go b/server/etcdserver/cindex/cindex_test.go
index eb577b8fd64..c500260d38a 100644
--- a/server/etcdserver/cindex/cindex_test.go
+++ b/server/etcdserver/cindex/cindex_test.go
@@ -27,13 +27,14 @@ import (
 func TestConsistentIndex(t *testing.T) {
 
 	be, tmpPath := betesting.NewTmpBackend(t, time.Microsecond, 10)
-	ci := NewConsistentIndex(be.BatchTx())
+	ci := NewConsistentIndex(be)
 
 	tx := be.BatchTx()
 	if tx == nil {
 		t.Fatal("batch tx is nil")
 	}
 	tx.Lock()
+
 	UnsafeCreateMetaBucket(tx)
 	tx.Unlock()
 	be.ForceCommit()
@@ -51,14 +52,13 @@ func TestConsistentIndex(t *testing.T) {
 
 	b := backend.NewDefaultBackend(tmpPath)
 	defer b.Close()
-	ci.SetConsistentIndex(0)
-	ci.SetBatchTx(b.BatchTx())
+	ci.SetBackend(b)
 	index = ci.ConsistentIndex()
 	if index != r {
 		t.Errorf("expected %d,got %d", r, index)
 	}
 
-	ci = NewConsistentIndex(b.BatchTx())
+	ci = NewConsistentIndex(b)
 	index = ci.ConsistentIndex()
 	if index != r {
 		t.Errorf("expected %d,got %d", r, index)
diff --git a/server/etcdserver/server.go b/server/etcdserver/server.go
index d5acb2da1e7..e5c3dc1a2d5 100644
--- a/server/etcdserver/server.go
+++ b/server/etcdserver/server.go
@@ -256,10 +256,11 @@ type EtcdServer struct {
 	applyV3Internal applierV3Internal
 	applyWait       wait.WaitTime
 
-	kv         mvcc.ConsistentWatchableKV
+	kv         mvcc.WatchableKV
 	lessor     lease.Lessor
 	bemu       sync.Mutex
 	be         backend.Backend
+	beHooks    backend.Hooks
 	authStore  auth.AuthStore
 	alarmStore *v3alarm.AlarmStore
 
@@ -294,6 +295,15 @@ type EtcdServer struct {
 	*AccessController
 }
 
+type backendHooks struct {
+	indexer cindex.ConsistentIndexer
+	lg      *zap.Logger
+}
+
+func (bh *backendHooks) OnPreCommitUnsafe(tx backend.BatchTx) {
+	bh.indexer.UnsafeSave(tx)
+}
+
 // NewServer creates a new EtcdServer from the supplied configuration. The
 // configuration is considered static for the lifetime of the EtcdServer.
 func NewServer(cfg config.ServerConfig) (srv *EtcdServer, err error) {
@@ -345,7 +355,12 @@ func NewServer(cfg config.ServerConfig) (srv *EtcdServer, err error) {
 
 	bepath := cfg.BackendPath()
 	beExist := fileutil.Exist(bepath)
-	be := openBackend(cfg)
+
+	ci := cindex.NewConsistentIndex(nil)
+	beHooks := &backendHooks{lg: cfg.Logger, indexer: ci}
+	be := openBackend(cfg, beHooks)
+	ci.SetBackend(be)
+	cindex.CreateMetaBucket(be.BatchTx())
 
 	defer func() {
 		if err != nil {
@@ -463,7 +478,7 @@ func NewServer(cfg config.ServerConfig) (srv *EtcdServer, err error) {
 				zap.String("snapshot-size", humanize.Bytes(uint64(snapshot.Size()))),
 			)
 
-			if be, err = recoverSnapshotBackend(cfg, be, *snapshot, beExist); err != nil {
+			if be, err = recoverSnapshotBackend(cfg, be, *snapshot, beExist, beHooks); err != nil {
 				cfg.Logger.Panic("failed to recover v3 backend from snapshot", zap.Error(err))
 			}
 			s1, s2 := be.Size(), be.SizeInUse()
@@ -529,7 +544,7 @@ func NewServer(cfg config.ServerConfig) (srv *EtcdServer, err error) {
 		peerRt:             prt,
 		reqIDGen:           idutil.NewGenerator(uint16(id), time.Now()),
 		AccessController:   &AccessController{CORS: cfg.CORS, HostWhitelist: cfg.HostWhitelist},
-		consistIndex:       cindex.NewConsistentIndex(be.BatchTx()),
+		consistIndex:       ci,
 		firstCommitInTermC: make(chan struct{}),
 	}
 	serverID.With(prometheus.Labels{"server_id": id.String()}).Set(1)
@@ -537,20 +552,16 @@ func NewServer(cfg config.ServerConfig) (srv *EtcdServer, err error) {
 	srv.applyV2 = NewApplierV2(cfg.Logger, srv.v2store, srv.cluster)
 
 	srv.be = be
+	srv.beHooks = beHooks
 	minTTL := time.Duration((3*cfg.ElectionTicks)/2) * heartbeat
 
 	// always recover lessor before kv. When we recover the mvcc.KV it will reattach keys to its leases.
 	// If we recover mvcc.KV first, it will attach the keys to the wrong lessor before it recovers.
-	srv.lessor = lease.NewLessor(
-		srv.Logger(),
-		srv.be,
-		lease.LessorConfig{
-			MinLeaseTTL:                int64(math.Ceil(minTTL.Seconds())),
-			CheckpointInterval:         cfg.LeaseCheckpointInterval,
-			ExpiredLeasesRetryInterval: srv.Cfg.ReqTimeout(),
-		},
-		srv.consistIndex,
-	)
+	srv.lessor = lease.NewLessor(srv.Logger(), srv.be, lease.LessorConfig{
+		MinLeaseTTL:                int64(math.Ceil(minTTL.Seconds())),
+		CheckpointInterval:         cfg.LeaseCheckpointInterval,
+		ExpiredLeasesRetryInterval: srv.Cfg.ReqTimeout(),
+	})
 
 	tp, err := auth.NewTokenProvider(cfg.Logger, cfg.AuthToken,
 		func(index uint64) <-chan struct{} {
@@ -562,8 +573,9 @@ func NewServer(cfg config.ServerConfig) (srv *EtcdServer, err error) {
 		cfg.Logger.Warn("failed to create token provider", zap.Error(err))
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	srv.kv = mvcc.New(srv.Logger(), srv.be, srv.lessor, srv.consistIndex, mvcc.StoreConfig{CompactionBatchLimit: cfg.CompactionBatchLimit})
-	kvindex := srv.consistIndex.ConsistentIndex()
+	srv.kv = mvcc.New(srv.Logger(), srv.be, srv.lessor, mvcc.StoreConfig{CompactionBatchLimit: cfg.CompactionBatchLimit})
+
+	kvindex := ci.ConsistentIndex()
 	srv.lg.Debug("restore consistentIndex", zap.Uint64("index", kvindex))
 	if beExist {
 		// TODO: remove kvindex != 0 checking when we do not expect users to upgrade
@@ -579,7 +591,7 @@ func NewServer(cfg config.ServerConfig) (srv *EtcdServer, err error) {
 		}
 	}
 
-	srv.authStore = auth.NewAuthStore(srv.Logger(), srv.be, srv.consistIndex, tp, int(cfg.BcryptCost))
+	srv.authStore = auth.NewAuthStore(srv.Logger(), srv.be, tp, int(cfg.BcryptCost))
 
 	newSrv := srv // since srv == nil in defer if srv is returned as nil
 	defer func() {
@@ -1170,7 +1182,7 @@ func (s *EtcdServer) applySnapshot(ep *etcdProgress, apply *apply) {
 	// wait for raftNode to persist snapshot onto the disk
 	<-apply.notifyc
 
-	newbe, err := openSnapshotBackend(s.Cfg, s.snapshotter, apply.snapshot)
+	newbe, err := openSnapshotBackend(s.Cfg, s.snapshotter, apply.snapshot, s.beHooks)
 	if err != nil {
 		lg.Panic("failed to open snapshot backend", zap.Error(err))
 	}
@@ -1191,8 +1203,8 @@ func (s *EtcdServer) applySnapshot(ep *etcdProgress, apply *apply) {
 		lg.Panic("failed to restore mvcc store", zap.Error(err))
 	}
 
-	s.consistIndex.SetConsistentIndex(s.kv.ConsistentIndex())
-	lg.Info("restored mvcc store")
+	s.consistIndex.SetBackend(newbe)
+	lg.Info("restored mvcc store", zap.Uint64("consistent-index", s.consistIndex.ConsistentIndex()))
 
 	// Closing old backend might block until all the txns
 	// on the backend are finished.
@@ -2117,6 +2129,7 @@ func (s *EtcdServer) applyEntryNormal(e *raftpb.Entry) {
 		return
 	}
 	s.lg.Debug("applyEntryNormal", zap.Stringer("raftReq", &raftReq))
+
 	if raftReq.V2 != nil {
 		req := (*RequestV2)(raftReq.V2)
 		s.w.Trigger(req.ID, s.applyV2Request(req))
@@ -2502,7 +2515,7 @@ func (s *EtcdServer) parseProposeCtxErr(err error, start time.Time) error {
 	}
 }
 
-func (s *EtcdServer) KV() mvcc.ConsistentWatchableKV { return s.kv }
+func (s *EtcdServer) KV() mvcc.WatchableKV { return s.kv }
 func (s *EtcdServer) Backend() backend.Backend {
 	s.bemu.Lock()
 	defer s.bemu.Unlock()
diff --git a/server/etcdserver/server_test.go b/server/etcdserver/server_test.go
index 50e8533a97e..d8df5dfaa31 100644
--- a/server/etcdserver/server_test.go
+++ b/server/etcdserver/server_test.go
@@ -989,9 +989,9 @@ func TestSnapshot(t *testing.T) {
 		lg:           zap.NewExample(),
 		r:            *r,
 		v2store:      st,
-		consistIndex: cindex.NewConsistentIndex(be.BatchTx()),
+		consistIndex: cindex.NewConsistentIndex(be),
 	}
-	srv.kv = mvcc.New(zap.NewExample(), be, &lease.FakeLessor{}, srv.consistIndex, mvcc.StoreConfig{})
+	srv.kv = mvcc.New(zap.NewExample(), be, &lease.FakeLessor{}, mvcc.StoreConfig{})
 	srv.be = be
 
 	ch := make(chan struct{}, 2)
@@ -1074,11 +1074,11 @@ func TestSnapshotOrdering(t *testing.T) {
 		snapshotter:  snap.New(zap.NewExample(), snapdir),
 		cluster:      cl,
 		SyncTicker:   &time.Ticker{},
-		consistIndex: cindex.NewConsistentIndex(be.BatchTx()),
+		consistIndex: cindex.NewConsistentIndex(be),
 	}
 	s.applyV2 = &applierV2store{store: s.v2store, cluster: s.cluster}
 
-	s.kv = mvcc.New(zap.NewExample(), be, &lease.FakeLessor{}, s.consistIndex, mvcc.StoreConfig{})
+	s.kv = mvcc.New(zap.NewExample(), be, &lease.FakeLessor{}, mvcc.StoreConfig{})
 	s.be = be
 
 	s.start()
@@ -1148,11 +1148,11 @@ func TestTriggerSnap(t *testing.T) {
 		v2store:      st,
 		reqIDGen:     idutil.NewGenerator(0, time.Time{}),
 		SyncTicker:   &time.Ticker{},
-		consistIndex: cindex.NewConsistentIndex(be.BatchTx()),
+		consistIndex: cindex.NewConsistentIndex(be),
 	}
 	srv.applyV2 = &applierV2store{store: srv.v2store, cluster: srv.cluster}
 
-	srv.kv = mvcc.New(zap.NewExample(), be, &lease.FakeLessor{}, srv.consistIndex, mvcc.StoreConfig{})
+	srv.kv = mvcc.New(zap.NewExample(), be, &lease.FakeLessor{}, mvcc.StoreConfig{})
 	srv.be = be
 
 	srv.start()
@@ -1227,11 +1227,11 @@ func TestConcurrentApplyAndSnapshotV3(t *testing.T) {
 		snapshotter:  snap.New(zap.NewExample(), testdir),
 		cluster:      cl,
 		SyncTicker:   &time.Ticker{},
-		consistIndex: cindex.NewConsistentIndex(be.BatchTx()),
+		consistIndex: cindex.NewConsistentIndex(be),
 	}
 	s.applyV2 = &applierV2store{store: s.v2store, cluster: s.cluster}
 
-	s.kv = mvcc.New(zap.NewExample(), be, &lease.FakeLessor{}, s.consistIndex, mvcc.StoreConfig{})
+	s.kv = mvcc.New(zap.NewExample(), be, &lease.FakeLessor{}, mvcc.StoreConfig{})
 	s.be = be
 
 	s.start()
@@ -1562,7 +1562,7 @@ func TestPublishV3(t *testing.T) {
 		w:          w,
 		reqIDGen:   idutil.NewGenerator(0, time.Time{}),
 		SyncTicker: &time.Ticker{},
-		authStore:  auth.NewAuthStore(lg, be, nil, nil, 0),
+		authStore:  auth.NewAuthStore(lg, be, nil, 0),
 		be:         be,
 		ctx:        ctx,
 		cancel:     cancel,
@@ -1633,7 +1633,7 @@ func TestPublishV3Retry(t *testing.T) {
 		cluster:    &membership.RaftCluster{},
 		reqIDGen:   idutil.NewGenerator(0, time.Time{}),
 		SyncTicker: &time.Ticker{},
-		authStore:  auth.NewAuthStore(lg, be, nil, nil, 0),
+		authStore:  auth.NewAuthStore(lg, be, nil, 0),
 		be:         be,
 		ctx:        ctx,
 		cancel:     cancel,
diff --git a/server/lease/leasehttp/http_test.go b/server/lease/leasehttp/http_test.go
index 1a0ca486512..ada3d3a2e2a 100644
--- a/server/lease/leasehttp/http_test.go
+++ b/server/lease/leasehttp/http_test.go
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ func TestRenewHTTP(t *testing.T) {
 	be, _ := betesting.NewTmpBackend(t, time.Hour, 10000)
 	defer betesting.Close(t, be)
 
-	le := lease.NewLessor(lg, be, lease.LessorConfig{MinLeaseTTL: int64(5)}, nil)
+	le := lease.NewLessor(lg, be, lease.LessorConfig{MinLeaseTTL: int64(5)})
 	le.Promote(time.Second)
 	l, err := le.Grant(1, int64(5))
 	if err != nil {
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ func TestTimeToLiveHTTP(t *testing.T) {
 	be, _ := betesting.NewTmpBackend(t, time.Hour, 10000)
 	defer betesting.Close(t, be)
 
-	le := lease.NewLessor(lg, be, lease.LessorConfig{MinLeaseTTL: int64(5)}, nil)
+	le := lease.NewLessor(lg, be, lease.LessorConfig{MinLeaseTTL: int64(5)})
 	le.Promote(time.Second)
 	l, err := le.Grant(1, int64(5))
 	if err != nil {
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ func testApplyTimeout(t *testing.T, f func(*lease.Lease, string) error) {
 	be, _ := betesting.NewTmpBackend(t, time.Hour, 10000)
 	defer betesting.Close(t, be)
 
-	le := lease.NewLessor(lg, be, lease.LessorConfig{MinLeaseTTL: int64(5)}, nil)
+	le := lease.NewLessor(lg, be, lease.LessorConfig{MinLeaseTTL: int64(5)})
 	le.Promote(time.Second)
 	l, err := le.Grant(1, int64(5))
 	if err != nil {
diff --git a/server/lease/lessor.go b/server/lease/lessor.go
index a12591e46ef..5dba54db02e 100644
--- a/server/lease/lessor.go
+++ b/server/lease/lessor.go
@@ -25,7 +25,6 @@ import (
 	"time"
 
 	pb "go.etcd.io/etcd/api/v3/etcdserverpb"
-	"go.etcd.io/etcd/server/v3/etcdserver/cindex"
 	"go.etcd.io/etcd/server/v3/lease/leasepb"
 	"go.etcd.io/etcd/server/v3/mvcc/backend"
 	"go.uber.org/zap"
@@ -182,7 +181,6 @@ type lessor struct {
 	checkpointInterval time.Duration
 	// the interval to check if the expired lease is revoked
 	expiredLeaseRetryInterval time.Duration
-	ci                        cindex.ConsistentIndexer
 }
 
 type LessorConfig struct {
@@ -191,11 +189,11 @@ type LessorConfig struct {
 	ExpiredLeasesRetryInterval time.Duration
 }
 
-func NewLessor(lg *zap.Logger, b backend.Backend, cfg LessorConfig, ci cindex.ConsistentIndexer) Lessor {
-	return newLessor(lg, b, cfg, ci)
+func NewLessor(lg *zap.Logger, b backend.Backend, cfg LessorConfig) Lessor {
+	return newLessor(lg, b, cfg)
 }
 
-func newLessor(lg *zap.Logger, b backend.Backend, cfg LessorConfig, ci cindex.ConsistentIndexer) *lessor {
+func newLessor(lg *zap.Logger, b backend.Backend, cfg LessorConfig) *lessor {
 	checkpointInterval := cfg.CheckpointInterval
 	expiredLeaseRetryInterval := cfg.ExpiredLeasesRetryInterval
 	if checkpointInterval == 0 {
@@ -218,7 +216,6 @@ func newLessor(lg *zap.Logger, b backend.Backend, cfg LessorConfig, ci cindex.Co
 		stopC:    make(chan struct{}),
 		doneC:    make(chan struct{}),
 		lg:       lg,
-		ci:       ci,
 	}
 	l.initAndRecover()
 
@@ -294,7 +291,7 @@ func (le *lessor) Grant(id LeaseID, ttl int64) (*Lease, error) {
 	}
 
 	le.leaseMap[id] = l
-	l.persistTo(le.b, le.ci)
+	l.persistTo(le.b)
 
 	leaseTotalTTLs.Observe(float64(l.ttl))
 	leaseGranted.Inc()
@@ -341,10 +338,6 @@ func (le *lessor) Revoke(id LeaseID) error {
 	// kv deletion. Or we might end up with not executing the revoke or not
 	// deleting the keys if etcdserver fails in between.
 	le.b.BatchTx().UnsafeDelete(leaseBucketName, int64ToBytes(int64(l.ID)))
-	// if len(keys) > 0, txn.End() will call ci.UnsafeSave function.
-	if le.ci != nil && len(keys) == 0 {
-		le.ci.UnsafeSave(le.b.BatchTx())
-	}
 
 	txn.End()
 
@@ -828,7 +821,7 @@ func (l *Lease) expired() bool {
 	return l.Remaining() <= 0
 }
 
-func (l *Lease) persistTo(b backend.Backend, ci cindex.ConsistentIndexer) {
+func (l *Lease) persistTo(b backend.Backend) {
 	key := int64ToBytes(int64(l.ID))
 
 	lpb := leasepb.Lease{ID: int64(l.ID), TTL: l.ttl, RemainingTTL: l.remainingTTL}
@@ -839,9 +832,6 @@ func (l *Lease) persistTo(b backend.Backend, ci cindex.ConsistentIndexer) {
 
 	b.BatchTx().Lock()
 	b.BatchTx().UnsafePut(leaseBucketName, key, val)
-	if ci != nil {
-		ci.UnsafeSave(b.BatchTx())
-	}
 	b.BatchTx().Unlock()
 }
 
diff --git a/server/lease/lessor_bench_test.go b/server/lease/lessor_bench_test.go
index 46b702de33b..06feec810c5 100644
--- a/server/lease/lessor_bench_test.go
+++ b/server/lease/lessor_bench_test.go
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ func setUp(t testing.TB) (le *lessor, tearDown func()) {
 	be, _ := betesting.NewDefaultTmpBackend(t)
 	// MinLeaseTTL is negative, so we can grant expired lease in benchmark.
 	// ExpiredLeasesRetryInterval should small, so benchmark of findExpired will recheck expired lease.
-	le = newLessor(lg, be, LessorConfig{MinLeaseTTL: -1000, ExpiredLeasesRetryInterval: 10 * time.Microsecond}, nil)
+	le = newLessor(lg, be, LessorConfig{MinLeaseTTL: -1000, ExpiredLeasesRetryInterval: 10 * time.Microsecond})
 	le.SetRangeDeleter(func() TxnDelete {
 		ftd := &FakeTxnDelete{be.BatchTx()}
 		ftd.Lock()
diff --git a/server/lease/lessor_test.go b/server/lease/lessor_test.go
index 61b93092965..c6cb0518e84 100644
--- a/server/lease/lessor_test.go
+++ b/server/lease/lessor_test.go
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ func TestLessorGrant(t *testing.T) {
 	defer os.RemoveAll(dir)
 	defer be.Close()
 
-	le := newLessor(lg, be, LessorConfig{MinLeaseTTL: minLeaseTTL}, nil)
+	le := newLessor(lg, be, LessorConfig{MinLeaseTTL: minLeaseTTL})
 	defer le.Stop()
 	le.Promote(0)
 
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ func TestLeaseConcurrentKeys(t *testing.T) {
 	defer os.RemoveAll(dir)
 	defer be.Close()
 
-	le := newLessor(lg, be, LessorConfig{MinLeaseTTL: minLeaseTTL}, nil)
+	le := newLessor(lg, be, LessorConfig{MinLeaseTTL: minLeaseTTL})
 	defer le.Stop()
 	le.SetRangeDeleter(func() TxnDelete { return newFakeDeleter(be) })
 
@@ -156,7 +156,7 @@ func TestLessorRevoke(t *testing.T) {
 	defer os.RemoveAll(dir)
 	defer be.Close()
 
-	le := newLessor(lg, be, LessorConfig{MinLeaseTTL: minLeaseTTL}, nil)
+	le := newLessor(lg, be, LessorConfig{MinLeaseTTL: minLeaseTTL})
 	defer le.Stop()
 	var fd *fakeDeleter
 	le.SetRangeDeleter(func() TxnDelete {
@@ -209,7 +209,7 @@ func TestLessorRenew(t *testing.T) {
 	defer be.Close()
 	defer os.RemoveAll(dir)
 
-	le := newLessor(lg, be, LessorConfig{MinLeaseTTL: minLeaseTTL}, nil)
+	le := newLessor(lg, be, LessorConfig{MinLeaseTTL: minLeaseTTL})
 	defer le.Stop()
 	le.Promote(0)
 
@@ -242,7 +242,7 @@ func TestLessorRenewWithCheckpointer(t *testing.T) {
 	defer be.Close()
 	defer os.RemoveAll(dir)
 
-	le := newLessor(lg, be, LessorConfig{MinLeaseTTL: minLeaseTTL}, nil)
+	le := newLessor(lg, be, LessorConfig{MinLeaseTTL: minLeaseTTL})
 	fakerCheckerpointer := func(ctx context.Context, cp *pb.LeaseCheckpointRequest) {
 		for _, cp := range cp.GetCheckpoints() {
 			le.Checkpoint(LeaseID(cp.GetID()), cp.GetRemaining_TTL())
@@ -291,7 +291,7 @@ func TestLessorRenewExtendPileup(t *testing.T) {
 	dir, be := NewTestBackend(t)
 	defer os.RemoveAll(dir)
 
-	le := newLessor(lg, be, LessorConfig{MinLeaseTTL: minLeaseTTL}, nil)
+	le := newLessor(lg, be, LessorConfig{MinLeaseTTL: minLeaseTTL})
 	ttl := int64(10)
 	for i := 1; i <= leaseRevokeRate*10; i++ {
 		if _, err := le.Grant(LeaseID(2*i), ttl); err != nil {
@@ -310,7 +310,7 @@ func TestLessorRenewExtendPileup(t *testing.T) {
 	bcfg.Path = filepath.Join(dir, "be")
 	be = backend.New(bcfg)
 	defer be.Close()
-	le = newLessor(lg, be, LessorConfig{MinLeaseTTL: minLeaseTTL}, nil)
+	le = newLessor(lg, be, LessorConfig{MinLeaseTTL: minLeaseTTL})
 	defer le.Stop()
 
 	// extend after recovery should extend expiration on lease pile-up
@@ -340,7 +340,7 @@ func TestLessorDetach(t *testing.T) {
 	defer os.RemoveAll(dir)
 	defer be.Close()
 
-	le := newLessor(lg, be, LessorConfig{MinLeaseTTL: minLeaseTTL}, nil)
+	le := newLessor(lg, be, LessorConfig{MinLeaseTTL: minLeaseTTL})
 	defer le.Stop()
 	le.SetRangeDeleter(func() TxnDelete { return newFakeDeleter(be) })
 
@@ -381,7 +381,7 @@ func TestLessorRecover(t *testing.T) {
 	defer os.RemoveAll(dir)
 	defer be.Close()
 
-	le := newLessor(lg, be, LessorConfig{MinLeaseTTL: minLeaseTTL}, nil)
+	le := newLessor(lg, be, LessorConfig{MinLeaseTTL: minLeaseTTL})
 	defer le.Stop()
 	l1, err1 := le.Grant(1, 10)
 	l2, err2 := le.Grant(2, 20)
@@ -390,7 +390,7 @@ func TestLessorRecover(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 
 	// Create a new lessor with the same backend
-	nle := newLessor(lg, be, LessorConfig{MinLeaseTTL: minLeaseTTL}, nil)
+	nle := newLessor(lg, be, LessorConfig{MinLeaseTTL: minLeaseTTL})
 	defer nle.Stop()
 	nl1 := nle.Lookup(l1.ID)
 	if nl1 == nil || nl1.ttl != l1.ttl {
@@ -411,7 +411,7 @@ func TestLessorExpire(t *testing.T) {
 
 	testMinTTL := int64(1)
 
-	le := newLessor(lg, be, LessorConfig{MinLeaseTTL: testMinTTL}, nil)
+	le := newLessor(lg, be, LessorConfig{MinLeaseTTL: testMinTTL})
 	defer le.Stop()
 
 	le.Promote(1 * time.Second)
@@ -464,7 +464,7 @@ func TestLessorExpireAndDemote(t *testing.T) {
 
 	testMinTTL := int64(1)
 
-	le := newLessor(lg, be, LessorConfig{MinLeaseTTL: testMinTTL}, nil)
+	le := newLessor(lg, be, LessorConfig{MinLeaseTTL: testMinTTL})
 	defer le.Stop()
 
 	le.Promote(1 * time.Second)
@@ -513,7 +513,7 @@ func TestLessorMaxTTL(t *testing.T) {
 	defer os.RemoveAll(dir)
 	defer be.Close()
 
-	le := newLessor(lg, be, LessorConfig{MinLeaseTTL: minLeaseTTL}, nil)
+	le := newLessor(lg, be, LessorConfig{MinLeaseTTL: minLeaseTTL})
 	defer le.Stop()
 
 	_, err := le.Grant(1, MaxLeaseTTL+1)
@@ -529,7 +529,7 @@ func TestLessorCheckpointScheduling(t *testing.T) {
 	defer os.RemoveAll(dir)
 	defer be.Close()
 
-	le := newLessor(lg, be, LessorConfig{MinLeaseTTL: minLeaseTTL, CheckpointInterval: 1 * time.Second}, nil)
+	le := newLessor(lg, be, LessorConfig{MinLeaseTTL: minLeaseTTL, CheckpointInterval: 1 * time.Second})
 	le.minLeaseTTL = 1
 	checkpointedC := make(chan struct{})
 	le.SetCheckpointer(func(ctx context.Context, lc *pb.LeaseCheckpointRequest) {
@@ -564,7 +564,7 @@ func TestLessorCheckpointsRestoredOnPromote(t *testing.T) {
 	defer os.RemoveAll(dir)
 	defer be.Close()
 
-	le := newLessor(lg, be, LessorConfig{MinLeaseTTL: minLeaseTTL}, nil)
+	le := newLessor(lg, be, LessorConfig{MinLeaseTTL: minLeaseTTL})
 	defer le.Stop()
 	l, err := le.Grant(1, 10)
 	if err != nil {
diff --git a/server/mvcc/backend/backend.go b/server/mvcc/backend/backend.go
index bafe7ea3196..ecf941f1fe7 100644
--- a/server/mvcc/backend/backend.go
+++ b/server/mvcc/backend/backend.go
@@ -106,6 +106,8 @@ type backend struct {
 	stopc chan struct{}
 	donec chan struct{}
 
+	hooks Hooks
+
 	lg *zap.Logger
 }
 
@@ -126,6 +128,9 @@ type BackendConfig struct {
 	UnsafeNoFsync bool `json:"unsafe-no-fsync"`
 	// Mlock prevents backend database file to be swapped
 	Mlock bool
+
+	// Hooks are getting executed during lifecycle of Backend's transactions.
+	Hooks Hooks
 }
 
 func DefaultBackendConfig() BackendConfig {
@@ -192,6 +197,9 @@ func newBackend(bcfg BackendConfig) *backend {
 		lg: bcfg.Logger,
 	}
 	b.batchTx = newBatchTxBuffered(b)
+	// We set it after newBatchTxBuffered to skip the 'empty' commit.
+	b.hooks = bcfg.Hooks
+
 	go b.run()
 	return b
 }
diff --git a/server/mvcc/backend/batch_tx.go b/server/mvcc/backend/batch_tx.go
index d4bc8c68428..74107b445e5 100644
--- a/server/mvcc/backend/batch_tx.go
+++ b/server/mvcc/backend/batch_tx.go
@@ -109,6 +109,7 @@ func (t *batchTx) unsafePut(bucketName []byte, key []byte, value []byte, seq boo
 		t.backend.lg.Fatal(
 			"failed to find a bucket",
 			zap.String("bucket-name", string(bucketName)),
+			zap.Stack("stack"),
 		)
 	}
 	if seq {
@@ -133,6 +134,7 @@ func (t *batchTx) UnsafeRange(bucketName, key, endKey []byte, limit int64) ([][]
 		t.backend.lg.Fatal(
 			"failed to find a bucket",
 			zap.String("bucket-name", string(bucketName)),
+			zap.Stack("stack"),
 		)
 	}
 	return unsafeRange(bucket.Cursor(), key, endKey, limit)
@@ -167,6 +169,7 @@ func (t *batchTx) UnsafeDelete(bucketName []byte, key []byte) {
 		t.backend.lg.Fatal(
 			"failed to find a bucket",
 			zap.String("bucket-name", string(bucketName)),
+			zap.Stack("stack"),
 		)
 	}
 	err := bucket.Delete(key)
@@ -283,6 +286,10 @@ func (t *batchTxBuffered) CommitAndStop() {
 }
 
 func (t *batchTxBuffered) commit(stop bool) {
+	if t.backend.hooks != nil {
+		t.backend.hooks.OnPreCommitUnsafe(t)
+	}
+
 	// all read txs must be closed to acquire boltdb commit rwlock
 	t.backend.readTx.Lock()
 	t.unsafeCommit(stop)
diff --git a/server/mvcc/backend/hooks.go b/server/mvcc/backend/hooks.go
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..9750828ef7b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/server/mvcc/backend/hooks.go
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+// Copyright 2021 The etcd Authors
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package backend
+
+type HookFunc func(tx BatchTx)
+
+// Hooks allow to add additional logic executed during transaction lifetime.
+type Hooks interface {
+	// OnPreCommitUnsafe is executed before Commit of transactions.
+	// The given transaction is already locked.
+	OnPreCommitUnsafe(tx BatchTx)
+}
+
+type hooks struct {
+	onPreCommitUnsafe HookFunc
+}
+
+func (h hooks) OnPreCommitUnsafe(tx BatchTx) {
+	h.onPreCommitUnsafe(tx)
+}
+
+func NewHooks(onPreCommitUnsafe HookFunc) Hooks {
+	return hooks{onPreCommitUnsafe: onPreCommitUnsafe}
+}
diff --git a/server/mvcc/backend/hooks_test.go b/server/mvcc/backend/hooks_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..dbf68f910be
--- /dev/null
+++ b/server/mvcc/backend/hooks_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,138 @@
+// Copyright 2021 The etcd Authors
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package backend_test
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"go.etcd.io/etcd/server/v3/mvcc/backend"
+	betesting "go.etcd.io/etcd/server/v3/mvcc/backend/testing"
+)
+
+var (
+	bucket = []byte("bucket")
+	key    = []byte("key")
+)
+
+func TestBackendPreCommitHook(t *testing.T) {
+	be := newTestHooksBackend(t, backend.DefaultBackendConfig())
+
+	tx := be.BatchTx()
+	prepareBuckenAndKey(tx)
+	tx.Commit()
+
+	// Empty commit.
+	tx.Commit()
+
+	write(tx, []byte("foo"), []byte("bar"))
+
+	assert.Equal(t, ">cc", getCommitsKey(t, be), "expected 2 explict commits")
+	tx.Commit()
+	assert.Equal(t, ">ccc", getCommitsKey(t, be), "expected 3 explict commits")
+}
+
+func TestBackendAutoCommitLimitHook(t *testing.T) {
+	cfg := backend.DefaultBackendConfig()
+	cfg.BatchLimit = 3
+	be := newTestHooksBackend(t, cfg)
+
+	tx := be.BatchTx()
+	prepareBuckenAndKey(tx) // writes 2 entries.
+
+	for i := 3; i <= 9; i++ {
+		write(tx, []byte("i"), []byte{byte(i)})
+	}
+
+	assert.Equal(t, ">ccc", getCommitsKey(t, be))
+}
+
+func write(tx backend.BatchTx, k, v []byte) {
+	tx.Lock()
+	defer tx.Unlock()
+	tx.UnsafePut(bucket, k, v)
+}
+
+func TestBackendAutoCommitBatchIntervalHook(t *testing.T) {
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), time.Minute)
+	defer cancel()
+
+	cfg := backend.DefaultBackendConfig()
+	cfg.BatchInterval = 10 * time.Millisecond
+	be := newTestHooksBackend(t, cfg)
+	tx := be.BatchTx()
+	prepareBuckenAndKey(tx)
+
+	// Edits trigger an auto-commit
+	waitUntil(ctx, t, func() bool { return getCommitsKey(t, be) == ">c" })
+
+	time.Sleep(time.Second)
+	// No additional auto-commits, as there were no more edits
+	assert.Equal(t, ">c", getCommitsKey(t, be))
+
+	write(tx, []byte("foo"), []byte("bar1"))
+
+	waitUntil(ctx, t, func() bool { return getCommitsKey(t, be) == ">cc" })
+
+	write(tx, []byte("foo"), []byte("bar1"))
+
+	waitUntil(ctx, t, func() bool { return getCommitsKey(t, be) == ">ccc" })
+}
+
+func waitUntil(ctx context.Context, t testing.TB, f func() bool) {
+	for !f() {
+		select {
+		case <-ctx.Done():
+			t.Fatalf("Context cancelled/timedout without condition met: %v", ctx.Err())
+		default:
+		}
+		time.Sleep(10 * time.Millisecond)
+	}
+}
+
+func prepareBuckenAndKey(tx backend.BatchTx) {
+	tx.Lock()
+	defer tx.Unlock()
+	tx.UnsafeCreateBucket(bucket)
+	tx.UnsafePut(bucket, key, []byte(">"))
+}
+
+func newTestHooksBackend(t testing.TB, baseConfig backend.BackendConfig) backend.Backend {
+	cfg := baseConfig
+	cfg.Hooks = backend.NewHooks(func(tx backend.BatchTx) {
+		k, v := tx.UnsafeRange(bucket, key, nil, 1)
+		t.Logf("OnPreCommit executed: %v %v", string(k[0]), string(v[0]))
+		assert.Len(t, k, 1)
+		assert.Len(t, v, 1)
+		tx.UnsafePut(bucket, key, append(v[0], byte('c')))
+	})
+
+	be, _ := betesting.NewTmpBackendFromCfg(t, cfg)
+	t.Cleanup(func() {
+		betesting.Close(t, be)
+	})
+	return be
+}
+
+func getCommitsKey(t testing.TB, be backend.Backend) string {
+	rtx := be.BatchTx()
+	rtx.Lock()
+	defer rtx.Unlock()
+	_, v := rtx.UnsafeRange(bucket, key, nil, 1)
+	assert.Len(t, v, 1)
+	return string(v[0])
+}
diff --git a/server/mvcc/kv.go b/server/mvcc/kv.go
index 35f108bfc29..79c2e687005 100644
--- a/server/mvcc/kv.go
+++ b/server/mvcc/kv.go
@@ -148,14 +148,3 @@ type Watchable interface {
 	// watch events happened or happening on the KV.
 	NewWatchStream() WatchStream
 }
-
-// ConsistentWatchableKV is a WatchableKV that understands the consistency
-// algorithm and consistent index.
-// If the consistent index of executing entry is not larger than the
-// consistent index of ConsistentWatchableKV, all operations in
-// this entry are skipped and return empty response.
-type ConsistentWatchableKV interface {
-	WatchableKV
-	// ConsistentIndex returns the current consistent index of the KV.
-	ConsistentIndex() uint64
-}
diff --git a/server/mvcc/kv_test.go b/server/mvcc/kv_test.go
index 51f688db7d5..d7df00ebf68 100644
--- a/server/mvcc/kv_test.go
+++ b/server/mvcc/kv_test.go
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ func TestKVTxnRange(t *testing.T) { testKVRange(t, txnRangeFunc) }
 
 func testKVRange(t *testing.T, f rangeFunc) {
 	b, tmpPath := betesting.NewDefaultTmpBackend(t)
-	s := NewStore(zap.NewExample(), b, &lease.FakeLessor{}, nil, StoreConfig{})
+	s := NewStore(zap.NewExample(), b, &lease.FakeLessor{}, StoreConfig{})
 	defer cleanup(s, b, tmpPath)
 
 	kvs := put3TestKVs(s)
@@ -145,7 +145,7 @@ func TestKVTxnRangeRev(t *testing.T) { testKVRangeRev(t, txnRangeFunc) }
 
 func testKVRangeRev(t *testing.T, f rangeFunc) {
 	b, tmpPath := betesting.NewDefaultTmpBackend(t)
-	s := NewStore(zap.NewExample(), b, &lease.FakeLessor{}, nil, StoreConfig{})
+	s := NewStore(zap.NewExample(), b, &lease.FakeLessor{}, StoreConfig{})
 	defer cleanup(s, b, tmpPath)
 
 	kvs := put3TestKVs(s)
@@ -181,7 +181,7 @@ func TestKVTxnRangeBadRev(t *testing.T) { testKVRangeBadRev(t, txnRangeFunc) }
 
 func testKVRangeBadRev(t *testing.T, f rangeFunc) {
 	b, tmpPath := betesting.NewDefaultTmpBackend(t)
-	s := NewStore(zap.NewExample(), b, &lease.FakeLessor{}, nil, StoreConfig{})
+	s := NewStore(zap.NewExample(), b, &lease.FakeLessor{}, StoreConfig{})
 	defer cleanup(s, b, tmpPath)
 
 	put3TestKVs(s)
@@ -214,7 +214,7 @@ func TestKVTxnRangeLimit(t *testing.T) { testKVRangeLimit(t, txnRangeFunc) }
 
 func testKVRangeLimit(t *testing.T, f rangeFunc) {
 	b, tmpPath := betesting.NewDefaultTmpBackend(t)
-	s := NewStore(zap.NewExample(), b, &lease.FakeLessor{}, nil, StoreConfig{})
+	s := NewStore(zap.NewExample(), b, &lease.FakeLessor{}, StoreConfig{})
 	defer cleanup(s, b, tmpPath)
 
 	kvs := put3TestKVs(s)
@@ -259,7 +259,7 @@ func TestKVTxnPutMultipleTimes(t *testing.T) { testKVPutMultipleTimes(t, txnPutF
 
 func testKVPutMultipleTimes(t *testing.T, f putFunc) {
 	b, tmpPath := betesting.NewDefaultTmpBackend(t)
-	s := NewStore(zap.NewExample(), b, &lease.FakeLessor{}, nil, StoreConfig{})
+	s := NewStore(zap.NewExample(), b, &lease.FakeLessor{}, StoreConfig{})
 	defer cleanup(s, b, tmpPath)
 
 	for i := 0; i < 10; i++ {
@@ -321,7 +321,7 @@ func testKVDeleteRange(t *testing.T, f deleteRangeFunc) {
 
 	for i, tt := range tests {
 		b, tmpPath := betesting.NewDefaultTmpBackend(t)
-		s := NewStore(zap.NewExample(), b, &lease.FakeLessor{}, nil, StoreConfig{})
+		s := NewStore(zap.NewExample(), b, &lease.FakeLessor{}, StoreConfig{})
 
 		s.Put([]byte("foo"), []byte("bar"), lease.NoLease)
 		s.Put([]byte("foo1"), []byte("bar1"), lease.NoLease)
@@ -341,7 +341,7 @@ func TestKVTxnDeleteMultipleTimes(t *testing.T) { testKVDeleteMultipleTimes(t, t
 
 func testKVDeleteMultipleTimes(t *testing.T, f deleteRangeFunc) {
 	b, tmpPath := betesting.NewDefaultTmpBackend(t)
-	s := NewStore(zap.NewExample(), b, &lease.FakeLessor{}, nil, StoreConfig{})
+	s := NewStore(zap.NewExample(), b, &lease.FakeLessor{}, StoreConfig{})
 	defer cleanup(s, b, tmpPath)
 
 	s.Put([]byte("foo"), []byte("bar"), lease.NoLease)
@@ -362,7 +362,7 @@ func testKVDeleteMultipleTimes(t *testing.T, f deleteRangeFunc) {
 // test that range, put, delete on single key in sequence repeatedly works correctly.
 func TestKVOperationInSequence(t *testing.T) {
 	b, tmpPath := betesting.NewDefaultTmpBackend(t)
-	s := NewStore(zap.NewExample(), b, &lease.FakeLessor{}, nil, StoreConfig{})
+	s := NewStore(zap.NewExample(), b, &lease.FakeLessor{}, StoreConfig{})
 	defer cleanup(s, b, tmpPath)
 
 	for i := 0; i < 10; i++ {
@@ -409,7 +409,7 @@ func TestKVOperationInSequence(t *testing.T) {
 
 func TestKVTxnBlockWriteOperations(t *testing.T) {
 	b, tmpPath := betesting.NewDefaultTmpBackend(t)
-	s := NewStore(zap.NewExample(), b, &lease.FakeLessor{}, nil, StoreConfig{})
+	s := NewStore(zap.NewExample(), b, &lease.FakeLessor{}, StoreConfig{})
 
 	tests := []func(){
 		func() { s.Put([]byte("foo"), nil, lease.NoLease) },
@@ -443,7 +443,7 @@ func TestKVTxnBlockWriteOperations(t *testing.T) {
 
 func TestKVTxnNonBlockRange(t *testing.T) {
 	b, tmpPath := betesting.NewDefaultTmpBackend(t)
-	s := NewStore(zap.NewExample(), b, &lease.FakeLessor{}, nil, StoreConfig{})
+	s := NewStore(zap.NewExample(), b, &lease.FakeLessor{}, StoreConfig{})
 	defer cleanup(s, b, tmpPath)
 
 	txn := s.Write(traceutil.TODO())
@@ -464,7 +464,7 @@ func TestKVTxnNonBlockRange(t *testing.T) {
 // test that txn range, put, delete on single key in sequence repeatedly works correctly.
 func TestKVTxnOperationInSequence(t *testing.T) {
 	b, tmpPath := betesting.NewDefaultTmpBackend(t)
-	s := NewStore(zap.NewExample(), b, &lease.FakeLessor{}, nil, StoreConfig{})
+	s := NewStore(zap.NewExample(), b, &lease.FakeLessor{}, StoreConfig{})
 	defer cleanup(s, b, tmpPath)
 
 	for i := 0; i < 10; i++ {
@@ -514,7 +514,7 @@ func TestKVTxnOperationInSequence(t *testing.T) {
 
 func TestKVCompactReserveLastValue(t *testing.T) {
 	b, tmpPath := betesting.NewDefaultTmpBackend(t)
-	s := NewStore(zap.NewExample(), b, &lease.FakeLessor{}, nil, StoreConfig{})
+	s := NewStore(zap.NewExample(), b, &lease.FakeLessor{}, StoreConfig{})
 	defer cleanup(s, b, tmpPath)
 
 	s.Put([]byte("foo"), []byte("bar0"), 1)
@@ -568,7 +568,7 @@ func TestKVCompactReserveLastValue(t *testing.T) {
 
 func TestKVCompactBad(t *testing.T) {
 	b, tmpPath := betesting.NewDefaultTmpBackend(t)
-	s := NewStore(zap.NewExample(), b, &lease.FakeLessor{}, nil, StoreConfig{})
+	s := NewStore(zap.NewExample(), b, &lease.FakeLessor{}, StoreConfig{})
 	defer cleanup(s, b, tmpPath)
 
 	s.Put([]byte("foo"), []byte("bar0"), lease.NoLease)
@@ -601,7 +601,7 @@ func TestKVHash(t *testing.T) {
 	for i := 0; i < len(hashes); i++ {
 		var err error
 		b, tmpPath := betesting.NewDefaultTmpBackend(t)
-		kv := NewStore(zap.NewExample(), b, &lease.FakeLessor{}, nil, StoreConfig{})
+		kv := NewStore(zap.NewExample(), b, &lease.FakeLessor{}, StoreConfig{})
 		kv.Put([]byte("foo0"), []byte("bar0"), lease.NoLease)
 		kv.Put([]byte("foo1"), []byte("bar0"), lease.NoLease)
 		hashes[i], _, err = kv.Hash()
@@ -639,7 +639,7 @@ func TestKVRestore(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 	for i, tt := range tests {
 		b, tmpPath := betesting.NewDefaultTmpBackend(t)
-		s := NewStore(zap.NewExample(), b, &lease.FakeLessor{}, nil, StoreConfig{})
+		s := NewStore(zap.NewExample(), b, &lease.FakeLessor{}, StoreConfig{})
 		tt(s)
 		var kvss [][]mvccpb.KeyValue
 		for k := int64(0); k < 10; k++ {
@@ -651,7 +651,7 @@ func TestKVRestore(t *testing.T) {
 		s.Close()
 
 		// ns should recover the the previous state from backend.
-		ns := NewStore(zap.NewExample(), b, &lease.FakeLessor{}, nil, StoreConfig{})
+		ns := NewStore(zap.NewExample(), b, &lease.FakeLessor{}, StoreConfig{})
 
 		if keysRestore := readGaugeInt(keysGauge); keysBefore != keysRestore {
 			t.Errorf("#%d: got %d key count, expected %d", i, keysRestore, keysBefore)
@@ -683,7 +683,7 @@ func readGaugeInt(g prometheus.Gauge) int {
 
 func TestKVSnapshot(t *testing.T) {
 	b, tmpPath := betesting.NewDefaultTmpBackend(t)
-	s := NewStore(zap.NewExample(), b, &lease.FakeLessor{}, nil, StoreConfig{})
+	s := NewStore(zap.NewExample(), b, &lease.FakeLessor{}, StoreConfig{})
 	defer cleanup(s, b, tmpPath)
 
 	wkvs := put3TestKVs(s)
@@ -703,7 +703,7 @@ func TestKVSnapshot(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 	f.Close()
 
-	ns := NewStore(zap.NewExample(), b, &lease.FakeLessor{}, nil, StoreConfig{})
+	ns := NewStore(zap.NewExample(), b, &lease.FakeLessor{}, StoreConfig{})
 	defer ns.Close()
 	r, err := ns.Range(context.TODO(), []byte("a"), []byte("z"), RangeOptions{})
 	if err != nil {
@@ -719,7 +719,7 @@ func TestKVSnapshot(t *testing.T) {
 
 func TestWatchableKVWatch(t *testing.T) {
 	b, tmpPath := betesting.NewDefaultTmpBackend(t)
-	s := WatchableKV(newWatchableStore(zap.NewExample(), b, &lease.FakeLessor{}, nil, StoreConfig{}))
+	s := WatchableKV(newWatchableStore(zap.NewExample(), b, &lease.FakeLessor{}, StoreConfig{}))
 	defer cleanup(s, b, tmpPath)
 
 	w := s.NewWatchStream()
diff --git a/server/mvcc/kvstore.go b/server/mvcc/kvstore.go
index ac79b07b1c5..df39301136a 100644
--- a/server/mvcc/kvstore.go
+++ b/server/mvcc/kvstore.go
@@ -69,8 +69,6 @@ type store struct {
 	// mu read locks for txns and write locks for non-txn store changes.
 	mu sync.RWMutex
 
-	ci cindex.ConsistentIndexer
-
 	b       backend.Backend
 	kvindex index
 
@@ -94,7 +92,7 @@ type store struct {
 
 // NewStore returns a new store. It is useful to create a store inside
 // mvcc pkg. It should only be used for testing externally.
-func NewStore(lg *zap.Logger, b backend.Backend, le lease.Lessor, ci cindex.ConsistentIndexer, cfg StoreConfig) *store {
+func NewStore(lg *zap.Logger, b backend.Backend, le lease.Lessor, cfg StoreConfig) *store {
 	if lg == nil {
 		lg = zap.NewNop()
 	}
@@ -104,7 +102,6 @@ func NewStore(lg *zap.Logger, b backend.Backend, le lease.Lessor, ci cindex.Cons
 	s := &store{
 		cfg:     cfg,
 		b:       b,
-		ci:      ci,
 		kvindex: newTreeIndex(lg),
 
 		le: le,
@@ -314,11 +311,6 @@ func init() {
 func (s *store) Commit() {
 	s.mu.Lock()
 	defer s.mu.Unlock()
-
-	tx := s.b.BatchTx()
-	tx.Lock()
-	s.saveIndex(tx)
-	tx.Unlock()
 	s.b.ForceCommit()
 }
 
@@ -342,8 +334,6 @@ func (s *store) Restore(b backend.Backend) error {
 
 	s.fifoSched = schedule.NewFIFOScheduler()
 	s.stopc = make(chan struct{})
-	s.ci.SetBatchTx(b.BatchTx())
-	s.ci.SetConsistentIndex(0)
 
 	return s.restore()
 }
@@ -436,9 +426,7 @@ func (s *store) restore() error {
 
 	tx.Unlock()
 
-	s.lg.Info("kvstore restored",
-		zap.Uint64("consistent-index", s.ConsistentIndex()),
-		zap.Int64("current-rev", s.currentRev))
+	s.lg.Info("kvstore restored", zap.Int64("current-rev", s.currentRev))
 
 	if scheduledCompact != 0 {
 		if _, err := s.compactLockfree(scheduledCompact); err != nil {
@@ -533,19 +521,6 @@ func (s *store) Close() error {
 	return nil
 }
 
-func (s *store) saveIndex(tx backend.BatchTx) {
-	if s.ci != nil {
-		s.ci.UnsafeSave(tx)
-	}
-}
-
-func (s *store) ConsistentIndex() uint64 {
-	if s.ci != nil {
-		return s.ci.ConsistentIndex()
-	}
-	return 0
-}
-
 func (s *store) setupMetricsReporter() {
 	b := s.b
 	reportDbTotalSizeInBytesMu.Lock()
diff --git a/server/mvcc/kvstore_bench_test.go b/server/mvcc/kvstore_bench_test.go
index 910bacf3050..9ea70dad414 100644
--- a/server/mvcc/kvstore_bench_test.go
+++ b/server/mvcc/kvstore_bench_test.go
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ import (
 	"context"
 	"testing"
 
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
 	"go.etcd.io/etcd/pkg/v3/traceutil"
 	"go.etcd.io/etcd/server/v3/etcdserver/cindex"
 	"go.etcd.io/etcd/server/v3/lease"
@@ -28,7 +29,7 @@ import (
 
 func BenchmarkStorePut(b *testing.B) {
 	be, tmpPath := betesting.NewDefaultTmpBackend(b)
-	s := NewStore(zap.NewExample(), be, &lease.FakeLessor{}, cindex.NewConsistentIndex(be.BatchTx()), StoreConfig{})
+	s := NewStore(zap.NewExample(), be, &lease.FakeLessor{}, StoreConfig{})
 	defer cleanup(s, be, tmpPath)
 
 	// arbitrary number of bytes
@@ -47,7 +48,7 @@ func BenchmarkStoreRangeKey100(b *testing.B) { benchmarkStoreRange(b, 100) }
 
 func benchmarkStoreRange(b *testing.B, n int) {
 	be, tmpPath := betesting.NewDefaultTmpBackend(b)
-	s := NewStore(zap.NewExample(), be, &lease.FakeLessor{}, cindex.NewConsistentIndex(be.BatchTx()), StoreConfig{})
+	s := NewStore(zap.NewExample(), be, &lease.FakeLessor{}, StoreConfig{})
 	defer cleanup(s, be, tmpPath)
 
 	// 64 byte key/val
@@ -73,26 +74,30 @@ func benchmarkStoreRange(b *testing.B, n int) {
 }
 
 func BenchmarkConsistentIndex(b *testing.B) {
-	be, tmpPath := betesting.NewDefaultTmpBackend(b)
-	s := NewStore(zap.NewExample(), be, &lease.FakeLessor{}, cindex.NewConsistentIndex(be.BatchTx()), StoreConfig{})
-	defer cleanup(s, be, tmpPath)
+	be, _ := betesting.NewDefaultTmpBackend(b)
+	ci := cindex.NewConsistentIndex(be)
+	defer betesting.Close(b, be)
+
+	// This will force the index to be reread from scratch on each call.
+	ci.SetConsistentIndex(0)
 
-	tx := s.b.BatchTx()
+	tx := be.BatchTx()
 	tx.Lock()
-	s.saveIndex(tx)
+	cindex.UnsafeCreateMetaBucket(tx)
+	ci.UnsafeSave(tx)
 	tx.Unlock()
 
 	b.ReportAllocs()
 	b.ResetTimer()
 	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
-		s.ConsistentIndex()
+		ci.ConsistentIndex()
 	}
 }
 
 // BenchmarkStoreTxnPutUpdate is same as above, but instead updates single key
 func BenchmarkStorePutUpdate(b *testing.B) {
 	be, tmpPath := betesting.NewDefaultTmpBackend(b)
-	s := NewStore(zap.NewExample(), be, &lease.FakeLessor{}, cindex.NewConsistentIndex(be.BatchTx()), StoreConfig{})
+	s := NewStore(zap.NewExample(), be, &lease.FakeLessor{}, StoreConfig{})
 	defer cleanup(s, be, tmpPath)
 
 	// arbitrary number of bytes
@@ -110,7 +115,7 @@ func BenchmarkStorePutUpdate(b *testing.B) {
 // some synchronization operations, such as mutex locking.
 func BenchmarkStoreTxnPut(b *testing.B) {
 	be, tmpPath := betesting.NewDefaultTmpBackend(b)
-	s := NewStore(zap.NewExample(), be, &lease.FakeLessor{}, cindex.NewConsistentIndex(be.BatchTx()), StoreConfig{})
+	s := NewStore(zap.NewExample(), be, &lease.FakeLessor{}, StoreConfig{})
 	defer cleanup(s, be, tmpPath)
 
 	// arbitrary number of bytes
@@ -130,7 +135,7 @@ func BenchmarkStoreTxnPut(b *testing.B) {
 // benchmarkStoreRestore benchmarks the restore operation
 func benchmarkStoreRestore(revsPerKey int, b *testing.B) {
 	be, tmpPath := betesting.NewDefaultTmpBackend(b)
-	s := NewStore(zap.NewExample(), be, &lease.FakeLessor{}, cindex.NewConsistentIndex(be.BatchTx()), StoreConfig{})
+	s := NewStore(zap.NewExample(), be, &lease.FakeLessor{}, StoreConfig{})
 	// use closure to capture 's' to pick up the reassignment
 	defer func() { cleanup(s, be, tmpPath) }()
 
@@ -146,11 +151,11 @@ func benchmarkStoreRestore(revsPerKey int, b *testing.B) {
 			txn.End()
 		}
 	}
-	s.Close()
+	assert.NoError(b, s.Close())
 
 	b.ReportAllocs()
 	b.ResetTimer()
-	s = NewStore(zap.NewExample(), be, &lease.FakeLessor{}, cindex.NewConsistentIndex(be.BatchTx()), StoreConfig{})
+	s = NewStore(zap.NewExample(), be, &lease.FakeLessor{}, StoreConfig{})
 }
 
 func BenchmarkStoreRestoreRevs1(b *testing.B) {
diff --git a/server/mvcc/kvstore_compaction_test.go b/server/mvcc/kvstore_compaction_test.go
index 559fc07c5a2..0c65c6ec19d 100644
--- a/server/mvcc/kvstore_compaction_test.go
+++ b/server/mvcc/kvstore_compaction_test.go
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ func TestScheduleCompaction(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 	for i, tt := range tests {
 		b, tmpPath := betesting.NewDefaultTmpBackend(t)
-		s := NewStore(zap.NewExample(), b, &lease.FakeLessor{}, nil, StoreConfig{})
+		s := NewStore(zap.NewExample(), b, &lease.FakeLessor{}, StoreConfig{})
 		tx := s.b.BatchTx()
 
 		tx.Lock()
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ func TestScheduleCompaction(t *testing.T) {
 
 func TestCompactAllAndRestore(t *testing.T) {
 	b, tmpPath := betesting.NewDefaultTmpBackend(t)
-	s0 := NewStore(zap.NewExample(), b, &lease.FakeLessor{}, nil, StoreConfig{})
+	s0 := NewStore(zap.NewExample(), b, &lease.FakeLessor{}, StoreConfig{})
 	defer os.Remove(tmpPath)
 
 	s0.Put([]byte("foo"), []byte("bar"), lease.NoLease)
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ func TestCompactAllAndRestore(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
 
-	s1 := NewStore(zap.NewExample(), b, &lease.FakeLessor{}, nil, StoreConfig{})
+	s1 := NewStore(zap.NewExample(), b, &lease.FakeLessor{}, StoreConfig{})
 	if s1.Rev() != rev {
 		t.Errorf("rev = %v, want %v", s1.Rev(), rev)
 	}
diff --git a/server/mvcc/kvstore_test.go b/server/mvcc/kvstore_test.go
index aeea2cd438a..f44a76755c7 100644
--- a/server/mvcc/kvstore_test.go
+++ b/server/mvcc/kvstore_test.go
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ import (
 
 func TestStoreRev(t *testing.T) {
 	b, _ := betesting.NewDefaultTmpBackend(t)
-	s := NewStore(zap.NewExample(), b, &lease.FakeLessor{}, nil, StoreConfig{})
+	s := NewStore(zap.NewExample(), b, &lease.FakeLessor{}, StoreConfig{})
 	defer s.Close()
 
 	for i := 1; i <= 3; i++ {
@@ -426,7 +426,7 @@ func TestRestoreDelete(t *testing.T) {
 	defer func() { restoreChunkKeys = oldChunk }()
 
 	b, _ := betesting.NewDefaultTmpBackend(t)
-	s := NewStore(zap.NewExample(), b, &lease.FakeLessor{}, nil, StoreConfig{})
+	s := NewStore(zap.NewExample(), b, &lease.FakeLessor{}, StoreConfig{})
 
 	keys := make(map[string]struct{})
 	for i := 0; i < 20; i++ {
@@ -451,7 +451,7 @@ func TestRestoreDelete(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 	s.Close()
 
-	s = NewStore(zap.NewExample(), b, &lease.FakeLessor{}, nil, StoreConfig{})
+	s = NewStore(zap.NewExample(), b, &lease.FakeLessor{}, StoreConfig{})
 	defer s.Close()
 	for i := 0; i < 20; i++ {
 		ks := fmt.Sprintf("foo-%d", i)
@@ -473,7 +473,7 @@ func TestRestoreContinueUnfinishedCompaction(t *testing.T) {
 	tests := []string{"recreate", "restore"}
 	for _, test := range tests {
 		b, _ := betesting.NewDefaultTmpBackend(t)
-		s0 := NewStore(zap.NewExample(), b, &lease.FakeLessor{}, nil, StoreConfig{})
+		s0 := NewStore(zap.NewExample(), b, &lease.FakeLessor{}, StoreConfig{})
 
 		s0.Put([]byte("foo"), []byte("bar"), lease.NoLease)
 		s0.Put([]byte("foo"), []byte("bar1"), lease.NoLease)
@@ -492,7 +492,7 @@ func TestRestoreContinueUnfinishedCompaction(t *testing.T) {
 		var s *store
 		switch test {
 		case "recreate":
-			s = NewStore(zap.NewExample(), b, &lease.FakeLessor{}, nil, StoreConfig{})
+			s = NewStore(zap.NewExample(), b, &lease.FakeLessor{}, StoreConfig{})
 		case "restore":
 			s0.Restore(b)
 			s = s0
@@ -534,7 +534,7 @@ type hashKVResult struct {
 // TestHashKVWhenCompacting ensures that HashKV returns correct hash when compacting.
 func TestHashKVWhenCompacting(t *testing.T) {
 	b, tmpPath := betesting.NewDefaultTmpBackend(t)
-	s := NewStore(zap.NewExample(), b, &lease.FakeLessor{}, nil, StoreConfig{})
+	s := NewStore(zap.NewExample(), b, &lease.FakeLessor{}, StoreConfig{})
 	defer os.Remove(tmpPath)
 
 	rev := 10000
@@ -602,7 +602,7 @@ func TestHashKVWhenCompacting(t *testing.T) {
 // correct hash value with latest revision.
 func TestHashKVZeroRevision(t *testing.T) {
 	b, tmpPath := betesting.NewDefaultTmpBackend(t)
-	s := NewStore(zap.NewExample(), b, &lease.FakeLessor{}, nil, StoreConfig{})
+	s := NewStore(zap.NewExample(), b, &lease.FakeLessor{}, StoreConfig{})
 	defer os.Remove(tmpPath)
 
 	rev := 10000
@@ -635,7 +635,7 @@ func TestTxnPut(t *testing.T) {
 	vals := createBytesSlice(bytesN, sliceN)
 
 	b, tmpPath := betesting.NewDefaultTmpBackend(t)
-	s := NewStore(zap.NewExample(), b, &lease.FakeLessor{}, nil, StoreConfig{})
+	s := NewStore(zap.NewExample(), b, &lease.FakeLessor{}, StoreConfig{})
 	defer cleanup(s, b, tmpPath)
 
 	for i := 0; i < sliceN; i++ {
@@ -651,7 +651,7 @@ func TestTxnPut(t *testing.T) {
 // TestConcurrentReadNotBlockingWrite ensures Read does not blocking Write after its creation
 func TestConcurrentReadNotBlockingWrite(t *testing.T) {
 	b, tmpPath := betesting.NewDefaultTmpBackend(t)
-	s := NewStore(zap.NewExample(), b, &lease.FakeLessor{}, nil, StoreConfig{})
+	s := NewStore(zap.NewExample(), b, &lease.FakeLessor{}, StoreConfig{})
 	defer os.Remove(tmpPath)
 
 	// write something to read later
@@ -720,7 +720,7 @@ func TestConcurrentReadTxAndWrite(t *testing.T) {
 		mu                   sync.Mutex // mu protects committedKVs
 	)
 	b, tmpPath := betesting.NewDefaultTmpBackend(t)
-	s := NewStore(zap.NewExample(), b, &lease.FakeLessor{}, nil, StoreConfig{})
+	s := NewStore(zap.NewExample(), b, &lease.FakeLessor{}, StoreConfig{})
 	defer os.Remove(tmpPath)
 
 	var wg sync.WaitGroup
diff --git a/server/mvcc/kvstore_txn.go b/server/mvcc/kvstore_txn.go
index 3928c59484a..42cfb2e2bee 100644
--- a/server/mvcc/kvstore_txn.go
+++ b/server/mvcc/kvstore_txn.go
@@ -112,7 +112,6 @@ func (tw *storeTxnWrite) Put(key, value []byte, lease lease.LeaseID) int64 {
 func (tw *storeTxnWrite) End() {
 	// only update index if the txn modifies the mvcc state.
 	if len(tw.changes) != 0 {
-		tw.s.saveIndex(tw.tx)
 		// hold revMu lock to prevent new read txns from opening until writeback.
 		tw.s.revMu.Lock()
 		tw.s.currentRev++
diff --git a/server/mvcc/watchable_store.go b/server/mvcc/watchable_store.go
index ff5bdb78492..63529ed672e 100644
--- a/server/mvcc/watchable_store.go
+++ b/server/mvcc/watchable_store.go
@@ -20,7 +20,6 @@ import (
 
 	"go.etcd.io/etcd/api/v3/mvccpb"
 	"go.etcd.io/etcd/pkg/v3/traceutil"
-	"go.etcd.io/etcd/server/v3/etcdserver/cindex"
 	"go.etcd.io/etcd/server/v3/lease"
 	"go.etcd.io/etcd/server/v3/mvcc/backend"
 
@@ -70,16 +69,16 @@ type watchableStore struct {
 // cancel operations.
 type cancelFunc func()
 
-func New(lg *zap.Logger, b backend.Backend, le lease.Lessor, ci cindex.ConsistentIndexer, cfg StoreConfig) ConsistentWatchableKV {
-	return newWatchableStore(lg, b, le, ci, cfg)
+func New(lg *zap.Logger, b backend.Backend, le lease.Lessor, cfg StoreConfig) WatchableKV {
+	return newWatchableStore(lg, b, le, cfg)
 }
 
-func newWatchableStore(lg *zap.Logger, b backend.Backend, le lease.Lessor, ci cindex.ConsistentIndexer, cfg StoreConfig) *watchableStore {
+func newWatchableStore(lg *zap.Logger, b backend.Backend, le lease.Lessor, cfg StoreConfig) *watchableStore {
 	if lg == nil {
 		lg = zap.NewNop()
 	}
 	s := &watchableStore{
-		store:    NewStore(lg, b, le, ci, cfg),
+		store:    NewStore(lg, b, le, cfg),
 		victimc:  make(chan struct{}, 1),
 		unsynced: newWatcherGroup(),
 		synced:   newWatcherGroup(),
diff --git a/server/mvcc/watchable_store_bench_test.go b/server/mvcc/watchable_store_bench_test.go
index 9642b69e9b8..0cdc09e3ba0 100644
--- a/server/mvcc/watchable_store_bench_test.go
+++ b/server/mvcc/watchable_store_bench_test.go
@@ -20,7 +20,6 @@ import (
 	"testing"
 
 	"go.etcd.io/etcd/pkg/v3/traceutil"
-	"go.etcd.io/etcd/server/v3/etcdserver/cindex"
 	"go.etcd.io/etcd/server/v3/lease"
 	betesting "go.etcd.io/etcd/server/v3/mvcc/backend/testing"
 
@@ -29,7 +28,7 @@ import (
 
 func BenchmarkWatchableStorePut(b *testing.B) {
 	be, tmpPath := betesting.NewDefaultTmpBackend(b)
-	s := New(zap.NewExample(), be, &lease.FakeLessor{}, nil, StoreConfig{})
+	s := New(zap.NewExample(), be, &lease.FakeLessor{}, StoreConfig{})
 	defer cleanup(s, be, tmpPath)
 
 	// arbitrary number of bytes
@@ -49,7 +48,7 @@ func BenchmarkWatchableStorePut(b *testing.B) {
 // some synchronization operations, such as mutex locking.
 func BenchmarkWatchableStoreTxnPut(b *testing.B) {
 	be, tmpPath := betesting.NewDefaultTmpBackend(b)
-	s := New(zap.NewExample(), be, &lease.FakeLessor{}, cindex.NewConsistentIndex(be.BatchTx()), StoreConfig{})
+	s := New(zap.NewExample(), be, &lease.FakeLessor{}, StoreConfig{})
 	defer cleanup(s, be, tmpPath)
 
 	// arbitrary number of bytes
@@ -80,7 +79,7 @@ func BenchmarkWatchableStoreWatchPutUnsync(b *testing.B) {
 
 func benchmarkWatchableStoreWatchPut(b *testing.B, synced bool) {
 	be, tmpPath := betesting.NewDefaultTmpBackend(b)
-	s := newWatchableStore(zap.NewExample(), be, &lease.FakeLessor{}, nil, StoreConfig{})
+	s := newWatchableStore(zap.NewExample(), be, &lease.FakeLessor{}, StoreConfig{})
 	defer cleanup(s, be, tmpPath)
 
 	k := []byte("testkey")
@@ -123,7 +122,7 @@ func benchmarkWatchableStoreWatchPut(b *testing.B, synced bool) {
 // we should put to simulate the real-world use cases.
 func BenchmarkWatchableStoreUnsyncedCancel(b *testing.B) {
 	be, tmpPath := betesting.NewDefaultTmpBackend(b)
-	s := NewStore(zap.NewExample(), be, &lease.FakeLessor{}, nil, StoreConfig{})
+	s := NewStore(zap.NewExample(), be, &lease.FakeLessor{}, StoreConfig{})
 
 	// manually create watchableStore instead of newWatchableStore
 	// because newWatchableStore periodically calls syncWatchersLoop
@@ -180,7 +179,7 @@ func BenchmarkWatchableStoreUnsyncedCancel(b *testing.B) {
 
 func BenchmarkWatchableStoreSyncedCancel(b *testing.B) {
 	be, tmpPath := betesting.NewDefaultTmpBackend(b)
-	s := newWatchableStore(zap.NewExample(), be, &lease.FakeLessor{}, nil, StoreConfig{})
+	s := newWatchableStore(zap.NewExample(), be, &lease.FakeLessor{}, StoreConfig{})
 
 	defer func() {
 		s.store.Close()
diff --git a/server/mvcc/watchable_store_test.go b/server/mvcc/watchable_store_test.go
index c0f566f2d65..bc09a4a0366 100644
--- a/server/mvcc/watchable_store_test.go
+++ b/server/mvcc/watchable_store_test.go
@@ -25,7 +25,6 @@ import (
 
 	"go.etcd.io/etcd/api/v3/mvccpb"
 	"go.etcd.io/etcd/pkg/v3/traceutil"
-	"go.etcd.io/etcd/server/v3/etcdserver/cindex"
 	"go.etcd.io/etcd/server/v3/lease"
 	betesting "go.etcd.io/etcd/server/v3/mvcc/backend/testing"
 	"go.uber.org/zap"
@@ -33,7 +32,7 @@ import (
 
 func TestWatch(t *testing.T) {
 	b, tmpPath := betesting.NewDefaultTmpBackend(t)
-	s := newWatchableStore(zap.NewExample(), b, &lease.FakeLessor{}, nil, StoreConfig{})
+	s := newWatchableStore(zap.NewExample(), b, &lease.FakeLessor{}, StoreConfig{})
 
 	defer func() {
 		s.store.Close()
@@ -55,7 +54,7 @@ func TestWatch(t *testing.T) {
 
 func TestNewWatcherCancel(t *testing.T) {
 	b, tmpPath := betesting.NewDefaultTmpBackend(t)
-	s := newWatchableStore(zap.NewExample(), b, &lease.FakeLessor{}, nil, StoreConfig{})
+	s := newWatchableStore(zap.NewExample(), b, &lease.FakeLessor{}, StoreConfig{})
 
 	defer func() {
 		s.store.Close()
@@ -87,7 +86,7 @@ func TestCancelUnsynced(t *testing.T) {
 	// method to sync watchers in unsynced map. We want to keep watchers
 	// in unsynced to test if syncWatchers works as expected.
 	s := &watchableStore{
-		store:    NewStore(zap.NewExample(), b, &lease.FakeLessor{}, nil, StoreConfig{}),
+		store:    NewStore(zap.NewExample(), b, &lease.FakeLessor{}, StoreConfig{}),
 		unsynced: newWatcherGroup(),
 
 		// to make the test not crash from assigning to nil map.
@@ -142,7 +141,7 @@ func TestSyncWatchers(t *testing.T) {
 	b, tmpPath := betesting.NewDefaultTmpBackend(t)
 
 	s := &watchableStore{
-		store:    NewStore(zap.NewExample(), b, &lease.FakeLessor{}, nil, StoreConfig{}),
+		store:    NewStore(zap.NewExample(), b, &lease.FakeLessor{}, StoreConfig{}),
 		unsynced: newWatcherGroup(),
 		synced:   newWatcherGroup(),
 	}
@@ -225,7 +224,7 @@ func TestSyncWatchers(t *testing.T) {
 // TestWatchCompacted tests a watcher that watches on a compacted revision.
 func TestWatchCompacted(t *testing.T) {
 	b, tmpPath := betesting.NewDefaultTmpBackend(t)
-	s := newWatchableStore(zap.NewExample(), b, &lease.FakeLessor{}, nil, StoreConfig{})
+	s := newWatchableStore(zap.NewExample(), b, &lease.FakeLessor{}, StoreConfig{})
 
 	defer func() {
 		s.store.Close()
@@ -262,7 +261,7 @@ func TestWatchCompacted(t *testing.T) {
 
 func TestWatchFutureRev(t *testing.T) {
 	b, tmpPath := betesting.NewDefaultTmpBackend(t)
-	s := newWatchableStore(zap.NewExample(), b, &lease.FakeLessor{}, nil, StoreConfig{})
+	s := newWatchableStore(zap.NewExample(), b, &lease.FakeLessor{}, StoreConfig{})
 
 	defer func() {
 		s.store.Close()
@@ -303,7 +302,7 @@ func TestWatchRestore(t *testing.T) {
 	test := func(delay time.Duration) func(t *testing.T) {
 		return func(t *testing.T) {
 			b, tmpPath := betesting.NewDefaultTmpBackend(t)
-			s := newWatchableStore(zap.NewExample(), b, &lease.FakeLessor{}, cindex.NewConsistentIndex(b.BatchTx()), StoreConfig{})
+			s := newWatchableStore(zap.NewExample(), b, &lease.FakeLessor{}, StoreConfig{})
 			defer cleanup(s, b, tmpPath)
 
 			testKey := []byte("foo")
@@ -311,7 +310,7 @@ func TestWatchRestore(t *testing.T) {
 			rev := s.Put(testKey, testValue, lease.NoLease)
 
 			newBackend, newPath := betesting.NewDefaultTmpBackend(t)
-			newStore := newWatchableStore(zap.NewExample(), newBackend, &lease.FakeLessor{}, cindex.NewConsistentIndex(newBackend.BatchTx()), StoreConfig{})
+			newStore := newWatchableStore(zap.NewExample(), newBackend, &lease.FakeLessor{}, StoreConfig{})
 			defer cleanup(newStore, newBackend, newPath)
 
 			w := newStore.NewWatchStream()
@@ -349,11 +348,11 @@ func TestWatchRestore(t *testing.T) {
 //   5. choose the watcher from step 1, without panic
 func TestWatchRestoreSyncedWatcher(t *testing.T) {
 	b1, b1Path := betesting.NewDefaultTmpBackend(t)
-	s1 := newWatchableStore(zap.NewExample(), b1, &lease.FakeLessor{}, cindex.NewConsistentIndex(b1.BatchTx()), StoreConfig{})
+	s1 := newWatchableStore(zap.NewExample(), b1, &lease.FakeLessor{}, StoreConfig{})
 	defer cleanup(s1, b1, b1Path)
 
 	b2, b2Path := betesting.NewDefaultTmpBackend(t)
-	s2 := newWatchableStore(zap.NewExample(), b2, &lease.FakeLessor{}, cindex.NewConsistentIndex(b2.BatchTx()), StoreConfig{})
+	s2 := newWatchableStore(zap.NewExample(), b2, &lease.FakeLessor{}, StoreConfig{})
 	defer cleanup(s2, b2, b2Path)
 
 	testKey, testValue := []byte("foo"), []byte("bar")
@@ -400,7 +399,7 @@ func TestWatchRestoreSyncedWatcher(t *testing.T) {
 // TestWatchBatchUnsynced tests batching on unsynced watchers
 func TestWatchBatchUnsynced(t *testing.T) {
 	b, tmpPath := betesting.NewDefaultTmpBackend(t)
-	s := newWatchableStore(zap.NewExample(), b, &lease.FakeLessor{}, nil, StoreConfig{})
+	s := newWatchableStore(zap.NewExample(), b, &lease.FakeLessor{}, StoreConfig{})
 
 	oldMaxRevs := watchBatchMaxRevs
 	defer func() {
@@ -534,7 +533,7 @@ func TestWatchVictims(t *testing.T) {
 	oldChanBufLen, oldMaxWatchersPerSync := chanBufLen, maxWatchersPerSync
 
 	b, tmpPath := betesting.NewDefaultTmpBackend(t)
-	s := newWatchableStore(zap.NewExample(), b, &lease.FakeLessor{}, nil, StoreConfig{})
+	s := newWatchableStore(zap.NewExample(), b, &lease.FakeLessor{}, StoreConfig{})
 
 	defer func() {
 		s.store.Close()
@@ -612,7 +611,7 @@ func TestWatchVictims(t *testing.T) {
 // canceling its watches.
 func TestStressWatchCancelClose(t *testing.T) {
 	b, tmpPath := betesting.NewDefaultTmpBackend(t)
-	s := newWatchableStore(zap.NewExample(), b, &lease.FakeLessor{}, nil, StoreConfig{})
+	s := newWatchableStore(zap.NewExample(), b, &lease.FakeLessor{}, StoreConfig{})
 
 	defer func() {
 		s.store.Close()
diff --git a/server/mvcc/watcher_bench_test.go b/server/mvcc/watcher_bench_test.go
index efd9011f76b..5a90a46ebb6 100644
--- a/server/mvcc/watcher_bench_test.go
+++ b/server/mvcc/watcher_bench_test.go
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ import (
 
 func BenchmarkKVWatcherMemoryUsage(b *testing.B) {
 	be, tmpPath := betesting.NewDefaultTmpBackend(b)
-	watchable := newWatchableStore(zap.NewExample(), be, &lease.FakeLessor{}, nil, StoreConfig{})
+	watchable := newWatchableStore(zap.NewExample(), be, &lease.FakeLessor{}, StoreConfig{})
 
 	defer cleanup(watchable, be, tmpPath)
 
diff --git a/server/mvcc/watcher_test.go b/server/mvcc/watcher_test.go
index 3b598969d01..bbada4ed5dc 100644
--- a/server/mvcc/watcher_test.go
+++ b/server/mvcc/watcher_test.go
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ import (
 // and the watched event attaches the correct watchID.
 func TestWatcherWatchID(t *testing.T) {
 	b, tmpPath := betesting.NewDefaultTmpBackend(t)
-	s := WatchableKV(newWatchableStore(zap.NewExample(), b, &lease.FakeLessor{}, nil, StoreConfig{}))
+	s := WatchableKV(newWatchableStore(zap.NewExample(), b, &lease.FakeLessor{}, StoreConfig{}))
 	defer cleanup(s, b, tmpPath)
 
 	w := s.NewWatchStream()
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ func TestWatcherWatchID(t *testing.T) {
 
 func TestWatcherRequestsCustomID(t *testing.T) {
 	b, tmpPath := betesting.NewDefaultTmpBackend(t)
-	s := WatchableKV(newWatchableStore(zap.NewExample(), b, &lease.FakeLessor{}, nil, StoreConfig{}))
+	s := WatchableKV(newWatchableStore(zap.NewExample(), b, &lease.FakeLessor{}, StoreConfig{}))
 	defer cleanup(s, b, tmpPath)
 
 	w := s.NewWatchStream()
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ func TestWatcherRequestsCustomID(t *testing.T) {
 // and returns events with matching prefixes.
 func TestWatcherWatchPrefix(t *testing.T) {
 	b, tmpPath := betesting.NewDefaultTmpBackend(t)
-	s := WatchableKV(newWatchableStore(zap.NewExample(), b, &lease.FakeLessor{}, nil, StoreConfig{}))
+	s := WatchableKV(newWatchableStore(zap.NewExample(), b, &lease.FakeLessor{}, StoreConfig{}))
 	defer cleanup(s, b, tmpPath)
 
 	w := s.NewWatchStream()
@@ -193,7 +193,7 @@ func TestWatcherWatchPrefix(t *testing.T) {
 // does not create watcher, which panics when canceling in range tree.
 func TestWatcherWatchWrongRange(t *testing.T) {
 	b, tmpPath := betesting.NewDefaultTmpBackend(t)
-	s := WatchableKV(newWatchableStore(zap.NewExample(), b, &lease.FakeLessor{}, nil, StoreConfig{}))
+	s := WatchableKV(newWatchableStore(zap.NewExample(), b, &lease.FakeLessor{}, StoreConfig{}))
 	defer cleanup(s, b, tmpPath)
 
 	w := s.NewWatchStream()
@@ -213,7 +213,7 @@ func TestWatcherWatchWrongRange(t *testing.T) {
 
 func TestWatchDeleteRange(t *testing.T) {
 	b, tmpPath := betesting.NewDefaultTmpBackend(t)
-	s := newWatchableStore(zap.NewExample(), b, &lease.FakeLessor{}, nil, StoreConfig{})
+	s := newWatchableStore(zap.NewExample(), b, &lease.FakeLessor{}, StoreConfig{})
 
 	defer func() {
 		s.store.Close()
@@ -252,7 +252,7 @@ func TestWatchDeleteRange(t *testing.T) {
 // with given id inside watchStream.
 func TestWatchStreamCancelWatcherByID(t *testing.T) {
 	b, tmpPath := betesting.NewDefaultTmpBackend(t)
-	s := WatchableKV(newWatchableStore(zap.NewExample(), b, &lease.FakeLessor{}, nil, StoreConfig{}))
+	s := WatchableKV(newWatchableStore(zap.NewExample(), b, &lease.FakeLessor{}, StoreConfig{}))
 	defer cleanup(s, b, tmpPath)
 
 	w := s.NewWatchStream()
@@ -295,7 +295,7 @@ func TestWatcherRequestProgress(t *testing.T) {
 	// method to sync watchers in unsynced map. We want to keep watchers
 	// in unsynced to test if syncWatchers works as expected.
 	s := &watchableStore{
-		store:    NewStore(zap.NewExample(), b, &lease.FakeLessor{}, nil, StoreConfig{}),
+		store:    NewStore(zap.NewExample(), b, &lease.FakeLessor{}, StoreConfig{}),
 		unsynced: newWatcherGroup(),
 		synced:   newWatcherGroup(),
 	}
@@ -344,7 +344,7 @@ func TestWatcherRequestProgress(t *testing.T) {
 
 func TestWatcherWatchWithFilter(t *testing.T) {
 	b, tmpPath := betesting.NewDefaultTmpBackend(t)
-	s := WatchableKV(newWatchableStore(zap.NewExample(), b, &lease.FakeLessor{}, nil, StoreConfig{}))
+	s := WatchableKV(newWatchableStore(zap.NewExample(), b, &lease.FakeLessor{}, StoreConfig{}))
 	defer cleanup(s, b, tmpPath)
 
 	w := s.NewWatchStream()
diff --git a/tests/integration/clientv3/maintenance_test.go b/tests/integration/clientv3/maintenance_test.go
index 586e0d6edcd..dfef11a6c49 100644
--- a/tests/integration/clientv3/maintenance_test.go
+++ b/tests/integration/clientv3/maintenance_test.go
@@ -149,7 +149,7 @@ func TestMaintenanceSnapshotErrorInflight(t *testing.T) {
 	clus.Members[0].Stop(t)
 	dpath := filepath.Join(clus.Members[0].DataDir, "member", "snap", "db")
 	b := backend.NewDefaultBackend(dpath)
-	s := mvcc.NewStore(zaptest.NewLogger(t), b, &lease.FakeLessor{}, nil, mvcc.StoreConfig{CompactionBatchLimit: math.MaxInt32})
+	s := mvcc.NewStore(zaptest.NewLogger(t), b, &lease.FakeLessor{}, mvcc.StoreConfig{CompactionBatchLimit: math.MaxInt32})
 	rev := 100000
 	for i := 2; i <= rev; i++ {
 		s.Put([]byte(fmt.Sprintf("%10d", i)), bytes.Repeat([]byte("a"), 1024), lease.NoLease)
diff --git a/tests/integration/v3_alarm_test.go b/tests/integration/v3_alarm_test.go
index 9f1f744f885..0151dc27fcb 100644
--- a/tests/integration/v3_alarm_test.go
+++ b/tests/integration/v3_alarm_test.go
@@ -25,7 +25,6 @@ import (
 	pb "go.etcd.io/etcd/api/v3/etcdserverpb"
 	"go.etcd.io/etcd/api/v3/v3rpc/rpctypes"
 	"go.etcd.io/etcd/pkg/v3/traceutil"
-	"go.etcd.io/etcd/server/v3/etcdserver/cindex"
 	"go.etcd.io/etcd/server/v3/mvcc"
 	"go.etcd.io/etcd/server/v3/mvcc/backend"
 	"go.uber.org/zap/zaptest"
@@ -167,7 +166,7 @@ func TestV3CorruptAlarm(t *testing.T) {
 	clus.Members[0].Stop(t)
 	fp := filepath.Join(clus.Members[0].DataDir, "member", "snap", "db")
 	be := backend.NewDefaultBackend(fp)
-	s := mvcc.NewStore(zaptest.NewLogger(t), be, nil, cindex.NewFakeConsistentIndex(13), mvcc.StoreConfig{})
+	s := mvcc.NewStore(zaptest.NewLogger(t), be, nil, mvcc.StoreConfig{})
 	// NOTE: cluster_proxy mode with namespacing won't set 'k', but namespace/'k'.
 	s.Put([]byte("abc"), []byte("def"), 0)
 	s.Put([]byte("xyz"), []byte("123"), 0)
diff --git a/tools/benchmark/cmd/mvcc.go b/tools/benchmark/cmd/mvcc.go
index 5bdef979751..fd7d6aee010 100644
--- a/tools/benchmark/cmd/mvcc.go
+++ b/tools/benchmark/cmd/mvcc.go
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ func initMVCC() {
 	bcfg := backend.DefaultBackendConfig()
 	bcfg.Path, bcfg.BatchInterval, bcfg.BatchLimit = "mvcc-bench", time.Duration(batchInterval)*time.Millisecond, batchLimit
 	be := backend.New(bcfg)
-	s = mvcc.NewStore(zap.NewExample(), be, &lease.FakeLessor{}, nil, mvcc.StoreConfig{})
+	s = mvcc.NewStore(zap.NewExample(), be, &lease.FakeLessor{}, mvcc.StoreConfig{})
 	os.Remove("mvcc-bench") // boltDB has an opened fd, so removing the file is ok
 }